Este trabalho utilizou como principais referenciais a teoria do Desenvolvimento como liberdade, perspectiva que tem como principal característica considerar que a aquisição de liberdades individuais é o fim e o meio do processo de desenvolvimento, e a Abordagem de Capacidade, que permite o estudo de tal processo. Seu objetivo principal foi examinar se a unidade do CEFET-MG, localizada em Varginha, possibilita o desenvolvimento de capacidades em seus alunos. Para tanto, buscou-se apreender as oportunidades que essa organização oferecia e se os estudantes as reconheciam e aproveitavam. Essa pesquisa foi feita nos anos de 2014 e 2015; caracterizou-se como um estudo de caso exploratório e descritivo e, para a análise, foram utilizadas a Abordagem de Capacidade e a Análise de Conteúdo. Este trabalho também desenvolveu um material de coleta e análise de dados, baseado em cinco capacidades essenciais, conforme a Abordagem de Capacidade e os estudos sobre educação e desenvolvimento. Como resultado, a unidade do CEFET-MG, localizada em Varginha, oferece oficialmente diversas oportunidades de participação política a seus alunos do ensino integrado, mas não oferece efetivamente, com incentivos e práticas rotineiras. Oferece oportunidades para o desenvolvimento de capacidades sociais; capacidades econômicas; oferece oportunidades de transparência e boas relações e possibilita o desenvolvimento das capacidades de imaginação, pensamento e razão, de forma autônoma e orientada intelectual e moralmente. Porém, apresentou, também, várias limitações na análise dessas oportunidades. Os alunos demonstraram aproveitar as oportunidades oferecidas pela escola, bem como perceberem suas falhas. Foi possível notar que muitas capacidades que os alunos demonstravam tinham relação com a escola, mas também iam além dela. Ficou evidente o peso que a escola e os docentes têm no desenvolvimento de capacidades dos alunos e a incoerência que atingia a escola estudada, pois, na medida em que deveria desenvolver capacidades em seus alunos, ela também demonstrou esperar a iniciativa por parte deles. Por fim, a Abordagem de Capacidade se mostrou viável como método de pesquisa, por permitir a análise multidimensional de uma organização. Este trabalho fica como exemplo de exploração da Abordagem em estudos sobre educação e desenvolvimento e fica também como material para comparações futuras com outras escolas. / This paper used as the main theory the Development as freedom, perspective whose main feature is to consider that the acquisition of individual freedoms is the end and the middle of the development process, and the Capability Approach, which allows the study of this process. The principal objective was to examine whether the unity of CEFET-MG, located in Varginha, enables the development of capabilities in their students. To this end, it sought the opportunities that this organization offered and if the students recognized and appropriated them. This survey was conducted in the years 2014 and 2015; It was characterized as a exploratory and descriptive case study, and for the analysis, we used the Capability Approach and Content Analysis. This paper also developed a material for data collection and analysis, based on five essential capabilities, according to the Capacity Approach and the studies about education and development. As a result, the unity of CEFET-MG, located in Varginha, officially offers various political participation opportunities to its students of integrated education, but does not offer effectively, through incentives and routine practices. It provides opportunities to develop social capabilities; economic capabilities; It offers transparency and good relations, and enables opportunities of development of sense, imagination, thought and reason, autonomously, intellectual and morally oriented; but also presented several limitations in the analysis of these opportunities. The students have demonstrated to seize the opportunities offered by the school and to realize their faults. It was noticeable that many capabilities that students have demonstrated had relationship with the school, but also went beyond it. It was evident the weight that school and teachers exercised in development of students' capabilities, and the inconsistency that reached the studied school, because to the extent that it should develop capabilities in their students, also demonstrated to wait the initiative of students. Finally, the Capability Approach proved viable as a research method, because allows multidimensional analysis of an organization. This paper remain an example of exploitation of this approach in studies of education and development, and remain also as a material for future comparisons with other schools.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis analyses the concept of indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination within the international human rights system and explores viable avenues for the fulfilment of indigenous claims to self–determination through the design, implementation and evaluation of development policies. The thesis argues that development policy plays a crucial role in determining the level of enjoyment of self–determination for indigenous peoples. Development policy can offer an avenue to bypass nation states’ political unwillingness to recognize and promote indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination, when adequate principles and criteria are embedded in the whole policy process. The theoretical foundations of the thesis are drawn from two different areas of scholarship: indigenous human rights discourse and development economics. The indigenous human rights discourse provides the articulation of the debate concerning the concept of indigenous self–determination, whereas development economics is the field within which Amartya Sen’s capability approach is adopted as a theoretical framework of thought to explore the interface between indigenous rights and development policy. Foundational concepts of the capability approach will be adopted to construct a normative system and a practical methodological approach to interpret and implement indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination. In brief, the thesis brings together two bodies of knowledge and amalgamates foundational theoretical underpinnings of both to construct a normative and practical framework. At the normative level, the thesis offers a conceptual apparatus that allows us to identify an indigenous capability rights–based normative framework that encapsulates the essence of the principle of indigenous self–determination. At the practical level, the normative framework enables a methodological approach to indigenous development policies that serves as a vehicle for the fulfilment of indigenous aspirations for self–determination. This thesis analyses Australia’s health policy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as an example to explore the application of the proposed normative and practical framework. The assessment of Australia’s health policy for Indigenous Australians against the proposed normative framework and methodological approach to development policy, allows us to identify a significant vacuum: the omission of Aboriginal traditional medicine in national health policy frameworks and, as a result, the devaluing and relative demise of Aboriginal traditional healing practices and traditional healers.

