Interkulturellt arbetssätt är givande för alla barn oavsett kulturell bakgrund. Det interkulturella arbetssättet bidrar till att barn utvecklar sin kulturella identitet och får förståelse för mångfalden i vårt samhälle. På förskolor där pedagogerna inte aktivt arbetar med interkulturalitet riskerar barn med utländsk bakgrund att bli exkluderade eller inte får kulturellt utrymme i förskolans utbildning. Det påverkar också barn med en svensk kulturell bakgrund, då de inte får  möjligheten att lära sig mer om andra kulturer än sin egen.  Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskaper om hur förskollärare resonerar kring ett interkulturellt arbetssätt inom förskolans verksamhet. Datainsamlingen är av en kvalitativ ansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att samla empirin. Intervjuerna skedde både individuellt och i grupp. Totalt deltog nio förskollärare från fem olika förskolor i Sverige. Analysen omfattar det sociokulturella perspektivet och det interkulturella perspektivet för att få en större förståelse för de faktorer som påverkar förskollärarnas arbetssätt.  Resultatet visar att förskollärarna har ett interkulturellt förhållningssätt när de arbetar för att främja barns modersmåls utveckling och för att integrera olika kulturer i förskolans verksamhet. I mötet med familjer från andra länder lyfte förskollärarna fram olika faktorer att ta hänsyn till, vilket visade på deras interkulturella kompetens.  Det framkom även i studien att förskollärarna uttryckte att olika uppfattningar av kultur kan leda till kulturkrockar och kulturella begränsningar i förskolan. Förskollärarna upplevde det som en utmaning i arbetet med interkulturalitet. / The intercultural way of working contributes to children developing their cultural identity and gaining an understanding of the diversity in our society. In preschools where the pedagogues do not actively work with interculturality, children with a foreign background run the risk of being excluded or not given cultural space in the preschool's education. It also affects children with a Swedish cultural background, they do not get the opportunity to learn more about cultures other than their own.  The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how preschool teachers reason about intercultural working methods in preschool activities. The data collection is of a qualitative nature, where semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather empirical data. The interviews were conducted both individually and in groups. A total of nine preschool teachers from five different preschools in Sweden participated. The analysis incorporates a sociocultural perspective and the intercultural perspective to provide a detailed understanding of factors influencing preschool teachers' workings.  The study concludes that the preschool teachers have an intercultural approach when they work to promote children's mother tongue development, and to integrate different cultures in the preschool's activities. In the meeting with families from different countries, the preschool teachers highlighted different factors, which showed their intercultural competence. This study showed that the preschool teachers expressed that our different perceptions of culture can lead to cultural clashes and cultural limitations in preschool.  The preschool teachers perceived the work with interculturality as challenging.

This essay evaluates social constructivist theory by analyzing how it brings understanding to an empirical case. The case under study is the Danish Muhammad Cartoon Controversy of 2005-2006, and by using a constructivist conceptualization of identities and norms this essay attempts to demonstrate how constructivism helps in understanding the event where rationalist theories fall short. This essay concludes that these two concepts do further understanding of various social elements that contributed to the explosiveness of the conflict but that there is a difficulty in establishing causality and outlining in detail how they do so.

