La mer de Barents possède un écosystème particulièrement riche. Elle est affectée par le changement climatique actuel, comme le reste de l'Arctique. L'effet le plus visible et le plus connu est la réduction spectaculaire de la banquise. On examine dans cette thèse les répercussions de ces changements sur l'hydrologie et le phytoplancton en mer de Barents. Pour cela, on s'appuie sur la création d'une base de données historiques comprenant les paramètres hydrologiques et bio-géochimiques. Un modèle 3D bio-géochimique spécifique à l'écosystème arctique est aussi utilisé quand les observations sont manquantes. Enfin, les données satellites fournissent des séries temporelles de concentration de glace, de Chlorophyle-a...La mer de Barents est caractérisée par un front polaire séparant les eaux atlantiques issues des mers Nordiques des eaux arctiques dont la position est connue à l'ouest de 35°E. Nous avons pu montrer que ce front se sépare en deux branches dans l'Est du bassin: le front du Nord et le front du Sud. Ces fronts enferment les eaux de la mer de Barents qui se forment en hiver. Un doublement du volume des eaux atlantiques (une " Atlantification " de la mer de Barents), a aussi été mise en évidence. Elle accompagne un déplacement des fronts Nord et Sud vers le Nord-est. Le volume des eaux de la mer de Barents reste inchangé.Ces changements, affectant l'hydrologie et la glace de Mer, ont un impact significatif sur le phytoplancton. Les deux efflorescences qui le caractérisent ont lieu plus au Nord et à l'Est. La biomasse totale annuelle a augmenté de 40% lors des deux dernières décennies. Ce travail montre que les conditions de glace de mer et la structure frontale sont les paramètres clefs dirigeant la variabilitéinter-annuelle du phytoplancton. / The Barents Sea has a particularly rich ecosystem. This is an Arctic region subject to intense climate changes. The drastic decrease in sea ice cover is the most visible effect. What are the impacts of these climatic changes on the hydrology and phytoplankton? In order to answer these questions, this thesis relies on the creation of an extensive historical database of physical and bio-geochemical parameters. A 3D bio-geochemical model with an Arctic specific ecosystem is used when observations are lacking. At least, remote sensing data provides valuable time series of Ice concentration, Chlorophyll-a... The Polar Front, separating the Atlantic Water coming from the Nordic Sea from the Arctic Water, is the principal feature of the Barents Sea region. Its position is known west of 35°E, but we showed that the polar front splits into two branches in the East part of the Barents Sea: the "Southern Front" and the "Northern Front". They enclose the winter locally formed Barents Sea Water. An “Atlantification”, illustrating a doubling of the Atlantic Water volume, has been evidenced and goes along with a North-eastward shift of the fronts. These hydrological and sea ice changes have a significant impact on the phytoplankton development. The two blooms of the Barents Sea occur further North and East with a 40% total anual biomass increase for the last two decades. This study suggests that the winter sea ice conditions and the frontal structure are the key mechanisms driving the inter-annual phytoplankton variability.

