Neste trabalho, foram realizados estudos sobre a modelagem e simulação do núcleo morto em partículas catalíticas contendo enzimas imobilizadas. Tais estudos envolveram a resolução de problemas de valor de contorno gerados pela modelagem dos fenômenos de difusão-reação no interior da partícula. Os principais parâmetros que determinam a ocorrência do núcleo morto foram investigados e os perfis de concentração de substrato e produto, bem como a posição do núcleo morto para a cinética de Michaelis-Menten e outras, foram calculados para catalisadores com geometrias clássicas de placa plana infinita, cilindro infinito e esfera. Para este fim, os seguintes métodos numéricos foram utilizados: shooting, colocação ortogonal global e colocação ortogonal em elementos finitos. Entre os métodos avaliados, o método da colocação ortogonal em elementos finitos foi o único capaz de representar os perfis de concentração de substrato e de produto, e os valores do fator de efetividade obtidos com as soluções analíticas para cinéticas de ordem zero e de primeira ordem, as quais foram usadas como referência. Assim, este método foi empregado para resolver os problemas de valor de contorno envolvendo as cinéticas de Michaelis-Menten e aquelas com inibição competitiva, não competitiva e acompetitiva por produto, e com inibição acompetitiva por substrato, sendo os resultados obtidos consistentes para todas as cinéticas analisadas. A metodologia proposta foi então usada para estudos de projeto e operação de reatores enzimáticos contínuos de mistura perfeita e de fluxo pistonado, sendo que os resultados obtidos foram coerentes. Assim, a metodologia apresentada neste trabalho pode ser avaliada em condições reais de projeto e operação de reatores enzimáticos heterogêneos contínuos. / This work dealt with studies on the modeling and simulation of the dead core in porous catalytic particles containing immobilized enzymes. Such studies involved the solution of boundaryvalue problems generated by the modeling of the diffusion-reaction phenomena inside the particle. The main parameters that determine the occurrence of dead core were investigated and the concentration profiles of substrate and product, as well as the position of the dead core for Michaelis-Menten\'s and other kinetics in catalysts with classical geometries of infinite slab, infinite cylinder and sphere were calculated. For this purpose, the following numerical methods were used: shooting, global-orthogonal-collocation and orthogonal-collocation in finite elements. Among these methods, only the orthogonal-collocation in finite elements simulated all substrate and product-concentration profiles and the effectiveness-factor values obtained with the analytical solutions for zero and first-order kinetics, which were used as reference. Therefore, this method was employed to solve the problems including the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the competitive-, non-competitive- and acompetitive-product-inhibition kinetics, and the acompetitive-substrate-inhibition kinetics. The results obtained for all kinetics analyzed were consistent. Thus, the proposed methodology was used for studies on the design and operation of both continuous-stirred-tank and plug-flow reactors, and the results obtained were coherent. Thus, the methodology presented in this work can be evaluated under real conditions of design and operation of continuous heterogeneous enzymatic reactors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Franco Cardoso.pdf: 4540835 bytes, checksum: 3ba29f33f894b24913e32b59edf81a88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In August 1974, there was the inauguration of the Crematorium Jayme Augusto Lopes, popularly known as Crematorium Alpine Village. Thus, the city of São Paulo began offering two destinations for the dead body: burial and cremation. To track the origin of cremation in our city was required in addition to consulting the press, read the Minutes of the City Council, bills and a text of the Public Civil Action on missing politicians found in the ditch in Cemetery Perus. This study focused on the period between the years 1967 and 1974, revealed the position of Brazilian ecclesiastical and political authorities on the practice crematory, measures the contribution of the military to the installation of the first crematorium in the capital, the role of the press in disclosure of government plans, negotiations between the Church, doctors and politicians to define adequate conditions for the population of the city, and promote reflection on the constant transformation of the city of São Paulo in search of modernity / Em agosto de 1974, ocorreu a inauguração do Crematório Jayme Augusto Lopes, popularmente conhecido como Crematório de Vila Alpina. Dessa maneira, a cidade de São Paulo começou a oferecer dois destinos para o corpo morto: o sepultamento e a cremação. Para acompanhar a origem da cremação em nosso município foi necessário além de consultar a imprensa, ler Atas da Câmara Municipal, projetos de lei e um texto da Ação Civil Pública sobre desaparecidos políticos encontrados na vala do Cemitério de Perus. Esse estudo focado no período compreendido entre os anos de 1967 e 1974, revelou a posição de eclesiásticos brasileiros e de autoridades políticas sobre a prática crematória, a contribuição de medidas do governo militar para a instalação dos primeiros fornos na capital, o papel da imprensa na divulgação de planos governamentais, as negociações entre Igreja, médicos e políticos para definição de condições adequadas à população paulistana, além de promover reflexão sobre a constante transformação da cidade de São Paulo em busca de modernidade