Essa tese propõe uma leitura da música, enquanto recurso didático, a partir da análise do embate metodológico entre a educação jesuíta e a educação pombalina, imediatamente após a reforma educacional proposta pelo Marquês de Pombal. O período de transição da educação no Brasil colônia foi enfocado a partir de dois métodos norteadores das diretrizes conceituais e educacionais, são eles: o Ratio Studiorum, da educação jesuíta e O Verdadeiro Método de Estudar de Verney, da educação laica. Fundada por Inácio de Loyola, em 1534, a Companhia de Jesus estabeleceu prioridades pedagógicas basicamente voltadas à educação de novas gerações e à ação missionária de difusão dos valores religiosos, sendo que, nessas duas instâncias a música teve papel relevante na perspectiva da relação ensino-aprendizagem da educação religiosa. Verney, conforme relata a historiografia, teve um papel central para compreensão do movimento iluminista português, norteador da reforma pombalina, pois através de sua obra, mobilizou novos rumos para educação de Portugal e suas colônias, compatíveis com o pensamento vigente na Europa do século XVIII. Com a reforma pombalina a música foi minimizada no ambiente escolar, ocupando outros espaços e criando estilos diferenciados, tanto no que diz respeito à produção musical sacra quanto à profana. O Brasil Colônia obteve representatividade musical na Europa, pela qualidade de seus músicos-compositores mulatos, em especial os de Minas Gerais, Bahia, Pernambuco e sacros em Mogi das Cruzes. / This thesis proposes reading music as a resource for teaching, from the analysis of the methodological clash between the Jesuit Education and the Pombal Education, immediately following the educational reform proposed by the Marquis of Pombal. The educational transition in Colonial Brazil was focused on two guiding methods of conceptual and educational guidelines, they are: the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum and Verney\'s True Method of Studying, of secular education. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, the Society of Jesus establishes educational priorities primarily focused on education of new generations and the missionary work of infusing religious values, being that in these two instances music has played a significant role in the perspective in teaching or having a religious education. Verney, as reported by historians, played a central role in understanding Portuguese Age of Enlightenment, leading the reform of Pombal, because it was with his work that new directions for education were mobilized in Portugal and its colonies, befitting of the prevailing thought in eighteenth-century Europe. With the Pombal Reform the music was oppressed in school environments, occupying other spaces and creating differentiated styles, with regard to music production being sacred as well as profane. Colonial Brazil won musical acknowledgement in Europe for its mulatto musician-composers predicate, especially those of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Pernambucco and Mogi das Cruzez.

Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens. Therefore, their successful replication, at every stage from attachment to assembly and egress, is dependent on host cell functions. The host cell in turn engages mechanisms to counteract virus replication. As a result, viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade these counteracting measures as well as ways to reshape the cellular environment into one that’s favourable for successful replication. Systematic studies offer a platform for unravelling virus-cell interactions and in particular can address three important aspects 1) increase our understanding of basic biology of the virus, 2) identify and characterise novel cellular functions 3) provide important leads for novel targets for antiviral therapy. In this study, I investigated two aspects of virus host interaction; the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in virus infection and the role of interferon inducible genes in virus infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a β herpes virus that infects humans. HCMV maintains a persistent lifelong infection in the host involving a cycle of latency and reactivation. Infection of healthy individuals with HCMV results in relatively minor symptoms. In contrast, infection of individuals with a compromised immune system, as in the case of organ transplant recipients and AIDS patients, can cause significant morbidity and mortality. In common with other herpes viruses, HCMV expresses multiple small regulatory RNAs called miRNAs. HCMV encodes at least 14 miRNAs. Identifying the targets of these miRNAs will help us understand their functional importance during infection. Recently, a biochemical technique called Cross-Linking, Ligation and Sequencing of Hybrids (CLASH), was developed by Tollervey and colleagues, representing the most advanced systematic technique for the identification of miRNA targets. We adapted this approach to identify high confidence miRNA targets during HCMV infection. However, the protocol was sub-optimal and presented us with technical challenges. Although high quality data sets were not generated, the work was crucial for the establishment of the system which is now generating promising data. Virus-cell interactions can also be elucidated by probing for host factors that are important for virus replication. Type I interferon is a highly effective inhibitor of HCMV replication. Treatment of cells with interferon results in up regulation of multiple effectors known as interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). How these genes block HCMV replication is poorly understood. A library of more than 380 ISG expressing lentiviruses was screened to determine the effects of individual ISGs on HCMV replication. The screen was performed in primary human fibroblast cells and a glioblastoma cell line called U373s. Multiple inhibitory ISGs were identified including well characterised ISGs such as cGAS, STAT2, NOD2, DDX60 and HPSE as well as novel candidates TXNIP, ELF1, FAM46C, MT1H and CHMP5. Five ISGs were identified as HCMV replication enhancers including previously published ISGs BST2 and IFITM1 and novel enhancers ODC1, BCL3 and IL28RA. siRNA screens against top hits demonstrated that STAT2, CPT1A and cGAS are dominant inhibitory factors during HCMV infection and knockdown of these genes can partially rescue HCMV replication following interferon treatment. Finally, using a corresponding rhesus ISG library we show that rhesus SAMHD1 effectively inhibits HCMV replication while human SAMHD1 has no effect, suggesting that HCMV expresses a species-specific inhibitor of SAMHD1. This study defines interferon stimulated pathways important for HCMV replication and identifies multiple novel host factors that both restrict and enhance HCMV replication. These studies demonstrate the effectiveness of using systematic approaches for the identification of novel host virus interactions.