ALe bloc de latérite taillée (BLT) est l’un des matériaux en terre les plus utilisés parmi tant d’autres dans les constructions traditionnelles de l’Afrique tropical où la roche latéritique est en abondance. La demande grandissante du public et des acteurs locaux concernant ces matériaux de construction va actuellement vers un habitat traditionnel à rénover ou contemporain à concevoir pour demain. Cependant, les caractéristiques et les performances de ce matériau sont encore peu connues, ce qui limite son utilisation dans la maçonnerie. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc de contribuer à la valorisation dans l’habitat de ce matériau traditionnel, universel, économique, à fort potentiel constructif, recyclable mais considéré aujourd’hui comme un sous-produit, voire déchet de carrière pour la terre. Cette étude réalisée sur les sites de l’exploitation de BLT et aux laboratoires est conduite en trois phases. La phase d’étude in-situ a permis de décrire la géologie des sites, les profils des quatre carrières d’étude, les techniques d’exploitations locales du matériau et les différents types d’habitat construits avec le BLT. La phase d’études au laboratoire a permis de déterminer la composition chimique et minéralogique, les propriétés physiques et hydriques (masses volumiques, porosité, absorption d’eau), les performances mécaniques (résistance à la compression, à la flexion, module de Young) et thermique (variation d’humidité et de température) dans un bâtiment pilote construite avec le BLT et à l’utilisation des paramètres obtenues dans les essaies du laboratoire pour modéliser une maçonneries en BLT et étudier la faisabilité de construction d’habitations à plusieurs niveaux. / ALaterite Dimension Stone (LDS) is one of the most used earth materials for traditional constructions in tropical Africa, where the laterite rock is abundant. There is a growing interest about these materials among local stakeholders, for the maintenance and renovation of existent traditional buildings as well as for the conception and design of future constructions. However, little knowledge exists concerning technical characteristics and performances of this material and this hinder its use in masonry. The objective of this work is to give a contribution for the fostering of the utilisation of such material, which is traditional, universal, cheap, with high utilisation potential, recyclable, but currently considered as a by-product or waste from quarries. This study has been carried out in three phases, both at field level (in selected quarries) and at laboratory level. The first phase (in-situ study) allowed the description of (a) the local geology, (b) the geological profiles of four selected quarries, (c) the local utilisation patterns for this material, and (d) the local construction schemes for buildings where LDS are used. The laboratory phase allowed the assessment of the chemical and mineralogical composition of rocks, their physical and hydraulic properties (densities, porosity, water absorption), their mechanical performances (compressive strength, flexural strenght, Young’s modulus) and their thermal features (thermal conductivity, diffusivity). The third phase consisted in the monitoring of thermal parameters (temperature and humidity) in a pilot LDS building and in the numerical modelling of a masonry building, using the results form phase no. 2 as input parameters, with the aim of investigating the feasibility of construction of a multi-storey house.

Pour augmenter les performances des barres de combustible nucléaire, les mécanismes de relâchement des produits de fission (H2, He, Kr, Xe) doivent être étudiés. Ainsi, le département d’étude du combustible du CEA Cadarache a décidé d’améliorer son dispositif expérimental consacré au recuit thermique des combustibles irradiés (MERARG II). La première partie de ce mémoire s'adresse à la mesure du relâchement de gaz de fission de combustibles irradiés et soumis à des transitoire thermiques. Le choix de l'appareil s'est porté sur un analyseur de type filtre quadripolaire du fait des performances requises par le cahier des charges, une identification isotopique du Kr et Xe et des masses 4 et 2 u à la ppm. C'est un spectromètre commercial de type Residual Gaz Analyser, monté dans une enceinte à vide de très faible volume qui a nécessité des adaptations à la ligne de l'expérience MERARG II. Les performances (résolution, sensibilité, vitesse de balayage) du spectromètre ont été évaluées. Le spectromètre calibré est en cours d’installation sur une réplique en zone « froide » de MERARG II.La seconde partie de la thèse concerne des travaux de recherche sur l’adaptation à l’analyse des faibles masses d’un mode opératoire appliqué à un piège à ions RF 3D utilisant un mode par Transformé de Fourier. Nous étudions plus précisément un dispositif d’injection des ions et son mode opératoire afin d’obtenir les distributions en positions et vitesses des ions confinables. La connaissance de ces conditions initiales et de leur dispersion est importante car elles conditionnent la dynamique du signal détecté (la hauteur de la raie) et sa fluctuation, respectivement. / In order to increase fuel rod performances, the basic mechanisms that promote gas (i.e. He, H2, Kr and Xe) release from irradiated nuclear fuels must be studied. In this context, the CEA fuel study department at Cadarache decided to improve its experimental facility devoted to fuel behaviour under thermal transient by modifying the existing annealing device, called MERARG-II.The first part of this dissertation adresses the fuel gas release monitoring from irradiated fuel during thermal transient. The device choice leads to a quadrupole mass filter as mass analyser according to the specification requirement, i.e. isotopic identification of Xe, Kr and masses at 4 and 2 u. It is commercialized Residual Gas Analyser, mounted in a small-volume vacuum chamber requiring adaptations to be connected to the MERARG II line. The resolution and sensitivity of the mass spectrometer have been evaluated. The calibrated device is being installed in MERARG II replica.The second part of this dissertation relates adaptation to low-mass analysis of an RF 3D ion trap operated a Fourier Transform mode. Theoretically, using this operating mode, the lower the mass, the higher the resolution. More particularly, an ion injection device and its operating mode are studied in order to gain position and velocity distributions of confinable ions. The knowledge of these initial conditions is of a great concern as they fix the signal dynamic (peak height) and the signal fluctuation, respectively. This feasibility study, using simulation, allows us to obtain the optimal values of trap operating condition for 1-6 u mass injection and confinement with high resolution.