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la jubilation dans l’œuvre de deux importants hétéronymes de Fernando Pessoa : Alberto Caeiro et Álvaro de Campos, dont les profils sont visiblement différents : le berger-curator, auteur d’une poésie idyllique dans un cadre naturel et l’ingénieur naval, créateur d’une œuvre inspirée par les mécanismes emblématiques de la modernité. En dépit de leurs profils distincts, leurs œuvres respectives se penchent sur une insistante quête d’identité liée à un sentiment de jubilation existentielle. Les deux poètes créés par Fernando Pessoa semblent exprimer une sorte d’existentialisme jubilatoire esquissé par des axes qui s’entrecroisent dans leur poésie : l’enfant, la nature et la mort pour Alberto Caeiro et également l’enfant (la mémoire), la folie et la mort pour Álvaro de Campos. Ces thèmes, très récurrents dans leurs œuvres respectives, révèlent un côté peu travaillé dans la poésie de Pessoa, dont la production littéraire est souvent étudiée sous un point de vue plutôt pessimiste, mélancolique, tournée vers un spleen propre à Fernando Pessoa. Néanmoins, la personnalité de ce poète multiple, par son caractère paradoxal, nous permet de regarder une partie de son œuvre sous une perspective différente, prenant en compte la présence fréquente d’expressions liées à des champs sémantiques du bonheur, du plaisir, voire de l’extase ou du sublime. Il s’agira de comprendre comment les deux hétéronymes expriment le sentiment de jubilation, dans leurs cadres et profils spécifiques. Le berger et l’ingénieur créés par Fernando Pessoa seront ainsi étudiés selon un angle peu (ou jamais) travaillé par la critique littéraire : notre travail consiste à analyser les expressions liées à la jubilation, mais aussi aux notions correspondantes, telles que le pasmo, le espanto, l’extase, le bonheur, le sublime, l’apothéose, la dynamogénie, le plaisir, etc. Ces notions « voisines » de la jubilation se font présentes d’une façon persistante dans la poésie de Caeiro et de Campos, permettant de saisir un nouveau rapport de l’étude de l’œuvre de Pessoa. Notre recherche consiste ainsi à une mise en regard entre plusieurs auteurs qui se sont penchés, d’une manière ou d’une autre, sur la recherche d’un sens pour l’existence de l’homme dans les temps modernes. Pour comprendre la jubilation dans la poésie d’Alberto Caeiro et d’Álvaro de Campos, il faudra regarder de plus près les pensées de Nietzsche, Freud, Lacan, Durkheim, Sartre, etc., dans une perspective philosophique et psychologique, mais aussi la poésie de Victor Hugo, de Baudelaire ainsi que la prose de Tolstoï, de Proust et d’autres, dont les pensées nouent un certain rapport à la poésie jubilatoire de Fernando Pessoa sous les masques du berger et de l’ingénieur. / The dissertation aims to show how both of the main heteronymous of Fernando Pessoa : Alberto Caeiro and Álvaro de Campos appropriate the jubilation’s theme throught different profiles.
The berger-curator is the author of an idyllic poem with a natural framework and the naval engineer is the creator of a work inspired by emblematic mecanism of modernity. Despite their distinct profiles, Alberto Caeiro and Álvaro de Campos focus on a search of identity in link with a feeling of existential jubilation.
Both poets created by Fernando Pessoa have worked on common axes : the Child, the Nature and the Dead for Alberto Caeiro. The Child, the Insanity and the Dead for Álvaro de Campos. These topics have revealed an unknown part of Fernando Pessoa’s work. Indeed, the litterary production is generally studied in a pessimist point of view which give importance to the Fernando Pessoa’s spleen. The study demonstrates how both heteronymous express the feeling of jubilation through a semantic field of happiness, ecstasy, or sublime. And it suggests to explore the figures of berger-curator together with the naval engineer from a new perspective. We will examine notions in link with jubilation like pasmo, espanto, ecstasy, happiness, sublime, pleasure, apotheosis, or dynamogeny. To understand jubilation in Alberto Caeiro and Álvaro de Campos‘s works, we will finally refer to Nietzsche, Freud, Lacan, Durkheim, Sartre’s thoughts from a philosophy and psychology perspective, and to Hugo, Baudelaire, Tolstoï, Proust and others from a poetic perspective.