The experience of unemployment puts individuals at risk of long-term negative scarring and the longer the unemployment spell, the greater the risk of negative scarring. In Sweden, labour market policies aim at reducing such risks in the form of unemployment benefits, active matching and active labour market policy programmes (ALMPs). However, there is frequent discussion regarding the extent to which these kinds of policies actually reduce the risk of negative scarring. It is often argued that the programmes are of poor quality, particularly during economic downturns, and participants are often not motivated for the task. Likewise, it is claimed that unemployment insurance tends to counteract a quick return to the regular labour market. One problem related to labour market policies is that it has been difficult to examine the impact of such policies. Studies often present results that appear scattered due to differences in what is actually being measured and methodological problems. The uniqueness of this thesis is that it is based on a large-scale longitudinal register of data that has provided important empirical information regarding the long-term effects of labour market policy investments. The quality of data has also enabled the use of evaluation techniques which largely can help to reduce the uncertainty of the findings. More precisely, the research questions examine (1) in what way the level of unemployment benefit functions as protection against unemployment scarring, (2) in what way the ALMPs protect long-term unemployed people from long-term unemployment scarring, (3) at what point in a business cycle the ALMPs are efficient and finally, (4) for whom do the ALMPs function to reduce the risk of negative scarring. In this thesis, scarring effects are measured as the risk of labour market exit, the risk of labour market instability and the risk of future negative wage trajectories. The methods used in most studies are Cox regressions in combination with instrumental variable analysis (the Heckman two-step procedure). The empirical findings indicate that ALMPs worked well to reduce such negative effects both in times of booms (1999) and recessions (1993) and particularly among the youngest and oldest actors on the labour market. They also function particularly well for people with a low level of education. However, it is important not to exclude unemployed people who have a high level of education, in the belief that ALMPs have nothing to offer them, since such people are particularly helped by ALMPs as regards reducing the risk of future labour market instability. It was also found that generous unemployment benefit helped to reduce the risk of future negative wage scarring. In addition to these findings, some mechanisms were identified which proved to be important tools for transforming policies into valuable resources for the unemployed. In this thesis, the value of the findings of these mechanisms is discussed from the perspective of the capability approach. Even if the same investments were made in all unemployed persons, the participants would respond differently to the investment. Some reasons for the inequality in outcomes were found within the programmes and were due to heterogeneity in the unemployment group but some reasons can actually be explained by the converters (mechanisms) that were identified in the studies. Thus, the results emphasise the importance of investing in labour market policies, particularly during economic downturns. This is the time when cuts in unemployment benefit do not help the unemployed back to the labour market since there are very few available jobs to apply for. It is also the time when the long-term unemployed should participate in ALMP-training in order to be prepared for new challenges when the labour market improves again. As a matter of fact, the results show that skills from ALMP-training have a bridging effect which indicates that these skills will be valuable on the labour market for at least another five years after the year of investment. The findings in this thesis are controversial since they differ from most research findings from the beginning of the 1990s which point to poor micro level outcomes. However, the long-term approach of this thesis is the main explanation for these new and different results.  It is argued here that a long-term approach is needed to find out the long-term effects because ALMP participation, particularly ALMP-training, is meant to be a long-term investment in human capital. A long period of time needs to pass between ALMP-investment and evaluation before the effects can show. Reported effects from ALMP investments at the beginning of the 1990s have often been measured on a short-term basis. It is not suggested that short-term effects should be ignored but it is argued that a short-term analysis provides only a fragmental description of reality, and long-term effects should be given greater priority than is usually the case since they affect the labour market prospects of the individuals over a long period of time. This thesis dispels the “myth” about the negative effects generated from ALMPs during the 1990s.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

