Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-35). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

I explore the changing use of political violence by the new Latin American military regimes, specifically post-1976 Argentina with comparative analysis towards Augusto Pinochet’s Chile, as well as by those who protested military authoritarianism during the Dirty War and Operation Condor. These military dictatorships adopted aggressive anti-communist ideologies and displayed them through internal, covert violence. In this study, I adopt definitions of the 'spectacle of violence' and the 'spectacle of absence' that seek to explore the politics of diplomacy behind violent acts that have informed the processes of staging, or hiding, both the methods and outcome of inflicted violence. Geopolitics of the post-human rights legislation era and the Argentine military’s perception of a failed judicial system fostered the institutionalization of a new violent performance, the spectacle of absence, in opposition to the guerrillas' application of the public spectacle of violence. My analysis of violent spectacles within Argentina and their reception at home and abroad displays the various meanings transmitted and received through the medium of political violence as performance.

This thesis explores the Junta de Coordinación Revolucionaria (JCR) and its impact on the outbreak of political violence in the Southern Cone. Given the JCR's short existence and the barbarity of Operation Condor, most scholars have overlooked this organization or treated as convenient excuse for the military regimes to justify their heinous crimes. This article attempts to transcend the one-dimensional view that has predominated studies on the JCR by exploring its revolutionary project and contextualizing it within the international and domestic context in which it developed. Through the analysis of archival material and secondary sources I argue that the JCR represented a historic union for the region's armed left that merits greater recognition by scholars of Latin America's Cold War. / History

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O condor-dos-andes (Vultur gryphus) é uma ave carniceira da família dos abutres do novo mundo (Cathartidae) que habita ao longo da cordilheira dos Andes, cuja população tem diminuído no último século até ser considerada como espécie ameaçada. No Equador tem sido registrado aproximadamente 100 indivíduos em liberdade. Para evitar a extinção da espécie no país tem sido iniciado um programa de conservação envolvendo várias áreas das Ciências Biológicas, entre essas a genética de populações. Para descrever a situação genética do condor no Equador, amostras de sangue e penas de condores em cativeiro e silvestres, mais várias amostras de penas de muda de distintos locais onde habitam, foram coletadas e analisadas através de sete microssatélites heteroespecíficos amplificados no genoma do condor por PCR. Os resultados indicam que o grupo de 72 amostras, apresenta uma diversidade genética moderada a baixa nos loci estudados, apesar das grandes áreas onde está distribuído, porém as análises de variância molecular AMOVA e Hardy-Weinberg considerando como hipótese alternativa a deficiência de heterozigotos, indicam que não constituem uma população endogâmica. Estudos de estruturação populacional sugerem a falta de subpopulações inclusive entre amostras de lugares distantes. Sugere-se que se existir estruturação populacional esta deve ser do tipo isolamento por distância, para poder comprovar esta hipótese se propõe estender a pesquisa no futuro incluindo amostragem de locais muito distantes através da América Andina e diferentes marcadores. O grupo de marcadores foi também altamente útil para identificação genética de indivíduos através das penas anônimas coletadas no habitat, porém não resulta muito forte como prova de paternidade, precisando de marcadores mais polimórficos e melhor distribuídos pelo genoma. / The Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) is a scavenger bird of the New World vultures (Cathartidae) that lives along the Andes Mountains. Its population has declined in the last century until being considered an endangered species. In Ecuador, approximately 100 birds have been registered in freedom. To avoid extinction in this country has been initiated a conservation program involving several areas of biological sciences, one of these, population genetics. In order to describe the genetic situation of the condor in Ecuador, blood and feather samples from captive and wild condors, plus several samples of molted feathers from different locations were collected and analyzed through seven heteroespecific microsatellite amplified in the condor genome by PCR. The results show that the group of 72 samples had a moderate to low genetic diversity in the amplified loci, despite the large areas where it is distributed. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Hardy-Weinberg with heterozygote deficiency as alternative hypothesis denotes that sampled condors do not constitute an inbred population. Structuring analyzes suggest there is not subpopulations even among samples from distant places. If exist some kind of pop0ulation structure in the species, it could be like isolation by distance structured, but in order to prove this hypothesis, it is recommended to extend the research including samples from distant locations through Andean America and more powerful genetic markers. Those markers was also highly useful for the genetic identification of not assigned feathers collected in the habitat, but as paternity test require more polymorphic markers and better distributed throughout the genome.

