The purpose of the present work is to analyze the function of three major conventional scenes, broadly termed topoi, in three pastoral plays: the Aminta of Tasso, Guarini's Pastor Fido and the Bergerie by Montchrestien. The initial part of this study presents the basic features of pastoral drama in the last quarter of the sixteenth century in both Italy and France. It is concerned especially with some of the theoretical dicta expressed at that time and with the manner in which they may have influenced the handling of major dramatic scenes by different playwrights. Particular attention is devoted to the acrimonious querelle that took place around the Pastor Fido. The successful defense of Guarini's tragicommedia pastorale was, in fact, of great significance in the development of the pastoral dramatic genre because it guaranteed the dignity of pastoral tragicomedy alongside the established forms of tragedy and comedy. The main part of the dissertation is a detailed textual study of three major recurring scenes in pastoral drama; namely, those involving Cupid, the Golden Age theme and the Satyr. The use of each of these famous topological structures reveals, of course, the dramatist's conception of them and, more importantly, his audience's expectations. Whether a particular topos is elaborated more decoratively than dramatically, it must have an integral function in the structure of the play. Contrary to the entrenched opinion on pastoral drama, these were plays that were written in order to be staged, an important fact which is too often forgotten and only recently, thanks to the work of such critics as Clubb, Igliozzi and Dalla Valle, has been given due emphasis. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

This thesis investigates and examines the manifestations of ideology in paratexts, specifically concentrating on forewords and afterwords in Czech translations of novels written during the Spanish Golden Age and translated into Czech between 1948 and 1989. To uncover and classify each display of ideology, a new methodology was proposed. Its creation was based on research documented in the theoretical part of this thesis which discusses translatological concepts, studies ideology and censorship and characterizes the literature of Spanish Golden Age. The translatological concepts covered in this thesis are: the communicative model and praxeology of Anton Popovič, André Lefevere's concept of rewriting, and the paratext theory of Gérard Genett. The functionality of the proposed methodology was tested in the thesis's empirical part, in which nine paratexts were analyzed. On the basis of this paratext analysis, the trends of each ideology manifestations were established as well as factors that contribute to their presence.

The aim of my master’s thesis is to study how of nationalism was expressed in Swedish and Danish paintings c. 1850 to 1865. In both Sweden and Denmark there were strong feelings of nationalism in the 19th century. The development towards a modern nation state meant that people began to feel like citizens of a nation rather than subjects to a king. In the words of the Irish-American anthropologist and political scientist Benedict Anderson they had the feeling of being in an imagined community.  I examine how nationalism was expressed, what factors influenced the portrayal of national feelings and the purpose of choices of subject. The final question is if there are differences between the countries and, if any, possible reasons. The time period I have chosen is the time between the two Slesvig wars in Denmark, which is now often seen as the latter part of the Danish Golden Age. It is also the period when many Swedish painters chose to travel to Düsseldorf to study painting and the Düsseldorf school became especially important in genre and landscape painting, often with nationalistic subjects. My study is divided into four themes, Mythology, Monarchs, People and Nature, covering different aspects of life and also of different categories of painting. For each theme I examine one painting by a Swedish artist and one by a Danish artist using Panofsky’s iconological method.  I include other paintings and texts for reference.  The expression of nationalism shows similarities between the countries, such as use of old Norse mythology and genre paintings of rural people in traditional costumes. Landscape paintings reflected the geographical differences between the countries. Current events, in particular the Slesvig wars for Denmark, also left their mark on nationalism and found their way into art.