Objectif : L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de proposer une nouvelle approche pour appréhender l’accessibilité afin qu’elle offre des opportunités réelles aux personnes de se déplacer et de se développer. Cette orientation de recherche s’est appuyée sur l’approche par les capabilités qui fournit un cadre théorique pertinent et original pour atteindre une accessibilité capacitante, c'est-à-dire qui permette le développement des personnes. Dans cette thèse, le cadre applicatif de l’approche théorique est la mobilité des personnes vieillissantes.Méthodes : Après une présentation de l’approche par les capabilités, un état de l’art sur l’accessibilité et la présentation du contexte applicatif de cette thèse, nous présentons trois recherches, qui utilisent une combinaison de méthodes (i.e. atelier, observations, questionnaires, projection situationnelle, technique des incidents critiques).Résultats : Les résultats de ces recherches permettent de définir l’accessibilité capacitante et de concevoir un modèle pour l’appréhender en ergonomie. Ce modèle met en évidence des déterminants de l’accessibilité capacitante tels que les ressources et les facteurs d’usage (i.e. les facteurs de conversion et les facteurs de choix). De plus, il décrit le processus qui peut amener à des activités contraintes et/ou empêchées.Conclusion : En conclusion, une présentation du modèle développé dans ce travail est proposée ainsi qu’une définition de l’accessibilité capacitante. Ensuite, les perspectives de recherches portent d’une part sur les recherches en conception visant l’accessibilité capacitante, et d’autre part, sur les effets à long terme de l’accessibilité capacitante sur les activités méta-fonctionnelles. / Objective: The objective of this work was to propose a new approach for the understanding of accessibility. Through this approach, accessibility is considered as a number of qualities of environments or activities providing real opportunities for development to people. This line of research was based on the capability approach which provides a unique and relevant theoretical framework to achieve enabling accessibility (i.e. accessibility which offers real development opportunities to people). In this thesis, the application context of enabling accessibility is older adults’ mobility. Methods: After a presentation of the capability approach, a state of the art on accessibility and presentation of the application context of this research, we present three studies, which use a combination of methods (i.e. workshop, observations, survey, situational projection, critical incident technique). Results: The results of this research are used to define a model of enabling accessibility and to clarify its position in ergonomics. This model highlights a number of determinants of enabling accessibility (e.g. resources conversion factors, factors of choice). This model also describes a number of process which can constraint or hamper activity. Conclusion: In conclusion, a presentation of the model develops in this work is proposed as well as a definition of enabling accessibility. The prospects for research focuses firstly on the research design for enabling accessibility, and secondly, on the long-term effects of enabling accessibility on meta-functional activities.Keywords: enabling accessibility, capability approach, freedom of choice, older people, mobility

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis analyses the concept of indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination within the international human rights system and explores viable avenues for the fulfilment of indigenous claims to self–determination through the design, implementation and evaluation of development policies. The thesis argues that development policy plays a crucial role in determining the level of enjoyment of self–determination for indigenous peoples. Development policy can offer an avenue to bypass nation states’ political unwillingness to recognize and promote indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination, when adequate principles and criteria are embedded in the whole policy process. The theoretical foundations of the thesis are drawn from two different areas of scholarship: indigenous human rights discourse and development economics. The indigenous human rights discourse provides the articulation of the debate concerning the concept of indigenous self–determination, whereas development economics is the field within which Amartya Sen’s capability approach is adopted as a theoretical framework of thought to explore the interface between indigenous rights and development policy. Foundational concepts of the capability approach will be adopted to construct a normative system and a practical methodological approach to interpret and implement indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination. In brief, the thesis brings together two bodies of knowledge and amalgamates foundational theoretical underpinnings of both to construct a normative and practical framework. At the normative level, the thesis offers a conceptual apparatus that allows us to identify an indigenous capability rights–based normative framework that encapsulates the essence of the principle of indigenous self–determination. At the practical level, the normative framework enables a methodological approach to indigenous development policies that serves as a vehicle for the fulfilment of indigenous aspirations for self–determination. This thesis analyses Australia’s health policy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as an example to explore the application of the proposed normative and practical framework. The assessment of Australia’s health policy for Indigenous Australians against the proposed normative framework and methodological approach to development policy, allows us to identify a significant vacuum: the omission of Aboriginal traditional medicine in national health policy frameworks and, as a result, the devaluing and relative demise of Aboriginal traditional healing practices and traditional healers.

