This Master's Thesis deals with the famous work of a Clash of Civilizations by Samuel Huntington. The topic is described to full extent. First of all, there are defined basic terms connected with culture. Afterwards, the conception of a Clash of Civilizations is described in its basic concepts, whereas there are not omitted consequences connected with the author's other works as well as his life. A special chapter is dedicated to the impact that this work caused. This chapter is devided into two parts. In the first part, there are presented general references of several authors. In the other part, there are discussed comprehensive conceptions of certain authors. Concretely, they are represented by Francis Fukuyama, Immanuel Wallerstein, Alvin Toffler and Michael Novak. After description of basic ideas of these big thinkers, there is made a comparison of their conceptions, which is based on the following terms -- universalism, democracy a capitalism, world order and modernization. In the last part of this Master's Thesis, there are deduced conclusions from the comparison of these conceptions that deal with the international system, which makes this issue more clear for both public and academic people.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to examine how traditional news media vis-à- vis alternative news media in Sweden portrayed the Quran burnings and the riots which followed during august in the summer of 2020. With the basis in framing theory and intermedia agenda setting we examined these research questions: How do the news papers frame the Quran burnings? What discourses are reproduced? How do the traditional news papers and the alternative news papers framing of the Quran burnings differ from each other?  The qualitative methods used in this bachelor thesis were Robert Entmans framing theory combined with Rens Vliegenthart &amp; Stefaan Walgraves intermedia agenda setting theory. Also, we used different theories regarding populism, clash of civilizations and freedom of speech in order to find various themes in the reporting. For instance, the study applies Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of the carnivalesque to examine how the alternative news paper Samnytt framed the Quran burnings.  Through examining news articles, we discovered several preexisting frames and some additional ones. The results showed that the traditional news papers framed the Quran burnings in a laconic way as an intolerant act against Muslims, while the alternative news papers framed the Quran burnings as a clash of civilizations and simultaneously as an act of freedom of speech. In relation to the alternative news papers overly dramatic and sensationalistic discourse, the traditional news papers discourse was more moderate. In this way the populist discourse in the alternative news media and their focus on the “man on the street” is an example of how the alternative news media defines itself as an opposition to the hegemonic “elite” news media institutions. In the alternative news papers, we also found one specific frame concerning anti-Semitism in Malmö, which was not given the same amount of attention by the traditional news papers.  The result of this study shows differences in framing, in line with previous research regarding alternative news media and populism, that could be an example of how the alternative news media is born and defines itself as an alternative to a narrative they deem wrong or lacking in traditional news media. This is primarily an effect of the fact that the traditional news papers lacked diversity in their interviewees since they mostly relied on authority sources, or in one case their own opinion piece writer, to tell the story. The results of this study highlights processes and effects that lies at the core of several phenomenon in this sphere, therefore it should be used to further the research on framing, alternative news media and populism. / <p>En kvalitativ analys av traditionella kontra alternativa nyhetsmediers gestaltning av koranbränningarna i Malmö 2020. </p>

Point of this diploma thesis is analyzing of three railroad crossing controlled by institutions of South-Moravian region, which are chosen by author. For analysis were chosen problematic railroad crossing where happened in last five years traffic accidents with consequences of death. Next criterion of choosing was type of security device. Chosen railroads crossing are representing all types of normally used security devices. That is why was chose railroad crossing with only warning crosses, light security device and last one with light security device with barrier beam. Theoretical part aims on: Basic parameters, dividing, numbering, system of function and marking of railroad crossing. In practical part, there are used mathematical calculations for assessment of safety on chosen railroad crossing and for determination of possibilities of averting a collision of both participants. Corrective measures are made for each railroad crossing taking to account it’s financial conditions. For each railroad crossing is made polygon with help of program Virtual Crash 3.

