La colonie d'abeille (Apis mellifera L.) est une société complexe où les individus interagissent entre eux, notamment par le biais de phéromones. L'étude de cette communication chimique est indispensable à la compréhension des régulations sociales mises en place dans la colonie. Chez l'abeille, plus de 50 substances chimiques avec des effets incitateurs ou modificateurs sur la colonie ont été identifiées. Malgré ces découvertes, de nombreux travaux sont à accomplir pour mieux comprendre ce système de communication particulier.La problématique de cette thèse vise à caractériser l'histoire de vie d'une phéromone majeure l'Oléate d'Ethyle (EO), qui permet d'optimiser l'équilibre nourrices / butineuses dans la colonie. Parallèlement, d'autres recherches ont été entreprises, notamment l'étude de la communication chimique de la reine et du couvain, chez qui seulement deux phéromones ont été identifiées avec des effets pléiotropiques dans la colonie.Nos résultats ont mis en évidence une production variable d'EO par les ouvrières, en fonction de l'environnement de la colonie. La production de cette molécule chimique dans la colonie peut également être modifiée par un stress : des abeilles parasitées par du Nosema spp. ont une production anormalement élevée d'EO. En outre, cette molécule phéromonale est transmise des butineuses vers les nourrices par contact cuticulaire et par le pollen.Pour la compréhension de la communication entre la reine et les ouvrières, nos résultats montrent que la reine utilise d'autres composés phéromonaux puissant en redondance de la QMP pour orienter la construction de cire, le phénomène de cour et l'inhibition des ovaires des ouvrières.Chez le couvain, nous avons identifié un composé phéromonal volatil, le E-ß-ocimène, produit majoritairement par les jeunes larves, inhibant le développement des ovaires des ouvrières et accélérant leur maturation comportementale.Ces études nous ont permis d'avoir une connaissance plus précise de la communication chimique au sein de la colonie. Ainsi nous expliquons par deux théories le rôle de la complexité et de la redondance phéromonale de la colonie d'abeilles

Le parasite Varroa destructor provoque depuis plus de 30 ans la perte de nombreuses colonies à travers le monde. L’utilisation d’acaricides de synthèse s’est avérée inefficace au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde à la suite de la sélection de varroas résistants. Dans ce contexte, il est devenu impératif de trouver de nouveaux moyens pour contrôler cette peste apicole. Ce travail original de recherche a pour but de déterminer les paramètres fondamentaux d’une lutte intégrée contre la varroase fondée sur l’utilisation périodique de différents pesticides organiques (l’acide oxalique, l’acide formique et le thymol) associée à des seuils d’interventions. Les seuils d’intervention ont été déterminés à l’aide de régressions linéaires entre les taux de parasitisme par V. destructor et la formance zootechnique des colonies d’abeilles mellifères (production de miel et force des colonies). Un total de 154 colonies d’abeilles du Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault (CRSAD) ont été suivies de septembre 2005 à septembre 2006. Les seuils calculés et proposés à la suite de cette recherche sont de 2 varroas par jour (chute naturelle) au début mai, 10 varroas par jour à la fin juillet et de 9 varroas par jour au début septembre. L’efficacité des traitements organiques avec l’acide oxalique (AO), l’acide formique (AF) et le thymol a été vérifiée en mai (avant la première miellée) en juillet (entre deux miellées), en septembre (après la miellée et pendant le nourrissage des colonies) et en novembre (avant l’hivernage). L’acide oxalique a été appliqué en utilisant la méthode d’égouttement (4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v). L’acide formique a été appliquée sous forme de MiteAwayII™ (tampon commercial imbibé d’AF 65% v/v placé sur le dessus des cadres à couvain), Mitewipe (tampons Dri-Loc™ 10/15cm imbibés de 35 mL d’AF 65% v/v placés sur le dessus des cadres à couvain) ou Flash (AF 65% coulé directement sur le plateau inférieur d’une colonie, 2 mL par cadre avec abeilles). Le thymol a été appliqué sous forme d’Apiguard™ (gélose contenant 25% de thymol p/v placée sur le dessus des cadres à couvain). Les essais d’efficacité ont été réalisés de 2006 à 2008 sur un total de 170 colonies (98 appartenant au CRSAD et 72 appartenant au privé). Les résultats montrent que les traitements de printemps testés ont une faible efficacité pour le contrôle des varroas qui sont en pleine croissance