Esta dissertação faz uma análise da pobreza rural no Brasil a partir de duas abordagens distintas. Uma delas, a mais tradicional, unidimensional, baseada exclusivamente na renda: a abordagem monetária. A outra, de natureza multidimensional, relativamente recente, baseada naquilo que as pessoas são capazes de ser e fazer: Abordagem das Capacitações, de Amartya Kumar Sen. A questão investigada neste trabalho é se as compreensões de pobreza rural fornecidas por cada uma destas abordagens diferem entre si. Para tal, foram utilizados dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE), trazendo, além do Brasil de forma agregada, os estados do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Foram selecionados estes três estados, de regiões diferentes, para captar a heterogeneidade de realidades do país. Subliminar a esta problemática da comparação de abordagens estão duas contribuições específicas desta dissertação: o avanço na discussão sobre o entendimento da pobreza no meio rural e uma contribuição na consolidação da operacionalização da Abordagem das Capacitações a partir de dados secundários. Na parte teórica deste trabalho foram analisados os elementos centrais de cada uma destas abordagens, procurando dar embasamento para as métricas sob as quais se assentam as evidências empíricas de cada uma. A parte metodológica, que apresenta estas métricas, tem especial importância no caso da Abordagem das Capacitações, por se tratar de uma abordagem mais nova e ainda não consolidada. A abordagem monetária se baseia na renda domiciliar per capita, fazendo uso de ferramentas de análise que tratam da distribuição de renda, linhas monetárias de pobreza e de medidas de pobreza. Já a Abordagem das Capacitações analisa três funcionamentos (ser e fazer) específicos: estudo, saúde e mobilidade e condições de moradia. Isto é feito através de técnicas estatísticas multivariadas (Análise Fatorial e Análise de Cluster). Os resultados concernentes à abordagem monetária mostram uma combinação de renda média baixa e distribuição de renda consideravelmente assimétrica, o que desenha uma realidade de pobreza rural bastante específica. O RS é o estado que apresenta as melhores condições, e o RN o que apresenta as piores, entre eles estão MG e o Brasil como um todo. Já com relação às evidências empíricas da Abordagem das Capacitações, os resultados não permitem dizer que um estado está em melhores condições do que outro, de forma absoluta. Cada um tem características específicas, uma estrutura multidimensional particular em relação àqueles três funcionamentos. O RS tem melhores indicadores para o funcionamento moradia, por exemplo, enquanto MG tem melhores resultados para educação. Pode-se dizer que cada um tem estruturas de bem-estar diferenciadas, mas não que um seja mais “pobre” do que outro. Esta diferença de resultados entre as abordagens está associada a uma diferença de percepção do fenômeno pobreza. O próprio papel desempenhado pela renda, cabe salientar, é diferente no contexto da Abordagem das Capacitações: sua influência sobre as dimensões estudadas não apresenta um padrão claro. Os resultados empíricos, portanto, são diferentes porque a percepção que se tem do fenômeno é diversa. / This master thesis presents an analysis of the rural poverty in Brazil based on two different approaches. One of them, more traditional, unidimensional, exclusively based on income: the monetary approach. The other one, relatively recent, multidimensional, based on what people are able to do or to be: the Capability Approach, proposed by Amartya Kumar Sen. The question investigated throughout this study is if the comprehensions of rural poverty offered by these two approaches point out in different ways or not. To take it forward, it was used secondary data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD/IBGE). And the study analyzes Brazil, as a whole, and three states: Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG) and Rio Grande do Norte (RN). It was selected states from different regions of the country aiming to capture the heterogeneities of realities in Brazil. Underlying to the question of comparing the two approaches are a pair of specific topics in which the present study goes on: an advance on the debate about rural poverty and a contribution for the consolidation of the operationalization of the Capability Approach based on secondary data. The theoretical section of the master thesis analyzes the central elements of each approach, trying to establish the basis on which the empirical metrics are settled. The methodological section presents those metrics and it is especially important in the case of the Capability Approach, because of its peculiarity of being a new approach and not yet consolidated. The monetary approach is based on the household income per capita, and uses analysis tools that count on the income distribution, monetary poverty lines and poverty measures. The Capability