The presence of a magnetic field is shown to affect the evolution and properties of stars. Hence, it is necessary to observe different types of stars to explore these effects. The detached eclipsing binary UV Piscium is the object of interest in this study, where a first step of analyzing its global magnetic field is done. The observational data was collected during 2016, at the 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope at Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The analysis of the magnetic field is based on the line-addition technique least-squares deconvolution (LDS) of the polarisation signatures, and the aim is to search for circular polarisation signals produced by the Zeeman effect. The result shows a strong circular polarisation signature for the primary star of the binary, which is a direct evidence for the presence of a magnetic field. In contrast to this, the secondary star only shows a weak signal of circular polarisation in one of the analysed observations and further analysis of its magnetic field is needed. The secondary goal of the project was to calculate the stellar masses of the binary. This is done by measuring the radial velocities of the two stars via the line profiles, and preforming an orbital fit. The results gave: M1= 1.0211 ± 0.0040 Msol and M2 = 0.7728 ± 0.0028 Msol.

Regardless of the project within the construction industry there is a high probability that the soil needs preparation, this is often done through excavation. The outcome will likely be a large amount of soil, if these masses can’t be used within the project, they will in most cases be transported to a landfill and be classified as waste. The more transports to landfills and the longer the trip the more greenhouse gases will be produced. Instead, the transport of lower quality masses could go to a recycling facility for treatment as the landfill is not environmentally sustainable. The study is based on a qualitative method, where data is collected using semi-structured interviews. In order to obtain a high content validity and concept validity, the questions in the interviews must be designed from the questions and concepts used in the questions are correctly defining and operationalized. Reliability is obtained by having both authors participate in interviews and that the interviews are recorded audio. Bureaucratic obstacles, uncertainty, untested methods, unclear guidance, laws and requirements mean that many trample on the same place even though the will to work more sustainably exists, these are conclusions made by the collected empirical data. The study resulted in all actors interviewed in this report wanting the recycling and reuse of excavated masses to increase to benefit the environment. The path to that goal looks different for those involved, which is also often the reason why there is not more recycling than what is being recycled today. The implication of the result is that many solutions to these problems lie with the authorities that need to create an economic advantage to recycle compared to driving excavated soil to landfills, that is not sustainable in the long run. Another solution is to reduce processing times for permits and increase permitted storage times. The limitation of work in the interviews is that only one person from each party has been interviewed except for Holst Entreprenad AB, this does not give the entire organization a broad point of view. / Oavsett byggnation inom byggbranschen kommer marken med stor sannolikhet förberedas, detta sker oftast genom schaktning. Resultatet av schaktningen blir en större mängd massor, om dessa inte återanvänds direkt i projektet transporteras de i vissa fall till deponi där de tippas på hög och kommer att klassas som avfall. Desto fler transporter som går till deponi och desto längre sträckan är desto mer ökar koldioxidutsläppen. I stället för att köra sämre massor till deponi skulle transporterna gå till en återvinningsanläggning för behandling då deponi inte är miljömässigt hållbart i längden. Studien baseras på kvalitativ metod, där data samlas in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att få en hög innehållsvaliditet samt begreppsvaliditet ska frågorna i intervjuerna utformas från frågeställningarna och begrepp som används i frågorna är korrekt definierande samt operationaliserade. Reliabilitet erhålls då båda författarna deltar i intervjuer samt att intervjuerna spelas in. Byråkratiska hinder, osäkerhet, obeprövade metoder, otydlig vägledning samt lagar och krav gör att många trampar på samma ställe även fast viljan att jobba mer hållbart finns. Studien resulterade i att samtliga aktörer som intervjuades i denna rapport vill att återvinningen och återanvändningen av schaktmassor ska öka för att gynna miljön. Vägen till det målet ser olika ut för de inblandade vilket också ofta är anledningen till att det inte återvinns mer än vad det görs idag. Innebörden av resultatet är att många av lösningarna på dessa problem ligger hos myndigheter som behöver skapa en ekonomisk fördel att återvinna jämfört med att köra uppgrävda massor till deponi som inte är hållbart i längden. Det som också skulle öka återanvändningen av schaktmassor är om handläggningstider för tillstånd förkortades och tillåtna upplagstider förlängdes. Arbetes begränsning i intervjuerna är att endast en person från respektive part har intervjuats med undantag från Holst Entreprenad AB, detta ger inte hela organisationens breda synpunkt.