durant cette période. Un traitement avec l’AF à la mi-été permet de réduire les taux de parasites sous le seuil en septembre mais il y a risque de contaminer la récolte de miel avec des résidus d’AF. Les traitements en septembre avec le MiteAwayII™ suivis par un traitement à l’acide oxalique en novembre (5 mL par égouttement entre chaque cadre avec abeilles, 4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v) sont les plus efficaces : ils réduisent les niveaux de varroase sous le seuil de 2 varroas par jour au printemps. Nos résultats montrent également que les traitements réalisés tôt en septembre sont plus efficaces et produisent des colonies plus fortes au printemps comparativement à un traitement réalisé un mois plus tard en octobre. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche démontre qu’il est possible de contenir le développement de la varroase dans les ruchers au Québec en utilisant une méthode de lutte intégrée basée sur une combinaison d’applications d’acaricides organiques associée à des seuils d’intervention. / For nearly 30 years, Varroa destructor has been responsible for the loss of many honey bee colonies around the world. The continued use of synthetic acaricides has resulted in their reduced efficacy against this pest in Canada and in other countries because of the selection of resistant mite populations. With this situation still present, it has become of utmost importance to develop efficient methods to control this apicultural pest. The major goal of this original work is to determine the fundamental parameters underlying the use of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy against the varroa mite. The IPM strategy developed in this research is based on the periodic use of organic pesticides (oxalic acid, formic acid and thymol) and treatment threshold. Treatment thresholds were determined from linear regressions between the varroa mite levels and the zootechnical performances (honey production and colony strength) of honey bee colonies. A total of 154 honey bee colonies from the livestock of the “Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault” (CRSAD) were monitored from September 2005 to September 2006. Based on our findings, we propose economic treatment thresholds for three periods in the year: early May, late July and early September that are respectively 2, 10 and 9 varroa mites per day. Efficacy of the various organic treatments: formic acid (FA), oxalic acid (OA) and thymol was evaluated in May (before the first honey flow), in July between two honey flows, in September (after the honey flow and before the fall feeding of colonies) and in November (before wintering). OA was applied using the trickling method (4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1:1 w/v). FA was applied using MiteAwayII™ (pads imbedded with FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Mitewipe (Dri-Loc™ pads 10/15cm imbedded with 35 mL FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Flash (FA 65% poured directly on the bottom board of colonies, 2 mL per frame with bees). Thymol was applied using Apiguard™ (gel with 25% de thymol w/v placed on top of the brood frames). Efficacy trials were realised from 2006 to 2008 on a total of 170 colonies (98 from the CRSAD and 72 owned by a commercial beekeeper). Results show that treatments applied in spring give low efficacy on reducing varroa mite populations that are in full growth at this time because of large amounts of brood available for mite reproduction. Application of a FA treatment in mid-summer offers the opportunity to reduce mite populations at the 11 mites per day September threshold but FA summer application is accompanied by a risk of incorporating residues in the harvested honey. Application of MiteAwayII™ in September followed by an oxalic acid treatment in November (trickling method 4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1 :1 w/v, 5 mL between frames with bees) gave the best efficacy results: varroa mite levels are reduced below the 2 mites per day spring threshold. Our results also show that an early September management strategy of colonies for winter preparation (varroa treatment and fall feeding) gives greater varroa control, higher colony winter survival and stronger colonies in spring when compared to a later treatment in October. In conclusion, this work shows that varroa mite control in honey bee colonies in Québec is possible by using an integrated pest management strategy based on the application of a combination of organic acaricides in association with treatment thresholds.