Approach, in turn, analyses three different functionings (beings and doings): study, health and mobility, and housing conditions. That analysis is performed through multivariate statistical techniques (Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis). The results concerning the monetary approach point out a combination of low income average and asymmetric income distribution which draw a specific reality of rural poverty. The state of RS presents the best conditions in terms of those monetary indicators, and the state of RN the worse. Between RS and RN are Brazil as a whole and the state of MG. The empirical evidences from the Capability Approach, however, do not allow saying that one state is better off than another one in an absolute way. Each state has specific characteristics, has a particular multidimensional structure regarding those three functionings. The state of RS presents the best indicator in housing conditions, for instance, whereas MG offers the best result in education. It is possible to say that each state has different structures of well-being, but we cannot say that one state is “poorer” than another one. Those differences between the two approaches, in terms of empirical results, are related to a diverse perception of the phenomenon named poverty. Even the role played by income is different in the context of the Capability Approach: its influence over the dimensions investigated does not present any clear pattern. Summarizing, the empirical results are different because the perception of poverty is diverse.

Objectif : L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était de proposer une nouvelle approche pour appréhender l’accessibilité afin qu’elle offre des opportunités réelles aux personnes de se déplacer et de se développer. Cette orientation de recherche s’est appuyée sur l’approche par les capabilités qui fournit un cadre théorique pertinent et original pour atteindre une accessibilité capacitante, c'est-à-dire qui permette le développement des personnes. Dans cette thèse, le cadre applicatif de l’approche théorique est la mobilité des personnes vieillissantes.Méthodes : Après une présentation de l’approche par les capabilités, un état de l’art sur l’accessibilité et la présentation du contexte applicatif de cette thèse, nous présentons trois recherches, qui utilisent une combinaison de méthodes (i.e. atelier, observations, questionnaires, projection situationnelle, technique des incidents critiques).Résultats : Les résultats de ces recherches permettent de définir l’accessibilité capacitante et de concevoir un modèle pour l’appréhender en ergonomie. Ce modèle met en évidence des déterminants de l’accessibilité capacitante tels que les ressources et les facteurs d’usage (i.e. les facteurs de conversion et les facteurs de choix). De plus, il décrit le processus qui peut amener à des activités contraintes et/ou empêchées.Conclusion : En conclusion, une présentation du modèle développé dans ce travail est proposée ainsi qu’une définition de l’accessibilité capacitante. Ensuite, les perspectives de recherches portent d’une part sur les recherches en conception visant l’accessibilité capacitante, et d’autre part, sur les effets à long terme de l’accessibilité capacitante sur les activités méta-fonctionnelles. / Objective: The objective of this work was to propose a new approach for the understanding of accessibility. Through this approach, accessibility is considered as a number of qualities of environments or activities providing real opportunities for development to people. This line of research was based on the capability approach which provides a unique and relevant theoretical framework to achieve enabling accessibility (i.e. accessibility which offers real development opportunities to people). In this thesis, the application context of enabling accessibility is older adults’ mobility. Methods: After a presentation of the capability approach, a state of the art on accessibility and presentation of the application context of this research, we present three studies, which use a combination of methods (i.e. workshop, observations, survey, situational projection, critical incident technique). Results: The results of this research are used to define a model of enabling accessibility and to clarify its position in ergonomics. This model highlights a number of determinants of enabling accessibility (e.g. resources conversion factors, factors of choice). This model also describes a number of process which can constraint or hamper activity. Conclusion: In conclusion, a presentation of the model develops in this work is proposed as well as a definition of enabling accessibility. The prospects for research focuses firstly on the research design for enabling accessibility, and secondly, on the long-term effects of enabling accessibility on meta-functional activities.Keywords: enabling accessibility, capability approach, freedom of choice, older people, mobility