Essa tese propõe uma leitura da música, enquanto recurso didático, a partir da análise do embate metodológico entre a educação jesuíta e a educação pombalina, imediatamente após a reforma educacional proposta pelo Marquês de Pombal. O período de transição da educação no Brasil colônia foi enfocado a partir de dois métodos norteadores das diretrizes conceituais e educacionais, são eles: o Ratio Studiorum, da educação jesuíta e O Verdadeiro Método de Estudar de Verney, da educação laica. Fundada por Inácio de Loyola, em 1534, a Companhia de Jesus estabeleceu prioridades pedagógicas basicamente voltadas à educação de novas gerações e à ação missionária de difusão dos valores religiosos, sendo que, nessas duas instâncias a música teve papel relevante na perspectiva da relação ensino-aprendizagem da educação religiosa. Verney, conforme relata a historiografia, teve um papel central para compreensão do movimento iluminista português, norteador da reforma pombalina, pois através de sua obra, mobilizou novos rumos para educação de Portugal e suas colônias, compatíveis com o pensamento vigente na Europa do século XVIII. Com a reforma pombalina a música foi minimizada no ambiente escolar, ocupando outros espaços e criando estilos diferenciados, tanto no que diz respeito à produção musical sacra quanto à profana. O Brasil Colônia obteve representatividade musical na Europa, pela qualidade de seus músicos-compositores mulatos, em especial os de Minas Gerais, Bahia, Pernambuco e sacros em Mogi das Cruzes. / This thesis proposes reading music as a resource for teaching, from the analysis of the methodological clash between the Jesuit Education and the Pombal Education, immediately following the educational reform proposed by the Marquis of Pombal. The educational transition in Colonial Brazil was focused on two guiding methods of conceptual and educational guidelines, they are: the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum and Verney\'s True Method of Studying, of secular education. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, the Society of Jesus establishes educational priorities primarily focused on education of new generations and the missionary work of infusing religious values, being that in these two instances music has played a significant role in the perspective in teaching or having a religious education. Verney, as reported by historians, played a central role in understanding Portuguese Age of Enlightenment, leading the reform of Pombal, because it was with his work that new directions for education were mobilized in Portugal and its colonies, befitting of the prevailing thought in eighteenth-century Europe. With the Pombal Reform the music was oppressed in school environments, occupying other spaces and creating differentiated styles, with regard to music production being sacred as well as profane. Colonial Brazil won musical acknowledgement in Europe for its mulatto musician-composers predicate, especially those of Minas Gerais, Bahia, Pernambucco and Mogi das Cruzez.

<p>Denna uppsats är en kritisk granskning av Samuel P. Huntingtons modell att förstå världspolitiken utifrån, som han presenterar i boken The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Granskningen utgår från en analys av hans grundläggande begrepp, ”civilization” och ”clash”, och från ytterligare en analys av hur hans modell skiljer sig från andra modeller om världen. Med hjälp av dessa analyser diskuterar jag rimligheten i den tes som han ställer upp och konsekvenserna som hans förutsägelser och policyrekommendationer får, för att sedan kunna bedöma om hans modell är användbar eller inte. Min slutsats är att den inte är särskilt användbar, främst på grund av den oklara betydelsen av hans begrepp. En modell utifrån fler faktorer skulle istället ge oss en bättre förståelse av världen.</p> / <p>This paper is a critical examining of Samuel P. Huntington’s model for understanding world politics, that he presents in his book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. The examining is based on an analysis of his basic concepts, “civilization” and “clash”, and on another analysis of how his model differs from other models about the world. With the help of theses analyses I discuss the reasonableness of the these he formulates and the consequences that his predictions and policy recommendations have, to be able to judge if his model is useful or not. My conclusion is that it’s not very useful, mainly because of the unclear meaning of his basic concepts. Instead, a model based on more factors would give a us a better understanding of the world.</p>