Cette thèse est une étude diachronique des deux divinités ophidiennes Nâou et Néhebkaou, essentiellement centrée sur les Textes des Pyramides et les Textes des Sarcophages. Les textes mettent en avant leur lien avec Héliopolis ainsi qu’avec le créateur Rê-Atoum et les autres figures de la théologie locale. Leur rôle dans le jugement des défunts est évident et bien attesté. Néhebkaou est chargé de donner des kaou au défunt, une fois que ce dernier a été prononcé juste. Ce concept, attesté dès la IIe dynastie, semble désigner à la fois l’offrande funéraire et les défunts qui en bénéficie. / This PhD is a diachronic study, mainly focused on the Pyramid Texts and the Coffin Texts, of the two ophidian deities Nâou and Nehebkau. The texts highlight their relationship with the creator Rê-Atum and the other figures of the local theology. Their role in the judgement of the dead is obvious and well documented. Nehebkau is responsible for providing kaou to the deceased, once he has been justified. This concept, documented since the IInd Dynasty, seems to refer to both the funerary offering and to the deceased who benefits.

Linfócitos T CD4+ tem a capacidade de diferenciação em várias subpopulações, como Th1, com habilidades distintas para o combate das infecções. Uma vez que estas células exerceram suas funções efetoras, é necessária a retração das populações para restauração da homeostase do sistema imunológico, o que pode acorrer por morte celular induzida por ativação (AICD). Baseado em dados obtidos anteriormente por nosso grupo de pesquisa, o presente estudo buscou investigar se a PGE2 protegeria linfócitos T CD4+ diferenciados in vitro, da mesma forma que protegeu hibridomas DO11.10 da AICD. Para isso, utilizamos linfócitos T CD4+ de baço total ou purificados de camundongo C57Bl/6 selvagem e polarizados para Th1, na presença de anti-CD3, anti-CD28 e citocina IL-12 por 4 dias. Observamos que, tanto em células CD4+ purificadas quanto CD4+ de baço total, as células Th1 não foram protegidas do processo de AICD pela PGE2, sugerindo que uma proteção não seja vantajosa quando a célula já se encontra em estágios avançados de seu ciclo, evitando o desenvolvimento de autoimunidades. / CD4+ T cells have the ability to differentiate into several subsets, such as Th1, with distinct abilities to fight infections. Once these cells exerted their effector functions, their elimination is necessary to restore the immune system homeostasis, which may occur by activation-induced cell death (AICD). Based on data previously obtained by our research group, this study aimed to investigate whether PGE2 protects in vitro differentiated CD4+ T cells, the same way that it protected DO11.10 hybridomas from AICD. To assess this, we used CD4+ T cells from total splenocytes or purified CD4+ T lymphocytes from C57Bl/ 6 wildtype mice, polarized to Th1 in the presence of anti-CD3, anti-CD28 and IL-12 for 4 days. We observed that the generated Th1 cells, in both conditions of purified CD4+ T cells or the ones from total splenocytes, were not protected from the process of AICD by PGE2, suggesting that this protection is not advantageous when these cells are already in advanced stages of their life cycle, thus avoiding the development of autoimmune diseases.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O seguinte documento visa descrever e analisar as relaÃÃes entre auxiliares de perÃcia e mÃdicos-legistas bem como as suas concepÃÃes acerca da morte e do morto â elementos que sÃo rotina em sua profissÃo. A pesquisa foi realizada tendo como locus o NUTAF â NÃcleo de Tanatologia Forense, um setor da Coordenadoria de Medicina Legal da PEFOCE â PerÃcia Forense do Estado do Cearà localizada na Avenida Castelo Branco nÂ901 no Bairro Moura Brasil. Discuto as maneiras de como essa âmorte cotidianaâ apresenta-se no espaÃo estudado, bem como os olhares destes profissionais que apreendem o cadÃver como sendo uma âcoisaâ e as implicaÃÃes desta categoria quando aplicada aos mortos. / The following paper aims to describe and analyze the relationship between expertise and coroners aids as well as his views about death and the dead - elements that are routine in their profession. The survey was conducted as having locus the NUTAF - Center for Forensic Thanatology a Coordination sector of Legal Medicine of PEFOCE - Cearà State Forensics located at Avenida Castelo Branco 901 in the neighborhood Moura Brazil. Discuss ways of how this "daily death" presents the study space as well as the looks of these professionals perceive the body as a "thing" and the implications of this category when applied to the dead.