Στη παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, πραγματοποιείται μία ποιοτική επισκόπηση του όρου Σημαντικός Ιστός και των τεχνολογιών αναπαράστασης γνώσης και συμπερασμού που υπόκεινται σε αυτόν, όπως οντολογίες, μέθοδοι και εργαλεία ανάπτυξης οντολογιών, γλώσσες αναπαράστασης οντολογιών καθώς και η επέκταση της εκφραστικότητας των οντολογιών με την προσθήκη κανόνων. Επίσης, γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά σε μία άλλη εξελικτική τάση, που κυριαρχεί στο χώρο του Web, το Web 2.0. Στα πλαίσια του Web 2.0, αναλύονται έννοιες όπως mashups και Web APIs. Ειδικά για την έννοια των Web APIs, γίνεται αναφορά και ανάλυση συγκεκριμένων APIs, όπως αυτά της Amazon και του EBay. Οι έννοιες του Σημαντικού Ιστού και του Web 2.0 παρουσιάζονται πολλές φόρες ως ανταγωνιστικές για το μέλλον του Ιστού. Εντούτοις, γίνεται σαφές όλο και περισσότερο ότι οι δύο αυτές έννοιες είναι συμπληρωματικές. Στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής εργασίας, αναπτύχθηκε μια εφαρμογή η οποία θα συνδυάζει αυτές τις δύο κυρίαρχες τεχνολογικές τάσεις. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η εφαρμογή αποτελεί ένα πλαίσιο αναζήτησης βιβλίων από το Amazon και το Half eBay με χαρακτήρα εξατομίκευσης. Για την εφαρμογή, κάθε χρήστης αποτελεί μία αυτόνομη οντότητα. Συνεπώς, το περιεχόμενο της εφαρμογής προσαρμόζεται ανάλογα με το προφίλ του χρήστη κάθε φορά. Η υλοποίηση της εφαρμογής στηρίζεται αποκλειστικά στην ανάπτυξη οντολογιών, στη συγγραφή κανόνων (για την εξατομίκευση), στη δημιουργία ενός mashup και στα Web APIs. Τέλος, να σημειωθεί ότι η εφαρμογή στηρίζεται σε μία κατανεμημένη αρχιτεκτονική 3-επιπέδων. / In the present diploma thesis, one qualitative review is realised for the concepts of Semantic Web and of technologies of representation of knowledge and reasoning that being in this, such as ontologies, methods and tools for ontology development, representation languages of ontologies as well as the extension of expressiveness of ontologies with the addition of rules. Also, it becomes an extensive report in an other evolutionary tendency, that dominates in the space of Web, Web 2.0. In the scope of Web 2.0, concepts such as mashups and Web APIs are analyzed. Specifically for the concept of Web APIs, we make a report and an analysis of concrete APIs, as those of Amazon and EBay. The concepts of Semantic Web and Web 2.0 are presented a lot of times as competitive for the future of Web. Nevertheless, it becomes more and more obvious that these two concepts are complemental. In the scope of these diploma thesis, was developed an application which combines these two dominant technological tendencies. In particular, the application constitutes a framework of searching books from Amazon and Half eBay with a personalised character. For the application, each user constitutes an autonomous entity. Consequently, the content of application is adapted depending on the profile of user each time. The implementation of application is supported exclusively in the ontology development, in the writing of rules (for the personalisation), in the creation of a mashup and in Web APIs. Finally, it is marked that the application is supported in a distributed 3-tier architecture.

Measuring the diversity of bees was provided in two rapeseed fields (Dešenice, Miletice) in western Bohemia, where various species of bees were caught at eight different locations during two periods (March - April, May June). The bees were collected by using Moerickeho cups (yellow traps) with a concentrated solution of water and detergent.

