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[en] STATE-BUILDING, POLITICAL COMMUNITY, AND SECURITY: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN IN POST-SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA / [pt] CONSTRUÇÃO DO ESTADO, COMUNIDADE POLÍTICA E SEGURANÇA: O CASO DO UZBEQUISTÃO NA ÁSIA CENTRAL PÓS-SOVIÉTICAERWIN PADUA XAVIER 10 January 2007 (has links)
[pt] Essa dissertação tem por tema mais amplo o processo de
construção das
organizações políticas chamadas de Estados. A problemática
mais específica
sobre a qual ele se debruça, por outro lado, é a da
relação entre construção do
Estado, comunidade política e segurança, tendo como estudo
de caso o processo
de construção do Estado uzbeque na Ásia Central pós-
soviética. O argumento
fundamental do trabalho é o de que cada vez que Estados
empreendem atos de
securitização - isto é, identificam ameaças existenciais e
agem para combatê-las,
sejam elas eminentemente internas ou externas - eles estão
demarcando os
contornos de sua comunidade política ao excluírem certos
grupos do vínculo
político com o Estado, do que decorre um processo de
construção do Estado, ou
seja, das instituições políticas estatais. No estudo de
caso dos processos de
securitização na República do Uzbequistão, exploramos a
identificação discursiva
e as ações para lidar com a ameaça do neoimperialismo
russo, a qual engendrou
certos padrões de alinhamentos internacionais e um certo
repúdio da herança
lingüística e cultural russa internamente, o que resultou
na instalação de um
processo, mesmo que ainda incipiente, de nacionalização
étnica do Estado. Em
fins da década de 90, contudo, a percepção dessa ameaça
foi sendo suplantada
pela identificação da politização do Islã (do Islã
político) como a maior ameaça à
existência do Estado uzbeque, a qual tem produzido severa
repressão a qualquer
manifestação religiosa - islâmica, em particular - no país
e a oposição de grupos
islâmicos radicalizados, em grande medida, por tal
repressão. O efeito crucial
desse processo foi a construção de um Estado laico, ou
seja, de práticas e
instituições que não permitem a participação de idéias e
representantes religiosos
na política. / [en] This thesis tackles the wider theme of the process of
construction of those
political organizations we call states. The more specific
problematique into which
it delves, on the other hand, is the relation between
state-building, political
community, and security, our case study being the state-
building process of the
Uzbekistani state in post-soviet Central Asia. The
fundamental argument in our
research is that every time states carry out acts of
securitization - that is, identify
existential threats and act to counter them, whether these
threats be mainly
internal or external - they are demarcating the boundaries
of their political
community by excluding certain groups from the political
tie to the state, what
brings about a process of state-building, that is, of the
construction of state
political institutions. In the case study of the processes
of securitization in the
Republic of Uzbekistan, we explore the identification and
actions to counter the
threat of Russian neoimperialism, which produced certain
patterns of international
alignments and a certain denial of the Russian linguistic
and cultural heritage
internally, which resulted in a process, incipient as it
may be, of ethnic
nationalization of the state. Toward the end of the 90´s,
however, such perception
of threat was gradually superseded by the identification
of the politicization of
Islam (of political Islam) as the greatest single threat
to the existence of the
Uzbekistani state, an identification which has produced
severe repression of any
religious manifestation - particularly Islamic - in the
country and the opposition
of groups that were largely radicalized by such
repression. The fundamental result
of this process was the construction of a lay state, that
is, of practices and
institutions which do not permit the participation of
religious ideas and
representatives in politics.