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Samhället blir alltmer digitalt och digitaliseringen är viktig för samhällsutvecklingen. Av den anledningen är det inkluderat i FN:s Agenda 2030 och EU:s digitala kompass. Boverket har fått i uppdrag av regeringen att utveckla en digital miljö för Plan- och bygglagen (PBL). De flesta av de digitala tjänster som krävs för att utbyta information metodiskt är utvecklade ochfinns tillgängliga på Boverkets webbplats, men det är fortfarande de tryckta kopiorna som är juridiskt bindande.BIM har blivit allt vanligare i Sverige men då det inte finns några nationella krav på att använda BIM är det upp till varje aktör att implementera arbetssättet efter egen förmåga. I takt med att byggnader blir alltmer komplexa ökar även installationerna som behövs i en byggnad i både antal och komplexitet. Trots den ökade användningen av BIM har antalet problem med installationer varit oförändrade eller i vissa fall ökat under de senaste tio åren.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka om digitaliseringen genom BIM kan förenkla installationssamordningen i byggprojekt samt vilka utmaningar som kan uppstå vid implementeringen och användandet av BIM.Enkätstudier och observationer har genomförts på konsultbolaget KAMTech i Örebro, Sverige, för att undersöka installationssamordnarens arbete och deras användning av BIM.Litteraturstudier har gjorts för att undersöka tidigare forskning inom ämnet och för att se potentialen för digitalisering, i form av BIM, inom installationssamordning. De givna enkätsvaren visar att tydlig kommunikation, gemensam planering och ömsesidiga krav är viktiga för en lyckad installationssamordning. Respondenterna anser även att BIM ger klarhet och bättre översikt samt att tidiga kollisionskontroller ger positiv inverkan för projektets välgång. Däremot framgår det av enkätsvar och observationer att det är en utmaning att se till att alla arbetar i den senast uppdaterade modellen i projekten.Studien visar att dagens installationssamordnare huvudsakligen använder BIM för att genomföra kollisionskontroller. Installationssamordnarna tror att möjligheten att upprätta protokoll för samordnade kontroller som är kopplade till ritningar och beskrivningar genom hyperlänkar skulle underlätta deras arbete. Slutsatsen är att digitalisering genom BIM kan förenkla installationssamordningen i byggprojekt genom att samla all data på ett ställe och skapa tydlighet samt struktur. Användning av BIM kan också bidra till ökad effektivitet och produktivitet i projekt genom att ge en visuell överblick av hela projektet. Implementeringen av BIM kan dock vara utmanande på grund av bristen på lagstadgade krav och standarder i Sverige. / The digitalization in the society is increasing and it is crucial for societal development, and it is therefore included in the UN Agenda 2030 and the EU's Digital Compass. The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning has been commissioned by the Swedishgovernment to develop a digital environment for the Planning and Building Act (PBL). Most of the digital services are developed and available on the National Board's website, but hard copies are still required according to the law.Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become increasingly common in Sweden, but since there are no national requirements or standards for BIM, it is up to each company to implement the working method according to their own abilities. As buildings become more complex, the number and complexity of installations required within these structures hasincreased. Despite the growing adoption of BIM, the number of issues related to installations has remained stagnant or even increased during the past decade.The aim of this report is to investigate whether digitization through BIM can simplify the Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) coordination in construction projects, as well as the challenges that may arise during the implementation and utilization of BIM.Survey studies and observations have been conducted at the consulting company calledKAMTech in Örebro, Sweden, to investigate the MEP coordinator's work and their use of BIM. Literature studies have been conducted to investigate prior research within the field and to explore the potential for digitization in MEP coordination through the implementation of BIM.The survey results show that clear communication, shared planning, and requirements are essential for successful MEP coordination. According to the responders, the use of BIM in projects offers a sense of clarity and improved project overview. They also express that early clash detections have a positive impact of the project’s result. Survey results and observations also indicate that there are challenges to keep the model updated to the latest version in theprojects.Currently, BIM is primarily utilized by MEP coordinators to conduct clash detections. The MEP coordinators believe that having capability to establish protocols for coordinated checks, accompanied by hyperlinks to drawings and descriptions, would facilitate their work.The conclusion is that digitization through BIM can simplify the MEP coordination in construction projects by gathering all data in one place to organize and create clarity. The utilization of BIM can enhance efficiency and productivity in projects through its ability to provide a visual overview of the entire project. However, the implementation of BIM can be challenging due to the lack of legislated requirements and standards in Sweden.

