<p>One important issue in this dissertation is understanding the concept of ambivalence in academic settings. This is addressed in two empirical studies. The first is an interview study on Swedish sociologists, focusing on how they look at and understand their own research as well as their place within academia. The second study is based on political documents and offers two possible perspectives on the historical development of research policy. On the one hand it can be viewed as a linear development toward more commercialized science, and on the other hand it can be viewed as an ongoing struggle between traditionalists and non-traditionalists. An important perspective in the interpretation of the results is Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural fields. This theory is especially useful in pinpointing the issues of ambivalence in science, showing how both the sociologists and the political documents can be understandable through the concept of "positions". Another important issue in the dissertation is understanding what type of norms are connected ambivalence in relationship to academia. In the final part of the dissertation, Robert Merton's CUDOS norms and John Ziman's PLACE norms are used to explain both the ambivalence itself as well as what kind of norms are related to different "positions".</p>

One important issue in this dissertation is understanding the concept of ambivalence in academic settings. This is addressed in two empirical studies. The first is an interview study on Swedish sociologists, focusing on how they look at and understand their own research as well as their place within academia. The second study is based on political documents and offers two possible perspectives on the historical development of research policy. On the one hand it can be viewed as a linear development toward more commercialized science, and on the other hand it can be viewed as an ongoing struggle between traditionalists and non-traditionalists. An important perspective in the interpretation of the results is Pierre Bourdieu's theory of cultural fields. This theory is especially useful in pinpointing the issues of ambivalence in science, showing how both the sociologists and the political documents can be understandable through the concept of "positions". Another important issue in the dissertation is understanding what type of norms are connected ambivalence in relationship to academia. In the final part of the dissertation, Robert Merton's CUDOS norms and John Ziman's PLACE norms are used to explain both the ambivalence itself as well as what kind of norms are related to different "positions".

本論文嘗試從法國當代社會學家Pierre Bourdieu 的「文化生產場域」出發，期能為在地的小劇場研究提供一個全新的分析視野。鑑於「收編論」所引發的諸多爭議乃是小劇場當前迫切需要解決的問題，而問題癥結之所在又涉及小劇場的「反體制」定位，因此有必要重新檢視「小劇場運動」的興起與轉型。本文章節的安排如下：第一章為導論，主要在指出一般收編論辯的盲點，以及「場域」分析的適切性，作為本文的起始點。第二章則探討Bourdieu的文化生產場域，並提出本文的中心問題與研究架構。第三章重新檢視「小劇場運動」(1986-1989) 的萌發，以及藝術中介機制如何挪用以型塑神聖的光環，而成為象徵暴力的來源。第四章探討九０年代小劇場可能性空間的轉型，這個轉型主要遭受文化生產場域內部兩個層級化原則的挑戰，以及文化正當性危機。我們並以一個空間圖式分析當前戲劇場域的結構。最後第五章，將回到收編論的主戰場(1994人間劇展)，並以此作為總結。由於媒體介入辦展的特性，因此討論的重心同時擴及劇展的媒體呈現與信念的生產。研究結果指出： (一)小劇場運動與反對力量的結盟，不過是政治發生危機時所產生的一種「誤認」。其間被挪用的利益則是新知青自我表徵的階級習癖、前衛藝術工作者的秀異色彩、以及文化中介者作為挑戰舊有建制的象徵籌碼。小劇場作為另類媒介的期許並未真正落實。 (二)自「反體制」光環中退出的小劇場，在重新汲取文化正當性的同時，反而受制於權力場域的遊戲規則－即本土化的大浪潮與市場取向的專業化迷思，卻少有察覺。 (三)關於收編論的談法僅將焦點限於小劇場與國家機器之間，恐有問錯問題之嫌。政策的開放不代表內在創作環境的自由，小劇場商品化的趨勢以及向中心移動的復權慾望，才是真正的癥結所在。

This dissertation focuses on a recent but growing movement in Argentina, state-sponsored formal institutions of popular music education. The musics taught in these schools – tango, jazz, and Argentine folk idioms – have historically been excluded from the country’s formal music education systems. Recent moves to standardize and legitimize these musics in this new institutional context raise questions of canon formation, pedagogical praxis, aesthetics and musical meaning that have implications far beyond the classrooms where they are implemented. I examine two of these schools based in and around the capital city of Buenos Aires: the Escuela de Música Popular de Avellaneda, and the Tango and Folklore department of the Conservatorio Superior de Música “Manuel de Falla.” I adopt an ethnographic approach that considers broad structural and policy issues of power distribution, state intervention, and cultural nationalism. I also examine how these structures play out in discourse and practice within and beyond the classroom, shaped by and in turn shaping students’ and teachers’ aesthetics, politics, and subject positions. I then analyze the output of several musical groups composed of current students and recent graduates of these programs, exploring the notion of an emerging institutional aesthetic and the extent to which these institutions act as homogenizing influences or engender creative divergence. Finally, applying Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of a field of cultural production, I question the extent to which this new “música popular” is truly popular, ultimately arguing that it occupies a sort of third space between mass culture and high culture, replicating some avant-garde assumptions about the role of art as anti-commercial, yet simultaneously embracing a symbolic economy that valorizes populist and subaltern identities and ideologies. / text