Esta tese analisa os processos de transições à democracia e os debates referentes à luta pela educação sobre/para os direitos humanos, em três países distintos (Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai). Utilizando-se de uma metodologia transnacional, na qual o pano de fundo é o fluxo de conhecimento sobre violações cometidas pelos Estados, durante as ditaduras destes países, conectadas pelo Sistema Condor, ela procura delinear a construção de uma identidade conformada pelo território imaginado do Río de la Plata. Esta identidade se baseia nas memórias sobre a violência e nas lutas pela consolidação das memórias das vítimas em um espaço público, sob a pretensão da construção de conhecimento para a não repetição de histórias de catástrofes. Desta forma, as discussões trabalhadas abrangem debates sobre os direitos humanos de níveis locais, regionais e globais, em diferentes contextos. E elas trazem para o debate rio-platense dois conceitos essenciais dentro dos direitos humanos, que marcam a identidade regional: a prática social genocida e o desaparecimento forçado. / This thesis analyzes the processes of transitions to democracy and the debates concerning the struggle for education about/for human rights in three different countries (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Using a transnational methodology, in which the background is the movement of knowledge about violations committed by the states, during the dictatorships of these countries, connected by the Condor System, it seeks to delineate the construction of an identity conformed by the imagined territory of the River Plate. This identity is based on memories of violence and struggles to consolidate the victims memories in a public space, under the pretense of building knowledge for non-repetition of catastrophic stories. In this way, the discussions include human rights debates at local, regional and global levels in different contexts. And they bring to the River Plate debates two essential concepts within human rights that mark the regional identity: genocidal social practice and forced disappearance.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Le brillant est un attribut de l'apparence visuelle. Il s'agit d'une construction du système visuel, basée sur le signal optique en provenance d’une surface et capté par l'œil. Les développements récents en spectrophotométrie fondamentale ont produit des instruments à même de mesurer la réflexion lumineuse avec une acuité égale à celle du système visuel humain. Une description transverse, visuelle et optique, d'un même ensemble d'échantillons est maintenant possible. Dans ce travail, nous construisons via des procédés sol-gel une échelle de brillant métrologique multivariée en termes de topologie de surface, indice de réfraction, teinte et niveaux de brillant. Cette échelle est caractérisée par la suite en rugosité, en indice de brillant spéculaire et en BRDF. Nous présentons les techniques de mesure et les corrections employées sur ConDOR, notre goniospectrophotomètre dédié à la mesure haute résolution du pic spéculaire. Au terme de cette étude, l'instrument présente une résolution angulaire de 0,014°, la meilleure résolution atteinte à ce jour, deux fois inférieure à celle du système visuel humain. La dynamique est de 6,5 décades. ConDOR est employé pour mesurer les BRDF de plusieurs échantillons brillants issus de différentes échelles. Elles sont étudiées et les discutées. Un premier lien entre rugosité et BRDF est esquissé. Nous étudions finalement en nous basant sur une échelle de référence de brillant deux aspects de sa perception : l’effet d'un changement d'angle solide d'illumination et l’effet du réalisme de l'environnement d'observation. Nos résultats montrent que le système visuel est plus sensible aux variations de brillant dans des conditions d'observations réalistes, tant en matière d'éclairage que d'environnement. L’effet est particulièrement prononcé pour les échantillons mats. Les conditions moins réalistes ou moins naturelles peuvent mener les observateurs à la confusion. / Gloss is a visual appearance attribute. It is a construction from the visual system built on the optical signal from a surface and sensed by the eye. Recent developments in fundamental spectrophotometry lead to instruments able to measure luminous reflection with an acuity equal to the visual system in terms of angular resolution and dynamic. A cross-discipline description between optics and vision is now possible on a same set of samples. In this work, we build through sol-gel process a metrological gloss scale. It is multivariate in terms of surface topology, refractive indices, hue and gloss levels. This scale is then characterized in roughness, specular gloss and BRDF. We expose the measurement techniques and corrections used on our goniospectrophotomer ConDOR. This instrument is dedicated to high resolution measurement of specular peaks. By the end of this study, Condor has reached an angular resolution of 0.014°, the smaller achieved until now, twice better than the human visual system acuity. The dynamic range extends over 6.5 decades. ConDOR is used to measure BRDF of several glossy samples from different scales. These measurements are studied and discussed. A first link between roughness and BRDF is drawn.Using a reference gloss scale, we finally study two aspects of gloss perception: both effects of a change in the solid angle of illumination and in the observation environment realism. Our results indicate that the visual system is more sensitive to gloss variations under realistic conditions as well in lighting as in environment. This effect is particularly noticeable on matt samples. Lesser realistic or lesser natural conditions could lead observers to confusion.