Submitted by Joyce de Figueiró Santos (joycefigueiro@gmail.com) on 2014-07-21T14:48:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado(1).pdf: 12859151 bytes, checksum: cce9beb4e56c9706618a1d6361e58fd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2014-07-22T21:09:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado(1).pdf: 12859151 bytes, checksum: cce9beb4e56c9706618a1d6361e58fd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-07-24T17:35:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado(1).pdf: 12859151 bytes, checksum: cce9beb4e56c9706618a1d6361e58fd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-24T17:35:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mestrado(1).pdf: 12859151 bytes, checksum: cce9beb4e56c9706618a1d6361e58fd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-06 / The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor that parasitize honey bees has become a global problem. Although this mite is unlikely to, by itself, cause the mortality of hives, it plays an important role as a vector for many viral diseases. These diseases are identified as some of the most important reasons for the Colony Collapse Disorder. The effects of V.destructor infestation are disparate in different parts of the world. Greater morbidity - in the form of colony losses - has been reported in colonies of European honey bees (EHB) in countries of Europe, Asia and North America. However, this mite has been in Brasil for many years and there are no reports of losses of Africanized honey bees (AHB) colonies. Studies carried out in Mexico showed that some resistance behaviors to the Varroa mite - especially grooming and hygienic behavior - appear to be different in each subspecies. Could those mechanisms explain why the AHB are less susceptible to Colony Collapse Disorder? In order to answer this question, we propose a mathematical model based on differential equations, to analyze the role of these resistance mechanisms in the overall health of the colony, and it’s ability to face environmental challenges. / Os ácaros ectoparasitas Varroa destructor, que parasitam as abelhas tornaram-se um problema global. Embora seja pouco provável que estes ácaros, por si só, provoquem a mortalidade das colmeias, eles desempenham um importante papel como vetor de muitas doenças virais. E estas doenças são identificados como algumas das mais importantes razões para a Desordem do Colapso das Colônias. Os efeitos da infestação do V.destructor são distintas em diferentes partes do mundo. Maiores mortalidades de colônias têm sido relatadas em colônias de abelhas européias (AE) em países da Europa, Ásia e América do Norte. No entanto, este ácaro está presente no Brasil já por muitos anos e não existem relatos de perdas em colônias das abelhas africanizadas (AA). Estudos realizados no México mostraram que alguns comportamentos de resistência ao ácaro Varroa - especialmente o grooming e o comportamento higiênico - são diferentes em cada uma das subespécie. Poderiam então esses mecanismos explicar por que as abelhas africanizadas são menos suscetíveis à Desordem do Colapso das Colônias? A fim de responder a esta pergunta, propomos um modelo matemático baseado em equações diferenciais, com o objetivo de analisar o papel desses mecanismos de resistência na saúde geral da colônia e na capacidade da colônia para enfrentar desafios ambientais.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-15T17:57:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ TOMAZ DE AQUINO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1522630 bytes, checksum: 67ae7d0f19a1c3206eca380aa90b19d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T17:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ TOMAZ DE AQUINO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1522630 bytes, checksum: 67ae7d0f19a1c3206eca380aa90b19d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07 / A africanização foi responsável por muitas mudanças no comportamento das abelhas européias, que já habitavam no Brasil há algum tempo. Objetivou-se analisar a agressividade de colônias apis mellífera no semiárido paraibano. A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Cajazeiras, PB em um apiário no distrito de Catolé. O município está situado na região semiárida do Nordeste brasileiro, no estado da Paraíba. O apiário é composto por 60 colmeias com enxames de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera) e está instalado no local desde 1983. Todas as caixas foram enumeradas na parte frontal do ninho para facilitar a identificação. Foram selecionadas 20 colmeias, dessas 20 foram escolhidas 10, nas quais se forneceu a alimentação artificial, as outras 10 colmeias não foram alimentadas artificialmente. Os testes foram realizados em três momentos que compreende os meses de agosto, outubro e dezembro de 2012. Os parâmetros analisados foram Tempo para ocorrer a primeira ferroada em um retalho de camurça, número de ferrões deixados no retalho