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The Grammar of Threat and Security in HIV/AIDS : An analysis of the South African Government's Discourse on HIV and AIDS Between 1998 and 2002 MFS-rapport nr 72, ISSN 1400-3562, ISBN 91-7373-905-7Lindahl, Anna, Sundset, Vivian January 2003 (has links)
<p>Since HIV and AIDS were discovered in the early 1980s the infection rates have taken on the proportions of a global pandemic. Whilst the rates are still quite low in the Western World there are areas like Sub-Saharan Africa, of which South Africa is a part, where the rates are as high as 25%. In light of this a debate as to how the situation should be handled and dealt with has developed. In 2000 the United Nation Security Council debated HIV/AIDS as a threat tonational and international peace and security. This was the first time a virus or disease had been debated in this forum. The debate was instigated by, among others, the United States. If states in the Western World, where infection rates are still low, can view this issue as a threat to security, how are HIV/AIDS viewed in a country like South Africa with a prevalence rate of 25%? There are those who claim that in order to say that an issue poses a threat to security one has to define what constitutes a threat and define the concept of security. Is it a subjective value? Could a disease and/or a virus be declared a security threat and what would the logic behind that be? Following the end of the Cold War the study of security was developed as some scholars wanted to widen the traditionally state-centred and military concept of security and reconceptualize it so that it would be applicable to non- traditional security-threats. The theory of securitization was developed with this purpose. It introduces a security-concept that is shaped by a grammar of drama and urgency based in a logic of existential threats that call for measures beyond the normal code-of-conduct. Thus, studies into how military, health, social and political issues etc can be defined as issues of security, i.e. become securitized, are made possible. The aim of this thesis is to, through the theoretical lenses of securitization- theory and the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, establish which meanings are involved in the structuring of the issue of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Further we aim to establish whether these meanings can be related to a broader security concept, i.e. if there is a case of ‘securitization’ at hand. We have found, by analysing speeches given by government officials and key political documents between the years 1998 to 2002, that there are different trends in how HIV and AIDS have been defined, i.e. which meaning they have been given, and how these have been structured. Between 1998 and 2000 HIV and AIDS were seen as a threat and dealt with as such; they were securitized. In the years that followed we argue that there was a more cautious tone; the issue was desecuritized as the level of drama and urgency that had characterized the discourse of 1998-2000 was lowered between 2000-2002. The thesis acknowledges that it is too early to say whether this (de)securitizing move will succeed or not as time has yet to see the full effect of the move on a full desecuritization.</p>
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The Grammar of Threat and Security in HIV/AIDS : An analysis of the South African Government's Discourse on HIV and AIDS Between 1998 and 2002 MFS-rapport nr 72, ISSN 1400-3562, ISBN 91-7373-905-7Lindahl, Anna, Sundset, Vivian January 2003 (has links)
Since HIV and AIDS were discovered in the early 1980s the infection rates have taken on the proportions of a global pandemic. Whilst the rates are still quite low in the Western World there are areas like Sub-Saharan Africa, of which South Africa is a part, where the rates are as high as 25%. In light of this a debate as to how the situation should be handled and dealt with has developed. In 2000 the United Nation Security Council debated HIV/AIDS as a threat tonational and international peace and security. This was the first time a virus or disease had been debated in this forum. The debate was instigated by, among others, the United States. If states in the Western World, where infection rates are still low, can view this issue as a threat to security, how are HIV/AIDS viewed in a country like South Africa with a prevalence rate of 25%? There are those who claim that in order to say that an issue poses a threat to security one has to define what constitutes a threat and define the concept of security. Is it a subjective value? Could a disease and/or a virus be declared a security threat and what would the logic behind that be? Following the end of the Cold War the study of security was developed as some scholars wanted to widen the traditionally state-centred and military concept of security and reconceptualize it so that it would be applicable to non- traditional security-threats. The theory of securitization was developed with this purpose. It introduces a security-concept that is shaped by a grammar of drama and urgency based in a logic of existential threats that call for measures beyond the normal code-of-conduct. Thus, studies into how military, health, social and political issues etc can be defined as issues of security, i.e. become securitized, are made possible. The aim of this thesis is to, through the theoretical lenses of securitization- theory and the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, establish which meanings are involved in the structuring of the issue of HIV and AIDS in South Africa. Further we aim to establish whether these meanings can be related to a broader security concept, i.e. if there is a case of ‘securitization’ at hand. We have found, by analysing speeches given by government officials and key political documents between the years 1998 to 2002, that there are different trends in how HIV and AIDS have been defined, i.e. which meaning they have been given, and how these have been structured. Between 1998 and 2000 HIV and AIDS were seen as a threat and dealt with as such; they were securitized. In the years that followed we argue that there was a more cautious tone; the issue was desecuritized as the level of drama and urgency that had characterized the discourse of 1998-2000 was lowered between 2000-2002. The thesis acknowledges that it is too early to say whether this (de)securitizing move will succeed or not as time has yet to see the full effect of the move on a full desecuritization.