Submitted by MAYRA DO PRADO null (mayradoprado@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T20:37:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado - Mayra do Prado.pdf: 1400725 bytes, checksum: 055cbed46144aa15aeeeeb229bd8d70f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T20:44:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_m_me_mar.pdf: 1400725 bytes, checksum: 055cbed46144aa15aeeeeb229bd8d70f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T20:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 prado_m_me_mar.pdf: 1400725 bytes, checksum: 055cbed46144aa15aeeeeb229bd8d70f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O período que compreende o regime militar brasileiro foi marcado pela apropriação e aplicação de uma nova concepção estratégica de segurança baseada na Doutrina de Segurança Nacional (DSN). Os conceitos de “fronteira ideológica”, “inimigo interno” e a própria flexibilização do termo “comunismo” conduziram os governos autoritários do Brasil e do Cone Sul a um alinhamento ideológico e à cooperação na área de segurança que se materializaram, entre outras formas, na constituição de uma comunidade de informações. No Brasil, as atividades de busca, coleta e produção de informações em âmbito interno estiveram sob o controle do Serviço Nacional de Informações (SNI) e, externamente, a cargo do Centro de Informações do Exterior (CIEx), o qual teve significativa importância na consolidação e difusão da perspectiva anticomunista no continente sul-americano. Sua existência e seu vínculo com o Ministério das Relações Exteriores suscitam questionamentos sobre a participação deste em atividades realizadas durante o regime autoritário, ainda que sempre tenha buscado manter uma imagem de neutralidade quanto às questões de política interna, e indica um possível envolvimento diplomático na Operação Condor. As informações reveladas pelos documentos oficiais recém-abertos e as raras e divergentes opiniões de pesquisadores sobre a participação do Itamaraty no regime militar são fontes de análise desta pesquisa, cujo objetivo é compreender o funcionamento do CIEx durante o regime militar brasileiro, tendo em vista três formas de atuação que o mesmo empreendeu ao longo de sua existência. A análise consiste na comparação entre a dinâmica de desenvolvimento do sistema nacional de Inteligência nas principais potências mundiais e nos países do Cone Sul, especialmente o Brasil, onde a criação de um órgão como o CIEx refletiu a “reexternalização” do conflito ideológico. / The appropriation and application of a new strategic concept of security based on the National Security Doctrine (NDS) have marked the Brazilian military regime’s period. The concepts of "ideological borders", "internal enemy" and the flexibility given to the term "communism" led the Brazil and Southern Cone’s authoritarian governments to an ideological alignment and cooperation in the area of security, which has turned into a Constitution of a community of information. In Brazil, the National Information Service (NIS) was in the control of collecting the activities reports collection and producing of information in the internal scope, whereas the External Information Center (EIC) played an important role in the consolidation and dissemination of anti-Communist perspective on the South American continent. Its existence and its link with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) raise questions about the participation of this Ministry in activities held during the authoritarian regime, although it has always sought to maintain an image of neutrality on the issues of domestic politics, and indicate a possible diplomatic involvement in Operation Condor. The information revealed by the newly opened official documents and the rare and divergent opinions of researchers on the participation of the MFA in the military regime are sources of analysis of this research, whose goal is to understand the functioning of EIC during the Brazilian military regime, take into consideration three forms of action that it has taken over its existence. This analysis compares the dynamics of development of the national intelligence system in major world powers and the Southern Cone countries’, especially Brazil, where the creation of a mechanism like EIC reflected the "reexternalization" of ideological conflict.

Esta tese analisa os processos de transições à democracia e os debates referentes à luta pela educação sobre/para os direitos humanos, em três países distintos (Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai). Utilizando-se de uma metodologia transnacional, na qual o pano de fundo é o fluxo de conhecimento sobre violações cometidas pelos Estados, durante as ditaduras destes países, conectadas pelo Sistema Condor, ela procura delinear a construção de uma identidade conformada pelo território imaginado do Río de la Plata. Esta identidade se baseia nas memórias sobre a violência e nas lutas pela consolidação das memórias das vítimas em um espaço público, sob a pretensão da construção de conhecimento para a não repetição de histórias de catástrofes. Desta forma, as discussões trabalhadas abrangem debates sobre os direitos humanos de níveis locais, regionais e globais, em diferentes contextos. E elas trazem para o debate rio-platense dois conceitos essenciais dentro dos direitos humanos, que marcam a identidade regional: a prática social genocida e o desaparecimento forçado. / This thesis analyzes the processes of transitions to democracy and the debates concerning the struggle for education about/for human rights in three different countries (Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Using a transnational methodology, in which the background is the movement of knowledge about violations committed by the states, during the dictatorships of these countries, connected by the Condor System, it seeks to delineate the construction of an identity conformed by the imagined territory of the River Plate. This identity is based on memories of violence and struggles to consolidate the victims memories in a public space, under the pretense of building knowledge for non-repetition of catastrophic stories. In this way, the discussions include human rights debates at local, regional and global levels in different contexts. And they bring to the River Plate debates two essential concepts within human rights that mark the regional identity: genocidal social practice and forced disappearance.