The background of the mass may be considered from many angles. This present discussion concerns itself with the early development of the form. Since the mass is a Catholic rite, the Catholic viewpoint is followed in religious matters. The purposes of this paper are to provide backgrounds for the Catholic tradition of mass and for Austrian composer Franz Schubert, and to analyze the masses written by Schubert.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

I present spectroscopic measurements for 260 sources from the Gemini Near Infrared Spectrograph–Distant Quasar Survey (GNIRS-DQS). Being the largest uniform, homogeneous survey of its kind, it represents a flux-limited sample of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.5. A combination of the GNIRS and SDSS spectra covers principal quasar diagnostic features, chiefly the C IV λ1549, Mg II λλ2798, 2803, Hβ λ4861, and [O III] λλ4959, 5007 emission lines, in each source. The spectral inventory is utilized primarily to develop prescriptions for obtaining more accurate and precise redshifts, black hole masses, and accretion rates for all quasars. Additionally, the measurements facilitate an understanding of the dependence of rest-frame ultraviolet–optical spectral properties of quasars on redshift, luminosity, and Eddington ratio, and test whether the physical properties of the quasar central engine evolve over cosmic time.

Dealing with invasive alien species (IAS), have become a more common problem for themunicipalities of Sweden over the past years. IAS is one of the largest threats to biologicaldiversity and the spread of invasive alien plants is caused by transportation, travel, climatechanges but also infrastructure projects. Thus, the risk of spreading them must be dealt withearly in the progress of handling soil masses. This study examines if recommended routines(with the aim of reducing the risk of spreading invasive plants) are incorporated inmunicipalities and how well they function. It further examines if routines for invasive plantsare related to the size of the municipality, due to differences in economy and resources. Aform was sent to all 290 municipalities in Sweden and 132 answered. The results show thatmany of the recommended routines are not well incorporated across municipalities. Routineswith demands of knowledge about IAS to coworkers or entrepreneurs is less functioning thanroutines of intern information, such as where invasive plants are established on propertiesthat’s own by municipalities. Results show that available resources and economy due to sizeof the municipalities do not influence the level of incorporation of routines. It’s warranted formunicipalities to establish functioning routines within the organization to prevent increasingspread of invasive alien plants in an early stage. The issue should be addressed in decisionsmade by politicians to confirm the level of priority since the benefits of prevention is higherthan benefits of elimination and eradication.

No description available.