Att utföra installationer i ett ROT-projekt är mer komplicerat än vid nyproduktion. I ROT-projekt möter installatören gamla svårlästa handlingar som oftast inte stämmer med verkligheten. Vanligaste problemet är att det kan uppstå krockar mellan installationerna och mellan installationerna och stommen vilket leder till kostnader och tidsförluster. I vår rapport har vi studerat möjligheten att i ett tidigt skede få fram handlingar som stämmer med verkligheten vilket skulle underlätta planering och byggande i ett ROT-projekt. Metoden förväntas lösa problemet med krockar som kan uppstå vid utförandet av arbetet samt kunna nå installationerna på ett smidigt sätt utan något hinder vid tillsyn, skötsel och underhåll. Resultatet i denna rapport baseras på mätningar som vi har genomfört, i form av inskanning av ett rum med hjälp av en handlasermätare och en 3D-laser för att skapa en 3D-modell. För att kunna hitta ett lämpligt utrymme i byggnaden och säkerställa installationer utan någon typ av krock krävs noggrann projektering. För att komplettera studien intervjuades flera personer med erfarenhet inom detta område. Vår slutsats är att genom en kombination av BIM tillsammans med en väl fungerande installationssamordning och skanning med 3D-laser kan noggrannheten i projekteringen öka, risken för kollisioner minska vilket leder till ökad lönsamhet i ett ROT-projekt. / Performing an installation process under a Renovation, Conversion and Extension (ROT) project is more complicated than in a new production. In a ROT projects, the installer meets old and hard-to- read documents that usually do not match the reality. The most common problem is that clashes may occur between the installations and building elements, which results in costs and time losses. In our report we have studied the opportunity to produce documents that correspond to reality at an early stage, which would facilitate planning and construction in a ROT project. The method is expected to solve the collision problem that may arise in the performance of the work, as well as being able to reach the installations in a smooth manner without any barriers to supervision and maintenance. The results of this report are based on the measurements we performed, in particular by using measurement methods using a handheld meter and a 3D-laser scanning technique that creates a 3Dmodeling . In order to be able to find a suitable space in the building and to ensure installations without any type of collision, careful design is required. To complete the study, several people were interviewed with experience in this area. Our conclusion is that through a combination of BIM, together with a wellfunctioning installation coordination and 3D-laser scanning, design accuracy can be increased, the risk of collisions reduced, leading to increased profitability in a ROT project.

This paper explores Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart (1958) within the context of postcolonial theory, focusing on the clash between traditional Igbo culture and the forces of European imperialism. Achebe's work serves as a response to Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899) and challenges the stereotypical portrayal of Africans. This thesis delves into the impact of missionaries and Christianity on Igbo society, analyzing the mechanisms through which they established influence and sparked conflicts with traditional beliefs. Employing a postcolonial framework, the study scrutinizes power dynamics, colonial strategies, and the consequences of cultural clashes. The study’s findings critically assess European colonialism by highlighting how missionaries utilized Christianity for colonization, revealing conflicts between African and European cultures and prompting reflection on the repercussions of cultural interactions in pre- and postcolonial Africa. The research reveals the multifaceted impact of missionaries and Christianity on Igbo society, employing tactics such as education-driven conversion, economic dependence, cultural stigmatization, exploitation of social divisions, and legal/political influence. These strategies were designed to subvert traditional beliefs, reshape cultural values, and establish Christianity as a dominant force, resulting in significant cultural conflicts within the Igbo community.

No description available.