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Regionala organisationer som säkerhetsaktörer : En studie av regionala organisationer som verktyg för säkerhet och förstärkare av legitimitet och inkluderingSjöberg Skoglund, Johanna January 2017 (has links)
The regional security aspect is becoming increasingly more important within security studies. The United Nations and the United Nations Security Council has expressed an intent to utilize regional organizations as security actors with regards to maintaining international peace and security, with the purpose of achieving a greater sense of legitimacy for conflict resolution. This study aims to explore the possibilities of using such organizations within regions of varying stability, and how this usage can relate to the idea of legitimacy. Based on regional security complex theory, this study seeks to show how regional organizations have been used by the Security Council within different security sectors, and how this usage is affected by the degree of integration within the region. The result of the study show that the idea of legitimacy is easiest to achieve in regions with a mid-level degree of regional integration and concerning questions of political security. The results also show a tendency within the Security Council to use organizations from other regions with higher levels of integration in regions with lower levels of integration, and raises the question if this way of using regional organizations may risk harming the ultimate goal of legitimacy.
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Securitization of Migration in Europe : Pushback practices and the Role of the European Court of Human RightsBockel, Felix Matthes January 2021 (has links)
An embedded case study investigating the ongoing securitization of migration in the EU from 2014-2020 and the role of legal institutions, in this case the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in these processes. Securitization Theory is used in combination with Critical Legal Theory to create a framework that attempts to both illuminate the role of the functional actor in Securitization Theory further, and the impact securitization has on legal institutions. It provides explanations for sudden shifts in legal argumentation, especially in cases of high political relevance with the use of Critical Legal Theory. The case of N.D. & N.T. vs. Spain serves as an example of a functional actor providing two contrasting judgments on the same events within a short period of time and opens up discussions about political influences on legal institutions. Securitization and the framing of refugees as existential threats to European identity and culture is one of the many ongoing political processes related to the issue of migration and refuge in Europe. As the political landscape shifts and right-wing populist parties establish themselves in European Member States, illegal pushbacks have become common practice at the outer borders of the EU and are challenged both politically and legally. This study investigated cases of illegal pushbacks to renew criticism against the institutions engaging in and enabling the practice.
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[en] SECURITIZATION OF MINORITIES: THE CASE OF IRAN AND CHINA / [pt] SECURITIZAÇÃO DE MINORIAS: O CASO DO IRÃ E DA CHINA06 December 2021 (has links)
[pt] Em países como Irã e China, alguns grupos religiosos tem enfrentado diversas dificuldades no que tange a sua liberdade religiosa, em especial os cristãos, alvo desta pesquisa. Tais restrições envolvem o impedimento de culto, detenções, prisões entre outros, todas estas devido a escolha do cristianismo como religião. Ser cristão nesses países, significa ter muitos direitos básicos privados. Por este fator, o tema direitos humanos também ganha destaque neste estudo. Tais grupos são vistos como ameaças do ponto de vista dos dois governos. Eles representam valores distintos aos expostos pelos líderes. Através dos estudos produzidos pela Escola de Copenhague é possível analisar como os grupos minoritários cristãos se tornaram uma ameaça. Esses estudos, dentro do campo de Segurança Internacional, nos permite analisar a ameaça como um conceito mutável. Ou seja, é possível avaliar como os cristãos se tornaram uma ameaça para os governos iraniano e chinês. Logo o objetivo central é avaliar quando e porque esses grupos se tornaram uma ameaça para esses governos. Através dos estudos da Escola de Copenhague, o caso dos grupos minoritários cristãos no Irã e na China serão abordados como exemplos que comprovem as perspectivas teóricas. / [en] In countries like Iran and China, some religious groups have faced many difficulties regarding their freedom of religion—particularly Christians, the subject of this research. Such restrictions include the forbiddance of worship, detention, and imprisonments among others, all of these because the choice of Christianity as a religion. Being a Christian in these countries means being private of many basic rights. For this factor, the human rights issue is also emphasized in this study. Such groups are seen as threats from the point of view of the both Chinese and Iranian governments. They represent different values than the ones exhibited by their leaders. Through the studies produced by the Copenhagen School is possible to analyze how the minorities Christians groups have became a threat to those governments. These studies, in the fields of International Security, allow us to analyze the threat as a mutable concept. Therefore the main objective is to assess when and why these groups became a threat to those governments. Through the studies of the Copenhagen School, the case of minority Christians in Iran and China are discussed as examples to prove the theoretical perspectives.