de camurça preto, número de abelhas que atacaram e foram presas no recipiente, distância que as abelhas perseguem o observador e tempo para a calmaria das abelhas. Para o tempo de ocorrência para a primeira ferroada, a colônia 24 alimentada levou um menor tempo para atacar, indicando ser mais agressiva. Para as colônias não alimentadas a colônia 26 foi a que apresentou um maior numero de abelhas atacando nos primeiros 60s. Para as colônias alimentadas não houve diferença entre a colônia 40 e a 46, sendo a colônia 46 a que teve um maior número de abelhas que atacaram. Para a distancia percorrida a colônia 14 não alimentada foi a que perseguiu o observador a uma distancia maior com uma media de 436,8m, já para as colônias alimentadas a colônia 49 foi a que perseguiu a uma maior distancia chegando a 488,3m. Os estudos de defensividade demonstraram que existem diferenças em relação ao nível de defensividade das colônias de apis melífera estudadas, sendo necessário mais estudo para melhor analisar a defensividade de abelhas no semiárido paraibano. / The Africanization was responsible for many changes in the behavior of European honey bees, which inhabited in Brazil for some time. This study aimed to analyze the aggressiveness apis mellifera colonies in semiarid Paraiba. The survey was conducted in the municipality of Cajazeiras PB in an apiary District of Catole. The municipality is located in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, in the state of Paraiba. The apiary is composed of 60 hives with swarms of Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera) and is installed in that place since 1983. All the boxes were listed in front of the nest to facilitate identification. 20 colonies were selected, 10 of these 20 were selected, which are provided in the artificial feeding, the other 10 colonies were not artificially fed. The tests were conducted in three stages comprising the months of August, October and December 2012. The parameters analyzed were to occur the first time in sting retail suede, number of stings left in black suede flap, the number of bees that attacked and were arrested in the container, the bees chase away the observer and time for the lull bees. For the time of occurrence for the first sting, the colony fed 24 took a little time to attack, indicating that more aggressive. For colonies not fed the colony 26 showed the greater number of bees attacking in the first 60s. For colonies fed no difference between the colony 40 and 46, 46 being the colony that had a greater number of bees attacked. Distance traveled to the colony 14 was not fed that chased the observer at a distance greater with an average of 436,8 m , while for the 49 colonies fed the colony that was pursued to a greater distance reaching 488,3 m . Defensiveness studies demonstrated that differences exist in the level of defensiveness of apis mellifera colonies studied, more study is needed to better analyze the defensiveness of bees in the semiarid Paraiba.

Le parasite Varroa destructor provoque depuis plus de 30 ans la perte de nombreuses colonies à travers le monde. L’utilisation d’acaricides de synthèse s’est avérée inefficace au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde à la suite de la sélection de varroas résistants. Dans ce contexte, il est devenu impératif de trouver de nouveaux moyens pour contrôler cette peste apicole. Ce travail original de recherche a pour but de déterminer les paramètres fondamentaux d’une lutte intégrée contre la varroase fondée sur l’utilisation périodique de différents pesticides organiques (l’acide oxalique, l’acide formique et le thymol) associée à des seuils d’interventions. Les seuils d’intervention ont été déterminés à l’aide de régressions linéaires entre les taux de parasitisme par V. destructor et la formance zootechnique des colonies d’abeilles mellifères (production de miel et force des colonies). Un total de 154 colonies d’abeilles du Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault (CRSAD) ont été suivies de septembre 2005 à septembre 2006. Les seuils calculés et proposés à la suite de cette recherche sont de 2 varroas par jour (chute naturelle) au début mai, 10 varroas par jour à la fin juillet et de 9 varroas par jour au début septembre. L’efficacité des traitements organiques avec l’acide oxalique (AO), l’acide formique (AF) et le thymol a été vérifiée en mai (avant la première miellée) en juillet (entre deux miellées), en septembre (après la miellée et pendant le nourrissage des colonies) et en novembre (avant l’hivernage). L’acide oxalique a été appliqué en utilisant la méthode d’égouttement (4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v). L’acide formique a été appliquée sous forme de MiteAwayII™ (tampon commercial imbibé d’AF 65% v/v placé sur le dessus des cadres à couvain), Mitewipe (tampons Dri-Loc™ 10/15cm imbibés de 35 mL d’AF 65% v/v placés sur le dessus des cadres à couvain) ou Flash (AF 65% coulé directement sur le plateau inférieur