During the nineteenth-century “Golden Age” of children’s literature, many British writers conceptualized childhood through the lens of restorative nostalgia, writing books that attempted to re-create an idealized version of childhood that never actually existed. This has led critics of children’s literature from this era to characterize many Victorian authors’ depictions of childhood as a fictionalized adult product that serves to colonize child readers, interpellating them into adult narratives and ideologies. Edith Nesbit was well aware of this tendency, and in The Story of the Treasure Seekers (1899), she attempts to subvert it with her child narrator, Oswald Bastable. With Oswald, Nesbit works to create a version of childhood that crosses what she calls the “great gulf” separating adult writers and child readers by activating “contraband memory.” Contraband memory is, for Nesbit, memory lacking the cloying nostalgia that makes other authors’ versions of childhood falsely idealized. Oswald begins the novel seeking to mimic the idealized memories he finds in children’s books, stealing them and reshaping them to fit his everyday life. But he soon discovers that many of these stolen memories do not play out in real life as they do in books, and Oswald ends the novel with an archive of unidealized memories that offer readers a model of resistance to the literary colonization common in children’s literature. By archiving his childhood memories before they have time to be distorted by adult nostalgia, Oswald creates the kind of contraband memory that Nesbit feels will lead to something new: the representation of more realistic versions of childhood.

This study is concerned with the Self/Other dichotomy, originally formulated by scholars of South Asian history in the context of European imperialistic treatments of the peoples whom they colonized for centuries, as applied to Mexican history. I have chosen some visual, cinematic, and literary representations of indigenous and other dispossessed peoples from both colonial and post-colonial Mexico in order to gain some insights into the vision of the powerless, (the 'Other'), held by the powerful (the colonizers, whether internal or external), especially, but not exclusively, in the context of race. Some public and private works of Mexican art from the 18th , 19th. and the 20th centuries are used to understand the perceptions of the Other in Colonial Mexico City, at the time of Independence, in state-sponsored pre and post-Revolutionary spectacles representing indigenous peoples, cinematic representations of the marginalized and the dispossessed from the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, and in the representation of the marginalized in the literary and photographic works of Juan Rulfo. I conclude that an ambivalent mixture co-existed in Mexican culture through the centuries, on the one hand, honoring the blending that is expressed in the word 'mestizaje', and on the other, adhering to a thoroughly Eurocentric world view. This ambivalence persisted from the 18th century through Independence and the Revolution and its aftermath, albeit in transformed ' / M. A. / Mexico presents an interesting contrast to the United States with respect to the history of race since colonization. The 16th century Spanish conquerors, and the colonizers who followed them, acknowledged the offspring of their unions with indigenous women, setting a tradition that resulted, by the 20th century, in mixed race peoples becoming the major component of the Mexican population. Despite this, there remained a sense in the culture that Europe and those of European descent were still the ideal towards which Mexico aspired, while from time to time, there were paradoxical displays, honoring the ethnic diversity that was New Spanish/Mexican reality. In light of this ambivalence, I have examined some literary and artistic examples of the perception of the colonizers, internal or external, of those whom they marginalized.

This thesis examines the Jesuit and Ignatian influence on the works of Juan Eusebio Nieremberg (1595-1658), who was a prolific and widely published author and a member of the Society of Jesus in Spain. He wrote several works across different literary genres both in Spanish and Latin, but was best known for his popular works in Spanish: two miscellanies of natural philosophy, Curiosa filosofía (1630) and Oculta filosofía (1633); a catechism, the Práctica del catecismo romano (1640); his ascetical treatises, especially De la diferencia entre lo temporal y eterno (1640); and his ‘advice-books’ to princes and nobles, most notably Causa y remedio de los males públicos (1642). As a member of the Jesuit Order, Nieremberg wrote these works with the intention to ‘save souls’, this being the main apostolic goal of the Society. While they provide people with knowledge (‘noticia’) – whether doctrinal, natural, spiritual, or political – these works teach readers to view human existence according to its true end: God’s will of salvation. All things of the temporal world are portrayed as a means to that end. In order to accomplish this goal, Nieremberg incorporates elements from Loyola’s Ejercicios espirituales (1548), the spiritual foundation of the Jesuit Order, and develops a rhetorical strategy which encourages readers to discern the will of God in the world they inhabit. He also develops this rhetoric according to some of the principal literary and artistic conventions of the seventeenth century, and provides an important example of how a prominent Jesuit writer came to express the apostolic and spiritual principles of his Order, but in the language and imagery of Spain’s Siglo de Oro.

O presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver um estudo analítico dos versos preliminares de O engenhoso fidalgo Dom Quixote de La Mancha - obra escrita em 1605 por Miguel Cervantes -, bem como uma proposta de tradução de tais versos, anexada ao final da dissertação. Neste estudo, serão ressaltados certos olhares da crítica cervantina, relacionados à valorização do escritor espanhol e de sua obra poética, e alguns dos elementos formais e conceituais que permeiam os dez poemas de abertura da narrativa do cavaleiro manchego. Além disso, serão evidenciados os elementos burlescos dos versos, como modo de apresentar uma constituição poética relevante e de estabelecer parâmetros que possam servir de alicerce para as traduções. A partir do trabalho de pesquisa acerca dos versos preliminares do Quixote, o processo de tradução, no que se refere à versificação e à interpretação poética, poderá se fundamentar. / Not only has this work been devoted to an analytical study of the preliminary verses of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de La Mancha, written in 1605 by Miguel de Cervantes, but also a proposal of their translation attached in the end of this work. The research has taken into account different considerations about Cervants criticism. Most of them revealed how the author was worth being read as a writer and others highlighted his poems. As a consequence of the literary appreciation that had been brought up before this research, form and content are still permeating the ten introductory poems of the Manchegos narrative knight. Beyond this, burlesque elements in the verses will be referred as a way of showing relevant poetic concepts and, consequently, parameters established to support an innovative Portuguese version. It must be mentioned that the present translation is systematically based on rhyme and poetic interpretation.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo abordar a História da História em Quadrinhos como sendo um ramo da História da Arte, analisando a produção estadunidense das décadas de 1930 a 1960, principalmente as correntes artísticas conhecidas como Era de Ouro e Era de Prata, segundo conceitos como o da Kunstwollen e da Escola de Viena de História da Arte. Tal trabalho tem como objetivo compreender tais movimentos artísticos a partir de suas características e convenções artísticas próprias e das relações que estabeleceram entre si, com outras linguagens e tradições artísticas e com o contexto social e político de seu tempo. Ainda, tem como intuito contribuir para a compreensão do desenvolvimento temático e estético dos estilos artísticos do período e o estabelecimento da História em Quadrinhos como uma linguagem artística autônoma que produziu em um conjunto de tradições estéticas e narrativas próprias. / This research intends to approach the History of Comics as an Art History branch, analyzing US production of the 1930s to 1960s, mainly artistic movements known as the Golden Age and Silver Age, according to concepts such as Kunstwollen and from the Vienna School of Art History. This work intends to understand these artistic movements from its specific features and artistic conventions and the relationships they have established between themselves, with other languages and artistic traditions and the social and political context of their time. Also this research intends to contribute to the understanding of the thematic and aesthetic development of the artistic styles of the period and the establishment of the Comics as an autonomous artistic language that established a set of aesthetic traditions and narratives themselves.