January 7, 2015, the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, which among other things has published satirical images of the Prophet Muhammad, became a victim of a terror attack where 12 people lost their lives. This horrible act was performed to avenge Islam and the Prophet Muhammad, something that aroused reactions all over the world. In the media a debate began whether to re-publish the drawings that might have caused the attack or not. Despite the fact that freedom of expression has an important role in the society there were different opinions on the matter.   The aim of this study is to identify how the swedish newspapers Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter and the turkish newspapers Today’s Zaman and Hürryiet Daily News framed the circumstances around the terror attack against Charlie Hebdo. By applying a framing analysis on 40 columns with various authors, 20 from each country, we could discern five dominant frames within the texts: Je suis Charlie, why publish/not publish caricatures, motives behind the attack, impacts of the attack and solutions. Our theoretical basis of the study include the concepts of freedom of expression, cultural differences and framing. The results showed similarities as well as differences between the turkish and the swedish journalists ways of framing the circumstances around the attack. In each frame we have identified what the authors consider to be the main issue, the underlying cause and suggestions on how to solve the problem. Here we saw patterns between the different frames, where many of the subjects were demonstrated in several frames.

Denna uppsats är en kritisk granskning av Samuel P. Huntingtons modell att förstå världspolitiken utifrån, som han presenterar i boken The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Granskningen utgår från en analys av hans grundläggande begrepp, ”civilization” och ”clash”, och från ytterligare en analys av hur hans modell skiljer sig från andra modeller om världen. Med hjälp av dessa analyser diskuterar jag rimligheten i den tes som han ställer upp och konsekvenserna som hans förutsägelser och policyrekommendationer får, för att sedan kunna bedöma om hans modell är användbar eller inte. Min slutsats är att den inte är särskilt användbar, främst på grund av den oklara betydelsen av hans begrepp. En modell utifrån fler faktorer skulle istället ge oss en bättre förståelse av världen. / This paper is a critical examining of Samuel P. Huntington’s model for understanding world politics, that he presents in his book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. The examining is based on an analysis of his basic concepts, “civilization” and “clash”, and on another analysis of how his model differs from other models about the world. With the help of theses analyses I discuss the reasonableness of the these he formulates and the consequences that his predictions and policy recommendations have, to be able to judge if his model is useful or not. My conclusion is that it’s not very useful, mainly because of the unclear meaning of his basic concepts. Instead, a model based on more factors would give a us a better understanding of the world.

In my essay, I write about the work at a pre-school in a segregated suburb. I begin my essay with examples from my workday. In one case, it is about Sara, playing games where other children are excluded and she also exhibits a power game towards me. In the second example, it is about how a group of children conspire and expose both themselves and others for destructive conspiracy patterns. When I write down what happens in the group of children at my pre-school, I see patterns reminiscent of destructive gangs. I reflect about whether I am witnessing that my preschooler is in the preliminary stage of youth gangs with destructive patterns. The purpose of my essay is that for my own sake, and from a social perspective to provides deeper understanding of the causes that can generate power game and conspiracy patterns in children in segregated neighborhoods. I also describe how it can be to work in a kindergarten in a segregated suburb. M y questions are what happen to children when norms in the home are in conflict with the norms of the preschool. The norms in the homes may also be an illegal act in Sweden, when punishment and spanking occurs. Children may be in a conflict of loyalties when they know that parents may not spank their children in Sweden, but still do it. I examine whether there may be negative factors in the family's integration that allows contexts do not meet in a positive direction, and therefore can cause cultural clashes. I start from my own experiences as child-minder in the suburbs during twenty five years. I do this by writing the essay, I reflect on my own thoughts, but also through reflective conversations with others. To obtain scientific perspective on my research, I have chosen as the starting point to the support of other studies in ethnological and sociological aspects. I have come to the conclusion that there may be several reasons for pre-school children of my workplace to act as they do. One reason that I think is important is that families in my pre-school are segregated in the segregation, their meetings consisting mostly of their own countrymen and relatives. The majority of parents have no work and their contact with the Swedish society is done by the authorities and at the pre-school. I have met families where parents have lived in Sweden for twenty years, but still have limited language in Swedish. I have also seen that there is an aversion to the "Swedish" and that there is a conscious choice to refrain from it.