d’une colonie, 2 mL par cadre avec abeilles). Le thymol a été appliqué sous forme d’Apiguard™ (gélose contenant 25% de thymol p/v placée sur le dessus des cadres à couvain). Les essais d’efficacité ont été réalisés de 2006 à 2008 sur un total de 170 colonies (98 appartenant au CRSAD et 72 appartenant au privé). Les résultats montrent que les traitements de printemps testés ont une faible efficacité pour le contrôle des varroas qui sont en pleine croissance durant cette période. Un traitement avec l’AF à la mi-été permet de réduire les taux de parasites sous le seuil en septembre mais il y a risque de contaminer la récolte de miel avec des résidus d’AF. Les traitements en septembre avec le MiteAwayII™ suivis par un traitement à l’acide oxalique en novembre (5 mL par égouttement entre chaque cadre avec abeilles, 4% d’AO p/v dans un sirop de sucrose 1 :1 p/v) sont les plus efficaces : ils réduisent les niveaux de varroase sous le seuil de 2 varroas par jour au printemps. Nos résultats montrent également que les traitements réalisés tôt en septembre sont plus efficaces et produisent des colonies plus fortes au printemps comparativement à un traitement réalisé un mois plus tard en octobre. En conclusion, ce travail de recherche démontre qu’il est possible de contenir le développement de la varroase dans les ruchers au Québec en utilisant une méthode de lutte intégrée basée sur une combinaison d’applications d’acaricides organiques associée à des seuils d’intervention. / For nearly 30 years, Varroa destructor has been responsible for the loss of many honey bee colonies around the world. The continued use of synthetic acaricides has resulted in their reduced efficacy against this pest in Canada and in other countries because of the selection of resistant mite populations. With this situation still present, it has become of utmost importance to develop efficient methods to control this apicultural pest. The major goal of this original work is to determine the fundamental parameters underlying the use of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy against the varroa mite. The IPM strategy developed in this research is based on the periodic use of organic pesticides (oxalic acid, formic acid and thymol) and treatment threshold. Treatment thresholds were determined from linear regressions between the varroa mite levels and the zootechnical performances (honey production and colony strength) of honey bee colonies. A total of 154 honey bee colonies from the livestock of the “Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault” (CRSAD) were monitored from September 2005 to September 2006. Based on our findings, we propose economic treatment thresholds for three periods in the year: early May, late July and early September that are respectively 2, 10 and 9 varroa mites per day. Efficacy of the various organic treatments: formic acid (FA), oxalic acid (OA) and thymol was evaluated in May (before the first honey flow), in July between two honey flows, in September (after the honey flow and before the fall feeding of colonies) and in November (before wintering). OA was applied using the trickling method (4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1:1 w/v). FA was applied using MiteAwayII™ (pads imbedded with FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Mitewipe (Dri-Loc™ pads 10/15cm imbedded with 35 mL FA 65% v/v placed on top of brood frames), Flash (FA 65% poured directly on the bottom board of colonies, 2 mL per frame with bees). Thymol was applied using Apiguard™ (gel with 25% de thymol w/v placed on top of the brood frames). Efficacy trials were realised from 2006 to 2008 on a total of 170 colonies (98 from the CRSAD and 72 owned by a commercial beekeeper). Results show that treatments applied in spring give low efficacy on reducing varroa mite populations that are in full growth at this time because of large amounts of brood available for mite reproduction. Application of a FA treatment in mid-summer offers the opportunity to reduce mite populations at the 11 mites per day September threshold but FA summer application is accompanied by a risk of incorporating residues in the harvested honey. Application of MiteAwayII™ in September followed by an oxalic acid treatment in November (trickling method 4% OA w/v in a sucrose syrup 1 :1 w/v, 5 mL between frames with bees) gave the best efficacy results: varroa mite levels are reduced below the 2 mites per day spring threshold. Our results also show that an early September management strategy of colonies for winter preparation (varroa treatment and fall feeding) gives greater varroa control, higher colony winter survival and stronger colonies in spring when compared to a later treatment in October. In conclusion, this work shows that varroa mite control in honey bee colonies in Québec is possible by using an integrated pest management strategy based on the application of a combination of organic acaricides in association with treatment thresholds.