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Sekuritizace jevů organizovaného násilí v Evropě: případ Velké Británie a Itálie / Securitisation of Organised Violence Phenomena in Europe: The Cases of Great Britain and ItalyMrázková, Tina January 2017 (has links)
The diploma thesis titled Securitisation of Organized Violence in Europe: The Case of Great Britain and Italy deals with the analysis of security discourses in the United Kingdom during the conflict in Northern Ireland and Italy during the war with the Sicilian Mafia according to the securitization theory of the so-called Copenhagen School and their subsequent comparison. The main aim of this thesis is to capture the form of securitization processes in Italy in connection with the local organized crime. To reach this objective the situation in Italy is confronted with securitization processes in Northern Ireland whose conflict is a frequent subject of international relations and security studies. The theory of securitization as a research tool is presented in its original form formulated by the Copenhagen School and is supplemented by numerous criticisms by later securitization theorists. A significant part of the thesis is focused on a thorough analysis of historical and social context of the investigated phenomenon and on capturing of many securitization statements of political actors to which this work is primarily oriented. The discourse analysis is structured into five stages that reflect the most dramatic periods in development of the presented issue. These periods are characterized by the...
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Constructing a Security Threat? : Identifying Securitization in US State Level Politics Framing of the BLM ProtestsBjuremalm, Rebecka January 2021 (has links)
This thesis investigates US state level politics framing of the BLM protests during 2020, by inductively identifying frames and then proceeding to study if and on what grounds securitization occurs in these. Press statements, interviews and documents from eight Mayors and Governors in six of the states where the protests have been the most prominent are analyzed. From this material, four frames have been identified: the alienated outsider frame, the constructive rage frame, the limited guardian frame, and the desecuritizing frame. Recent developments in securitization theory investigate human life and dignity as a reference object, making a case for integrating humanitarianism in terms of grounds for justifying extraordinary measures. Three grounds for securitization are investigated empirically in the identified frames: state, social and humanitarian security. The study concludes that whilst both state security and to a lesser degree humanitarian security are detected in the identified frames, societal security seems to be the most prominent. This suggests that large-scale identities are the most common reference objects in the treated context. Further research is encouraged, especially in terms of distinguishing potential frame alignment processes by looking at a greater number of states over a longer period of time.
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“Let me be absolutely clear: this cannot be business as usual.” - A Case Study of the Securitisation of SARS-CoV-2 in the European UnionWaldeck, Benjamin January 2021 (has links)
As a global phenomenon, the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has impacted the socio-economic and political life like no other event of the recent past. With over 600,000 fatalities in its member-states, an unprecedented economic recession and damage to the Single Market, the European Union has been hit unexpectedly hard by COVID-19. Through the lens of Securitisation, and more precisely, Collective Securitisation, this thesis has the purpose to examine how the EU and its institutions have responded to the threat that is the spread of SARS-CoV-2, asking ‘Has SARS-CoV-2 been successfully securitised in the European Union?’. By applying a qualitative content analysis to speeches of the European Commission published between January and May 2020 as well as to a European Parliament Plenary debate following the speech of Commission President von der Leyen on April 16th, 2020, the thesis establishes that securitising moves have taken place in the examined timeframe and that they have been accepted by the European Parliament. In accordance with the Copenhagen School framework of Securitisation and Sperling and Webber’s Collective Securitisation model, the thesis concludes that COVID-19 was therefore successfully securitised.
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Kodaňská škola bezpečnosti - societální dimenze na případě Egypta Sekuritazice a její dopad na lidská práva / Copenhagen School of Security Studies - Societal Dimension and the Case of Egypt Securitization and its Impact on Human RightsHulínová, Beáta January 2012 (has links)
The aim of this paper is to find out whether the securitization theory of the Copenhagen School is applicable outside euro-american space. This topic is chosen because of the contradicting opinions of theorists regarding the universality of the theory. Many authors criticize also the disregard of the process, context, pictures or physical actions. The theory is applied in societal sector in Egypt on nine cases including human rights non-governmental organizations, political opponents, critics and asylum seekers. The development of securitization, implementation of extraordinary measures, results and impact of the securitization are monitored in these cases. Attention is paid also to the fact whether securitization took into consideration context, process and whether pictures and physical actions played any role and what role it was. Method used in the paper is instrumental case study. It aims at the explanation of narrowly defined case on the basis of the theory. In the stated cases the threats to identity are presented as "others", alien and with the exception of one case as "Western" which means different from the Egyptian identity. The implementation of extraordinary measures to deal with the threats then becomes legitimate. The main contribution of the paper is the finding that the...
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