Submitted by LIDIANE VIANA null (lidiane_viana@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-05T19:22:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação definitiva lidiane.pdf: 10064862 bytes, checksum: 8a7aae85af3e562746d7883b4660f29a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Luiza Carpi Semeghini (luiza@assis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-06T00:28:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_l_me_assis.pdf: 10064862 bytes, checksum: 8a7aae85af3e562746d7883b4660f29a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T00:28:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_l_me_assis.pdf: 10064862 bytes, checksum: 8a7aae85af3e562746d7883b4660f29a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta dissertação pensa a respeito do embate de vozes que existe no interior da escola, entre os discursos que representam a tradição escolar ou a força ideológica dominante e os discursos de resistência, entendidos como as vozes dos estudantes dentro deste processo dialético e dialógico, a partir do estudo de caso, em uma turma de 6º. ano, em uma escola estadual, da cidade de Tarumã/SP. Deste embate, o que se observa é um processo de apagamento da voz do aluno, um silenciamento gerado pela predominância da voz sistêmica e dominante, reproduzida pelo professor em sala de aula. Frente a este contexto, encontramos no poetry slam um espaço em que o aluno pode proferir os seus discursos, de acordo com suas idiossincrasias, reconhecendo que a escola também é o lugar da livre reflexão, da pluralidade de pensamento e da arte. Desse modo, neste trabalho buscamos (i) observar como se dá o embate de vozes dentro da escola e analisar como os jovens estudantes colocam-se frente a uma situação escolar em que são convidados a expressarem sua voz; (ii) estimular a escrita de enunciados autorais, de cunho poético-literário, reconhecendo o estudante também como sujeito autor; (iii) proporcionar ao aluno um contexto real de produção, circulação e apreciação estética de enunciados. A partir das atividades desenvolvidas por meio do poetry slam ou batalha de poesia, também analisamos de que maneira os discursos dos alunos foram arquitetados em suas poesias, com relação ao conteúdo temático, forma composicional e estilo. Fundamentamos nossa análise nos estudos do círculo de Bakhtin, sob a perspectiva dialético-dialógica de análise do discurso, portanto. Discutem-se as concepções de gêneros discursivos, voz social, ideologia, responsividade e estética, principalmente para pensar a respeito do ensino público de língua portuguesa e como este pode reforçar o silenciamento dos alunos ou, por outro lado, tornar-se um espaço de possibilidade discursiva. Reflete-se ainda sobre a concepção de poesia, sua função social, a sua presença no cotidiano escolar, bem como a sua relação com os cânones literários. Nossa metodologia, também calcada nos estudos bakhtinianos, contempla os conceitos de alteridade, silêncio e voz, cronotopo e exotopia. Os resultados obtidos mostram que, apesar da resistência oferecida pelo sistema de ensino, é possível construir espaços que privilegiam a voz dos estudantes no ambiente escolar / The concerning of this dissertation is think about the clash of voices that exists inside the school, between the discourses that represent the school tradition or within the dominant ideological strength. That voices can be seen as resistance discourses, understood as voice of students within this dialectical and dialogical process, from of a case study, in a class of 6° year, in a State School, at the city of Tarumã / SP. From this clash of voices, what is observed is a process of erasing the student's voice, a silencing generated by the predominance of the systemic and dominant voice, reproduced by the teacher in the classroom. Against this background, we find in poetry slam a space in which the student can utter his speeches, according to his idiosyncrasies, recognizing that the school is also the place of free reflection, plurality of thought and art. Thus, in this work we seek to (i) observe how the clash of voices within the school occurs and analyze how young students put themselves in front of a school situation in which they are invited to express their voice; (ii) stimulate the writing and production of authorial poetic-literary utterances, recognizing the student also as subject author; (iii) provide the student a real context of production, circulation and aesthetic appreciation of this kind of utterance. From the activities developed through the poetry slam or battle of poetry, we also analyze how the students' discourses were architected in their poetry, in relation to the thematic content, compositional form and style. We base our analysis on Bakhtin's circle studies, from the dialectical-dialogical perspective of discourse analysis. Conceptions of discursive genres, social voice, ideology, responsiveness and aesthetics are discussed, mainly to think about public Portuguese-language teaching and how this teaching can reinforce students' silencing or, on the other hand, become a space for discursive possibility. This work also discusses on the conception of poetry, its social function, its presence in the daily school life, as well as its relationship with the literary canons. Our methodology, also based on the Bakhtinian studies, include the concepts of alterity, silence and voice, chronotope and exotopia. The results obtained show that, despite the resistance offered by the education system, it is possible to construct spaces that favor the voice of students in the school environment / 5649480