Le point de départ de ce travail est une critique du récit historiographique sur le conflit entre développement et préservation du patrimoine et du paysage qui porte sur la catégorie interprétative de la spéculation, vision qui reprend au niveau historiographique le discours militant de l’époque, se basant sur les catégories d’intérêts, de corruption, de « blocco edilizio », expression qui indique un bloc social constitué par les propriétaires de terrains, les sociétés immobilières et la classe politique dominante. Selon ce récit, l’entière période des Trente Glorieuses est vue comme l’échec du public et toute responsabilité en est attribuée à la volonté de la classe politique nationale et locale, sans distinctions entre la période dite du « centrisme », caractérisée par la présence solitaire au pouvoir du parti catholique (la Démocratie Chrétienne) et la période dite du « centre gauche » caractérisée par l’alliance entre parti catholique et parti socialiste autour d’un programme « réformiste », dont l’un des points fondamentaux est la réforme de l’urbanisme. Le cas de Syracuse, analysé dans une perspective d’histoire urbaine mais toujours par rapport au processus nationaux, part de la déconstruction de la narration dominante des « dommages » infligés à la ville en tant qu’elle résulte d’une approche idéologique remontant à la vision élitiste d’une minorité d’intellectuels, reprise et utilisée dans la lecture de ce processus par la gauche radicale pour démolir l’expérience réformiste. Nous visons au contraire à souligner l’importance des savoirs techniques et disciplinaires, de l’articulation des apparats bureaucratiques héritée de l’avant-guerre et des orientations de la jurisprudence nationale. Cette approche nous permet d’établir une distinction entre les deux phases politiques qui représente à notre avis un véritable facteur de discontinuité dans la période concernée. / The starting point of this work is a critique of the dominant historiographical discourse about the conflict between development and conservation of cultural heritage and landscape, based on the interpretative category of speculation and postulating the homogeneity of the process of transformation of the Italian cities during the «Golden Age».Such reading descends – on a historiographical level – from the militant discourse of the time, based on the categories of «interests», «corruption», «blocco edilizio», i. e. a social block represented by landowners, estate agents and the dominating political class. According to this narrative, the whole period is to be interpreted as the failure of the public and the complete responsibility for this is to be attributed to the will of both national and local politicians. Such perspective does not operate any distinction between the so-called period of «centrism», characterised by the solitary position of power of the Catholic party (The Christian Democracy), and the period known as the «Centre-left rule», characterised by the alliance of the Catholic party and the Socialist one converging on a «reformist» project, which postulated the urban planning reform as one of its fundamental points. The historical representation of the case of Syracuse moves from the deconstruction of the dominant discourse traced back to the elitist vision of a minority of intellectuals; a vision recalled and adopted by the radical left in order to provide a representation of this process meant to demolish the reformist experience. Our aim, on the contrary, is to point out the importance of the technical and disciplinary knowledge as well as of the articulation of the bureaucratic apparatus inherited from the inter-war years and of the addresses of national jurisprudence. In this perspective, the experience of the center-left urban government represents a real turning point, creating the premises for a better preservation of the urban cultural heritage.

O presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver um estudo analítico dos versos preliminares de O engenhoso fidalgo Dom Quixote de La Mancha - obra escrita em 1605 por Miguel Cervantes -, bem como uma proposta de tradução de tais versos, anexada ao final da dissertação. Neste estudo, serão ressaltados certos olhares da crítica cervantina, relacionados à valorização do escritor espanhol e de sua obra poética, e alguns dos elementos formais e conceituais que permeiam os dez poemas de abertura da narrativa do cavaleiro manchego. Além disso, serão evidenciados os elementos burlescos dos versos, como modo de apresentar uma constituição poética relevante e de estabelecer parâmetros que possam servir de alicerce para as traduções. A partir do trabalho de pesquisa acerca dos versos preliminares do Quixote, o processo de tradução, no que se refere à versificação e à interpretação poética, poderá se fundamentar. / Not only has this work been devoted to an analytical study of the preliminary verses of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de La Mancha, written in 1605 by Miguel de Cervantes, but also a proposal of their translation attached in the end of this work. The research has taken into account different considerations about Cervants criticism. Most of them revealed how the author was worth being read as a writer and others highlighted his poems. As a consequence of the literary appreciation that had been brought up before this research, form and content are still permeating the ten introductory poems of the Manchegos narrative knight. Beyond this, burlesque elements in the verses will be referred as a way of showing relevant poetic concepts and, consequently, parameters established to support an innovative Portuguese version. It must be mentioned that the present translation is systematically based on rhyme and poetic interpretation.