Neste trabalho, foram realizados estudos sobre a modelagem e simulação do núcleo morto em partículas catalíticas contendo enzimas imobilizadas. Tais estudos envolveram a resolução de problemas de valor de contorno gerados pela modelagem dos fenômenos de difusão-reação no interior da partícula. Os principais parâmetros que determinam a ocorrência do núcleo morto foram investigados e os perfis de concentração de substrato e produto, bem como a posição do núcleo morto para a cinética de Michaelis-Menten e outras, foram calculados para catalisadores com geometrias clássicas de placa plana infinita, cilindro infinito e esfera. Para este fim, os seguintes métodos numéricos foram utilizados: shooting, colocação ortogonal global e colocação ortogonal em elementos finitos. Entre os métodos avaliados, o método da colocação ortogonal em elementos finitos foi o único capaz de representar os perfis de concentração de substrato e de produto, e os valores do fator de efetividade obtidos com as soluções analíticas para cinéticas de ordem zero e de primeira ordem, as quais foram usadas como referência. Assim, este método foi empregado para resolver os problemas de valor de contorno envolvendo as cinéticas de Michaelis-Menten e aquelas com inibição competitiva, não competitiva e acompetitiva por produto, e com inibição acompetitiva por substrato, sendo os resultados obtidos consistentes para todas as cinéticas analisadas. A metodologia proposta foi então usada para estudos de projeto e operação de reatores enzimáticos contínuos de mistura perfeita e de fluxo pistonado, sendo que os resultados obtidos foram coerentes. Assim, a metodologia apresentada neste trabalho pode ser avaliada em condições reais de projeto e operação de reatores enzimáticos heterogêneos contínuos. / This work dealt with studies on the modeling and simulation of the dead core in porous catalytic particles containing immobilized enzymes. Such studies involved the solution of boundaryvalue problems generated by the modeling of the diffusion-reaction phenomena inside the particle. The main parameters that determine the occurrence of dead core were investigated and the concentration profiles of substrate and product, as well as the position of the dead core for Michaelis-Menten\'s and other kinetics in catalysts with classical geometries of infinite slab, infinite cylinder and sphere were calculated. For this purpose, the following numerical methods were used: shooting, global-orthogonal-collocation and orthogonal-collocation in finite elements. Among these methods, only the orthogonal-collocation in finite elements simulated all substrate and product-concentration profiles and the effectiveness-factor values obtained with the analytical solutions for zero and first-order kinetics, which were used as reference. Therefore, this method was employed to solve the problems including the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the competitive-, non-competitive- and acompetitive-product-inhibition kinetics, and the acompetitive-substrate-inhibition kinetics. The results obtained for all kinetics analyzed were consistent. Thus, the proposed methodology was used for studies on the design and operation of both continuous-stirred-tank and plug-flow reactors, and the results obtained were coherent. Thus, the methodology presented in this work can be evaluated under real conditions of design and operation of continuous heterogeneous enzymatic reactors.

Controle preditivo baseado em modelo (MPC) recebeu ampla aceitação na indústria química nos últimos 30 anos. O funcionamento básico dessa técnica é a utilização de um modelo para calcular o comportamento de uma planta em função das entradas que ela receberia nos próximos instantes. Define-se um objetivo, cuja principal contribuição é dada por uma medida da distância entre a condição predita da planta e um valor desejado previamente estipulado. Esse objetivo pode incluir ainda, por exemplo, penalizações sobre o esforço de controle necessário para levar a planta a uma condição mais próxima do desejável. São incorporadas restrições como limites físicos da planta e dos atuadores e formula-se um problema de otimização, buscando o ponto ótimo dessa função objetivo e respeitando as restrições. Neste trabalho é abordado o problema de controle preditivo baseado em modelo para sistemas que apresentem integradores e/ou tempos mortos. Estes elementos tornam mais difícil o controle de processos baseado apenas em técnicas clássicas. Apresenta-se aqui um modelo em espaço de estados que permite a representação dessas dinâmicas de modo suficientemente preciso. A formulação de modelo apresentada permite ainda a incorporação de informações sobre distúrbios medidos. É feita uma demonstração da estabilidade desse controlador quando o modelo por ele utilizado é idêntico ao comportamento real da planta. Numa aplicação real do controlador proposto, seria necessário estimar os estados da planta a partir das medidas das saídas. Em geral, utiliza-se um Filtro de Kalman para realizar esta tarefa. São estudados aqui os efeitos que a presença desse filtro teria sobre o desempenho do sistema em malha fechada. É proposto um observador baseado numa mudança heurística feita sobre o Filtro de Kalman e que permite, em certos casos, uma melhoria de desempenho. São apresentados os resultados de simulações de uma planta de óxido de etileno com o intuito de ilustrar a atuação do controlador estável desenvolvido e do observador proposto. / Model Predictive Control (MPC) has gained wide acceptance in chemical industry in the last 30 years. The basic principle of this technique is to use a model to calculate plants future behavior based on the inputs it would receive in the next sampling periods. It must be set an objective, mainly composed of some measure of the distance between plants predicted state and a previously specified condition. Objective value may also include, for example, penalty on control effort necessary to drive the plant closer to the desired state. It is possible to include constraints, such as physical limits of the plant or of the actuators and therefore to pose an optimization problem, searching the best value of the objective function that satisfies all constraints. This work addresses the problem of MPC applied to integrating systems and/or processes with dead-time. These kinds of plants are often difficult to control using only classical techniques. It is presented here a state space model to represent both cases accurately. Measured disturbances may also be incorporated to the model. Finally, it is shown that the proposed controller is stable when its internal model represents exactly plants dynamics. In any real application of this controller, it would be necessary to estimate plants states from outputs measures. In general, Kalman Filter solves this problem. It is studied in this work the effects caused by filters inclusion on closed loop performance. A new observer is proposed, based on a heuristic improvement over Kalman Filter which induces, for some systems, improved performance. Numerical simulation has been performed over a model of an ethylene oxide plant, illustrating the use of this stable controller and the proposed observer.

Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts (RCBCs) are an integral part of the national and international transportation infrastructure. The National Bridge Inventory Standards (NBIS) requires that all bridges, which include culverts with spans ≥ 20 ft. (6.1 m), be load rated for safe load carrying capacity in accordance with the AASHTO Manual for Bridge Evaluation (MBE). In Kentucky, the Transportation Cabinet manages more than 15,500 bridges, of which almost 1,400 are bridge size culverts. Of the 1241 bridge size RCBCs that were being evaluated in Kentucky between 2015 and 2018, 846 were 2-cell culverts (or 68%). The objective in this study is to evaluate 2-cell RCBCs using the finite element (FE) method and to propose dead load and live load demand equations that can be used to determine the capacity demand ratio (C/D) and the load rating. The results indicate that the maximum dead load forces (positive and negative moments, and shear) vary linearly with respect to an increase in fill height, while the variation is bi-linear for the maximum live load forces. The proposed equations are derived in terms of the clear span and fill height. The results also indicated that, for fill heights greater than 10 ft (3 m), the maximum live load positive bending moments are less than 10% of their dead load counterparts. The primary advantage of the proposed equations lies in their simple formulation when analyzing and designing 2-cell culverts, which in turn alleviates the need to conduct a detailed finite element analysis to determine the maximum forces in 2-cell RCBCs.

With recent advances and cost reductions in next generation sequencing (NGS), the amount of genetic sequence data is increasing rapidly. However, before patient specific genetic information reaches its full potential to advance clinical diagnostics, the immense degree of genetic heterogeneity that contributes to human disease must be more fully understood. For example, although large numbers of genetic variations are discovered during clinical use of NGS, annotating and understanding the impact of such coding variations on protein phenotype remains a bottleneck (i.e. what is the molecular mechanism behind deafness phenotypes). Fortunately, computational methods are emerging that can be used to efficiently study protein coding variants, and thereby overcome the bottleneck brought on by rapid adoption of clinical sequencing. To study proteins via physics-based computational algorithms, high-quality 3D structural models are essential. These protein models can be obtained using a variety of numerical optimization methods that operate on physics-based potential energy functions. Accurate protein structures serve as input to downstream variation analysis algorithms. In this work, we applied a novel amino acid side-chain optimization algorithm, which operated on an advanced model of atomic interactions (i.e. the AMOEBA polarizable force field), to a set of 164 protein structural models implicated in deafness. The resulting models were evaluated with the MolProbity structure validation tool. MolProbity “scores” were originally calibrated to predict the quality of X-ray diffraction data used to generate a given protein model (i.e. a 1.0 Å or lower MolProbity score indicates a protein model from high quality data, while a score of 4.0 Å or higher reflects relatively poor data). In this work, the side-chain optimization algorithm improved mean MolProbity score from 2.65 Å (42nd percentile) to nearly atomic resolution at 1.41 Å (95th percentile). However, side-chain optimization with the AMOEBA many-body potential function is computationally expensive. Thus, a second contribution of this work is a parallelization scheme that utilizes nVidia graphical processing units (GPUs) to accelerate the side-chain repacking algorithm. With the use of one GPU, our side-chain optimization algorithm achieved a 25 times speed-up compared to using two Intel Xeon E5-2680v4 central processing units (CPUs). We expect the GPU acceleration scheme to lessen demand on computing resources dedicated to protein structure optimization efforts and thereby dramatically expand the number of protein structures available to aid in interpretation of missense variations associated with deafness.