In this research, automatic point cloud modeling strategies have been tested to find the best strategies to model walls, floors and ceilings classes in terms of processing time and accuracy. The modeling was applied on a point cloud data related to the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction field which is a point cloud of a building collected by Sweco company in Sweden. This point cloud was segmented and classified into two classes: the first class is walls, and the second is floors and ceilings. The strategies were applied on each class using two commercial software which are: Leica Cyclone 3D-R and Pointfuse and one free open source software which is BLENDER.  The strategies were formed by making a collection of parameters for each strategy, some of these parameters are numeric and others are non numeric. The strategies were three combinations: in the first combination the default values of the numerical parameters were used. In the second combination these default values were increased by 50% and in the third combination these default values were decreased by 50%. The final results showed that all best strategies were done by using Leica Cyclone 3D-R software. Regarding the processing time to model the walls, the fastest strategy is by increasing the default numerical parameters of Regular Sampling function by 50% while ignoring the scanning directions. Regarding the processing time to model the floors and ceilings. The fastest strategy is also by increasing the default numerical parameters of meshing in two steps function by 50%  which in the first step of the function the try to create watertight mesh option is chosen for hole management method and the scanning directions are not ignored. In the second step the refine mesh without cloud option is chosen for refining method and under this option the following parameters are defined: deviation error, refine on free borders is not included and preserve sharp edges is included. Regarding the accuracy, the most accurate strategy to model the walls is by decreasing the default numerical parameters of meshing in two steps function by 50% which in the first step of the function the hole detection option is chosen for hole management method and the scanning directions are included. In the second step the refine mesh from cloud option is chosen for refining method and under this option the following parameters are defined: meshing by keep only best points, deviation error, distance, local reorganization is included and no free border modification is chosen for hole management method. Regarding the most accurate strategy to model the floors and ceilings is by decreasing the default numerical parameters of meshing in two steps function by 50% which in the first step of the function the hole detection option is chosen for hole management method and the scanning directions are included. In the second step the refine mesh from cloud interpolation option is chosen for refining method and under this option the following parameters are defined: refine with deviation error for refining method, deviation error, maximum number of triangles, minimum triangle size, refine with point evenly spaced is not included, distance is included, local reorganization is included, angle threshold on scanning directions is not include and refine free border is chosen for hole management method. / I denna forskning har automatiska punktmolnmodelleringsstrategier testats för att hitta de bästa strategierna för att modellera väggar, golv och takklasser när det gäller bearbetningstid och noggrannhet. Modelleringen applicerades på ett punktmolndata relaterat till Arkitektur, Ingenjörs- och Byggområdet som är ett punktmoln av en byggnad som samlats in av Sweco-företaget i Sverige. Detta punktmoln segmenterades och klassificerades i två klasser: den första klassen är väggar och den andra är golv och tak. Strategierna tillämpades på varje klass med hjälp av två kommersiella programvaror som är: Leica Cyclone 3D-R och Pointfuse och en gratis programvara med öppen källkod som är BLENDER. Strategierna bildades genom att göra en samling parametrar för varje strategi, några av dessa parametrar är numeriska och andra är icke-numeriska. Strategierna var tre kombinationer: i den första kombinationen användes standardvärdena för de numeriska parametrarna. I den andra kombinationen ökades dessa standardvärden med 50 % och i den tredje kombinationen minskades dessa standardvärden med 50 %. De slutliga resultaten visade att alla bästa strategier gjordes med hjälp av programvaran Leica Cyclone 3D-R. När det gäller bearbetningstiden för att modellera väggarna är den snabbaste strategin att öka de numeriska standardparametrarna för funktionen Regelbunden provtagning med 50 % samtidigt som man ignorerar skanningsanvisningarna Angående handläggningstiden för att modellera golv och tak. Den snabbaste strategin är också att öka de numeriska standardparametrarna för meshing i tvåstegsfunktion med 50 %, vilket i det första steget av funktionen är att försöka skapa vattentäta mesh-alternativet väljs för hålhanteringsmetoden och skanningsriktningarna ignoreras inte. I det andra steget väljs alternativet förfina mesh utan moln för förfiningsmetod och under detta alternativ definieras följande parametrar: avvikelsefel, förfina på fria gränser ingår inte och bevara skarpa kanter ingår. När det gäller noggrannheten är den mest exakta strategin för att modellera väggarna genom att minska de numeriska standardparametrarna för meshing i tvåstegsfunktion med 50 %, vilket i det första steget av funktionen väljs håldetekteringsalternativet för hålhanteringsmetoden och skanningsriktningarna ingår. I det andra steget väljs alternativet förfina mesh from cloud för raffineringsmetod och under detta alternativ definieras följande parametrar: meshing by keep only best points, deviation error, distance, local reorganization ingår och ingen fri gränsmodifiering är vald för hål förvaltningsmetod. När det gäller den mest exakta strategin för att modellera golv och tak är att minska de numeriska standardparametrarna för meshing i tvåstegsfunktion med 50 %, vilket i det första steget av funktionen väljs håldetekteringsalternativet för hålhanteringsmetoden och skanningsriktningarna är ingår. I det andra steget väljs alternativet förfina mesh från molninterpolation för raffineringsmetod och under detta alternativ definieras följande parametrar: förfina med avvikelsefel för förfiningsmetod, avvikelsefel, maximalt antal trianglar, minsta triangelstorlek, förfina med punkt jämnt mellanrum ingår inte, avstånd ingår, lokal omorganisation ingår, vinkeltröskel på skanningsriktningar ingår inte och förfina fri kant är vald för hålhanteringsmetod.

This essay provides an in-depth analysis of E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India through the lens of postcolonial criticism, with a specific focus on Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism. It explores the complexities of colonial relationships in India during the British Raj, examining themes of power dynamics, cultural dominance, and racial discrimination. By drawing from key postcolonial theorists such as Edward Said and Frantz Fanon and other writers like Albert Memmi, the essay explains how Forster’s narrative exposes the influence of Western superiority and the perpetuation of cultural disparities between the colonizer and the colonized. It underscores the portrayal of Chandrapore as a microcosm of colonial tensions, where privileged English settlers dominate over the marginalized native population. The essay also discusses Forster’s critique of colonial conditions and the accidental reinforcement of Orientalist stereotypes. Ultimately, it concludes that A Passage to India effectively portrays the clash between Eastern and Western cultures within the colonial context, thereby highlighting the expressed urgent and significant desire for autonomy.