Work email is one of the organisations most critical tool today. It`s have become a standard way to communicate internally and externally. It can also affect our well-being. Email overload has become a well-known issue for many people. With interviews, follow up interviews, and a workshop, three persons from an accounting firm prioritise pre-define emails needs. And identified several other email needs that were added to the priority list. A thematic analysis and summarizing of a Likert scale was conducted to identify underlying work email needs and work email needs that are not apparent. Three work email needs were selected and using scenario-based methods and the elements of PACT to investigating how the characteristics of a chatbot can help solve the identified work email overload issue? The result shows that email overload is percept different from individual to individual. The choice of how email is handled and email activities indicate how email overload feeling is experienced. The result shows a need to get a sense of the email content quickly, fast collect financial information and information from Swedish authorities, and repetitive, time-consuming tasks. Suggestions on how this problem can be solved have been put forward for many years, and how to use machine learning to help reduce email overload. However, many of these proposed solutions have not yet been implemented on a full scale. One conclusion may be that since email overload is not experienced in the same way, individuals have different needs - One solution does not fit all. With the help of the character of a chatbot, many problems can be solved. And with a technological character of a chatbot that can learn individuals' email patterns, suggest email task to the user and performing tasks to reducing the email overload perception. Using keyword for email intents to get a sense of the email content faster and produce quick links where to find information about the identified subject. And to work preventive give the user remainder and perform repetitive tasks on specific dates.

<p>  </p> <p>Mutations drive evolution, generating variation that selection can act upon. Germline mutations are heritable genetic alterations that occur in the gametes prior to fertilization and until embryogenesis. The study of germline mutations is vital to understanding the genetic basis of heritable diseases and evolution. Somatic mutations are genetic alterations across the body that arise post-fertilization in non-gametic cells. Although somatic mutations in most animals cannot be inherited, they can still significantly affect an organism's reproductive success. In humans, for example, cancers can be the result of somatic mutations. Somatic mutations originate from both exogenous mutagens (e.g. UV radiation) and endogenous processes (e.g. DNA replication, aging). Beyond their origins, we know little about the distribution and frequency of somatic mutations across Animalia. Honey bees provide a unique model for the study of somatic mutations as they are haplodiploid: males come from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, while females come from fertilized eggs and are diploid. It is therefore possible to sequence and robustly identify somatic mutations in haploid males. I have developed a unique exploratory study to elucidate the distribution of somatic mutation accumulation in honey bee drones. With this, I aim to investigate processes generating somatic mutations. Our findings demonstrate that variance in somatic mutational load is better captured across individuals rather than within individuals (across tissues). I provide a comprehensive tissue atlas of somatic mutagenesis in haploids. Our findings drive us to enhance our view of mutagenesis from the tissue level down to the cellular level. </p>

<p>Across the tree of life, novel genes are thought to be a source of much of the unique behaviors and adaptions between the different taxa. This is especially true in the social insects where novel genes are proposed to contribute to novel social behaviors. In the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), a group of novel genes called the major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) are proposed to be important to the expression of novel social behaviors, particularly those related to nursing versus foraging tasks. Unfortunately, identifying the functional role of novel genes is often not possible due to a lack of functional genomic tools in non-model species such as the honey bee. Here I have developed a novel ectopic expression system in Drosophila melanogaster and used it to elucidate how the MRJPs contribute to behavioral and transcriptional changes in the insect brain. I found that the MRJPs regulated the expression of hundreds of genes in Drosophila, and these overlap with genes regulated differentially between nursing and foraging honey bees. Furthermore, I found that MRJP expression impairs or negatively regulated phototaxis. My results demonstrate the MRJPs play a role in behavioral plasticity and highlight that the MRJPs may have a much larger role in the nurse-forager transition than previously thought.</p>