2000年以來，台灣出版社大量引進翻譯推理小說，日本及美國籍推理作家相繼來台舉辦簽書會，顯現推理小說在台灣有一定市場版圖。相對之下本土推理作品卻寥寥可數，本土推理創作者也鮮為人知。本研究以Bourdieu提出的文化場域理論為研究架構，探討創作者與文化中介者的資本組合與美學標準，如何影響本土推理小說的生產機制、交換條件與流通過程，並形成台灣推理市場以翻譯為主的現象。 本研究先以次級文獻分析法調查彙整近年推理小說市場概況，再透過半結構式深度訪談法相關行動者15位。研究發現2000年後歐美與日本推理小說出版產業成熟，相對於1980年代後才重新起步的本土創作，使台灣出版業者傾向引進翻譯作品，其中文化中介者的特定品味扮演了關鍵影響力。本土創作則以文學獎為生產關鍵。創作者不僅能透過文學獎獲得象徵價值，也能獲得出版社與其他創作者的社會資本，是進入本土推理創作文化生產場域的管道。 本研究也發現，這些本土創作者儘管部分堅持推理小說獨特的美學，但主要是受到翻譯書市場排擠，只能以文學獎獲得出版機會，被迫形成小眾市場。本土推理創作因此在台灣形成「小眾」的「通俗文學」。 / Since 2000 A.D, lots of translated detective novels have being published in Taiwan, and noted American and Japanese novelists come to Taiwan to do signing for new books, which demonstrates that detective novel is popular in Taiwan. Nevertheless, there are seldom local detective novels to be published compared to the large market. The paper quoted the theory of field of cultural production by Pierre Bourdieu, and analyzed how the creators and cultural intermediaries’ form of capitals and aesthetic standards have constructing the production mechanism and logistics process of local and foreign novels in order to understand how the market of detective novels in Taiwan are dominated by foreign products. As for the research method, the paper adopts second documentary analysis and in-depth interview. The former is to calculate the published detective novels from 2001 to Sep. 2015 sold in the dominant on-line bookstore, “Books”, in Taiwan, while the latter is to interview 15 related agencies included writers, editors, translators, and manager of bookstore to understand how the whole market of detective novels has changed in recent 15 years and the process of every agency interact with each other through their own capitals and form the production mechanism. The results contain 3 following issues. First, local production has re-started since 1980’s after a long-time decline, while the publishers in west and Japanese have developed into matured system and produced well-known novelist every years. In contrast with spending large costs to cultivate local writers on their own, Taiwanese publishers prefer to produce noted foreign works, while their taste have an influence on the judgement of works. Secondly, literary awards are the vital way in the production of local works, served as the way that the local creators enter into the field of cultural production. The creators receive symbolic capital through awards, and even obtain more opportunities to publish their works or cooperate with other related organization, which means the acquirement of social capital. Nevertheless, the publishers mainly promote those local works through the reputation of awards, so the novelists are still little-known in the popular market, and they still cannot survive through the creation of detective novels. Finally, the market of local detective novels is forced to be the field of restricted production as a result of supplanted by translated novels. There the local works can only be published through literary awards. As a consequence, the production of local detective novels becomes popular literature of niche market.

This study lays a foundation for the empirical mapping of the material production of Afrikaans fiction from 1990 to 2005. The primary research question, namely, how to map Afrikaans fiction production during this period, has been answered through both descriptive-qualitative and statistical-quantitative empirical research. In the first, contextual descriptive component, qualitative research is used to describe the context within which Afrikaans fiction production takes place. The impact of transformation shifts on the production and producer landscapes are mapped through a description of the publishing system. Within this system, book production is regarded as an institution that has inter-systemic relationships with other sub-systems, including institutional contexts (such as media, cultural, literary, educational and library sub-systems), as well as broader societal contexts (such as political, economic and technological contexts). Transformation shifts in the producer landscape (including the establishment, conglomeration, mergers, take-overs and closures of publishing houses) are described through profiling the relevant producers (including publishing houses and other kinds of producers) who contribute to this landscape. In the second, statistical empirical component, quantitative research is used to sketch the contours of Afrikaans fiction production through the construction of production and producer profiles. On a theoretical level, the study follows a sociological and institutional approach to empirical literary studies. This study has been positioned within the developing field of book and publishing studies, specifically within the parameters of the epistemology of production statistics. Itamar Even-Zohar’s poly-system theory and Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the field of cultural production form the theoretical framework. Several methodological instruments were developed for the purpose of this study, including a new model of the publishing system, a database of production statistics (the Production Database of Afrikaans Fiction – PDAF), and two typologies of kinds of producers and fiction publications according to which both producer and production categories can be distinguished. The publishing system, the PDAF and the two typologies have been proven useful instruments for the mapping of book production. These instruments will contribute to the fields of book and publishing studies through their application to research on other production categories. The PDAF is a useful resource for measuring the growth and diversity of Afrikaans fiction production. The study concludes that Afrikaans fiction production between 1990 and 2005 was incisively influenced by transformation shifts. Publishing in this field became more challenging in that Afrikaans fiction production had to wean itself from the artificial institutional privilege and substantial state support it had enjoyed and was forced to become economically independent. By 2005, there were far fewer significant producers of Afrikaans fiction in the producer landscape than in 1990. In some production categories, fiction production has shrunk, while, in others, it has grown. Overall, the production profile of Afrikaans fiction has greatly diversified, with Afrikaans fiction appearing in a wide variety of production categories. Afrikaans fiction remains the most diverse and best-developed indigenous tradition of fiction production. The challenge for future case studies is to investigate the relationships between production patterns and specific transformation shifts in the publishing system in terms of specific production categories. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Information Science / unrestricted