Un des enjeux majeurs en écologie est de comprendre les effets du changement climatique sur la biodiversité et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. En milieu marin, la surexploitation des ressources par l'homme est un autre facteur de forçage sur les assemblages d'espèces. La thèse propose, par une approche multi-composantes de la biodiversité, de projeter les modifications attendues sur la structure des assemblages de poissons côtiers méditerranéens soumis au changement climatique mais aussi aux différentes pressions de pêche. L'originalité de ce travail est de considérer la dynamique de la structure en taille, de la diversité des espèces mais aussi des lignées (diversité phylogénétique), des traits fonctionnels (diversité fonctionnelle) et des interactions (diversité des liens trophiques) des assemblages de poissons à différentes échelles au sein du bassin méditerranéen, ces trois dernières composantes étant largement ignorées dans les projections face au changement climatique alors qu'elles sont essentielles pour le viabilité des écosystèmes et des services associés au delà du simple nombre d'espèces.Nous avons donc projeté les futures aires de répartition des poissons côtiers méditerranéens grâce à l’implémentation d’un nouveau modèle climatique (NEMOMED8) et de modèles de niche basés sur les enveloppes bioclimatiques. Les projections des aires de distribution des poissons côtiers méditerranéens mettent en évidence que pour la fin du siècle (i) 54 espèces devraient perdre leur niche climatique, (ii) la richesse en espèces pourrait diminuer sur 70,4% du plateau continental, en particulier en Méditerranée occidentale et en mer Égée, et (iii) la taille maximale moyenne des assemblages de poissons pourrait augmenter dans 74,8% des cellules du plateau continental. Les espèces de petite taille non ciblées par la pêche pourraient être les espèces les plus menacées par le changement climatique alors que les espèces de grande taille seraient les plus vulnérables face à l'effort de pêche. Nos projections, au niveau de l’ensemble de la Méditerranée, suggérent l'érosion importante de quelques lignées comme la famille des gobidae. Même si l'érosion de PD et de FD est en partie liée à la perte de richesse spécifique (moins d'espèces moins de lignées ou de fonctions), nous avons établi, notamment dans le bassin ouest, que les assemblages de poissons perdraient plus de diversité phylogénétique et fonctionnelle que prévu simplement suite à l’érosion de la richesse spécifique.Pour appréhender les effets du changement climatique sur la structure du réseau trophique nous avons mis en place une méthodologie basée sur la robustesse d'une relation entre la taille des proies et des prédateurs. Nous avons pu ainsi mettre en évidence les modifications potentielles des réseaux trophiques au sein des assemblages de poissons face au changement global pour l’ensemble du plateau continental méditerranéen. Nous avons constaté qu'une partie importante du plateau continental méditerranéen serait confrontée à une diminution du nombre de liens trophiques, de la vulnérabilité (nombre de prédateurs par proie) et de généralité (nombre de proies par prédateur) moyennes des espèces, tandis que la connectance et le niveau trophique dans les assemblages de poissons pourraient augmenter d'ici la fin du XXIème siècle.Au-delà des modifications de richesse spécifique, les assemblages de poissons méditerranéens côtiers pourraient être modifiés dans les fonctions qu’ils jouent au sein de l’écosystème, dans leur histoire évolutive ainsi que dans les interactions structurant les réseaux trophiques. La thèse est donc une ouverture vers la biogéographie du fonctionnement des écosystèmes à partir de modèles parcimonieux et hybrides permettant d'intégrer différentes composantes de la biodiversité, l'océanographie physique, et le niveau d'exploitation des ressources pour inférer le devenir des systèmes marins côtiers face aux pressions multiples qui s'y exercent déjà. / One of the main goals in ecology is to understand the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In marine environments the overexploitation of resources by human activities is another forcing factor on species assemblages. This PhD thesis suggested, within a multicomponentsbiodiversity approach, to project expected changes in the structure of Mediterranean coastal fish assemblages under climate change but also under different fishing pressures. The originality of this work is to consider the dynamics of size structure, diversity of species, but also lineages (phylogenetic diversity), functional traits (functional diversity) and interactions (diversity of trophic links) in fish assemblages at different scales within the Mediterranean basin, the latter three components being largely ignored in climate change projections whereas they are essential for maintaining the viability of ecosystems and associated services beyond the simple number of species. We therefore projected future geographic ranges of Mediterranean coastal fish through theimplementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) and based on bioclimatic envelopes models. Projected range shifts of Mediterranean coastal fish show that for the end of the century (i) 54 species would lose their climatic niche, (ii) species richness may decline on 70.4% of the continental shelf, particularly in the Western Mediterranean basin and in the Aegean Sea, and (iii) the average maximum size of fish assemblages would increase on 74.8% of the continental shelf. The small species, not targeted by fishing activities, would be the species most threatened by climate change, while larger species are most vulnerable to fishing effort.Our projections at the whole Mediterranean scale show a decrease of 13.6% for the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of coastal fish and 12.6% for their functional diversity (FD) by the end of this century and suggest a significant erosion of some lineages like the gobidae family. While erosion of PD and FD is partly due to the loss of species richness (fewer species implies less lineage and functions) we obseved, especially in the western basin, that the fish assemblages would loss more phylogenetic and functional diversity than expected simply due to the erosion of species richness. These two components, were largely ignored in conservation of marine species assemblages and appear to be strongly impacted by global change.To understand the effects of climate change on food web structure we developed a new methodology based on the robust relationship between the size of preys and predators. We were able to highlight potential changes in food webs of fish assemblages under climate change for the Mediterranean continental shelf. We found that a significant portion of the Mediterranean continental shelf would face a reduction in the number of trophic links, vulnerability (number of predators per prey) and generality (number of preys per predator) of species on average, while connectance and trophic level within fish assemblages would increase by the end of the XXIth century.Beyond changes in species richness, the Mediterranean coastal fish assemblages may be modified, in the functions that they play in ecosystem, in the amount evolutionary history they support, as well as in their interactions structuring food webs. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the biogeography of ecosystem functioning using parsimonious and hybrid models to integrate different components of biodiversity, physical oceanography, and the level of exploitation of ressouces to infer the futur of marine systems cfunctioning facing multiple pressures that are already there.

The extensive material of skeletal remains of mammals from a diet of barn owl in the eastern Mediterranean has been processed and evaluated with different techniques of chorological and morphometric analysis. At least 8400 individuals of 45 species of insectivores, rodents and bats were found in our total collection of samples, which represents a significant portion of fauna of the region. We have evaluated a chorological composition of the taphocoenoses and the interregional differences, manifested primarily by differences in the representation of satellite and accessory elements. We found a highly significant impoverishment of the isolated island taphocenoses (Cyprus, Karpathos, partly on Crete), where Cricetidae, Arvicolidae, C. leucodon etc. are missing. On the other hand the essential part of the dominance structure takes up the Rattus rattus, which acts here as an invasive species, significantly more successful than in the ragged continental contexts. The species diversity of the examined samples is positively correlated with the geographic latitude (taphocenoses of the northern regions are significantly richer) and negatively with the island effect and the degree of aridization. The morphometric analysis of the three most abundant species of Soricidae within the studied region showed...

5 Abstract The genus Rousettus represents the only fruit bat genus distributed both in Asia and Africa reaching northern distributional limits of the Pteropodidae family. This unusual distribution pattern is related to the ability of echolocation, subsequent cave dwelling and probably other thermoregulatory and behavioural adaptations to relatively cold and dry climate. Methods for identification of genetically discrete populations were used in the presented study to acquire better comprehension of historical ways of colonization along with current dispersal and migratory patterns of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in the Mediterranean basin and adjacent range patches. Modern approaches to population and landscape genetics were applied on a dataset comprising 553 individuals from 72 localities using 20 nuclear microsatellites. Our results revealed a significant genetic distance of East African individuals and certain substructure in the northern part of the range. Cypriot population is clearly separated, and - for higher K - the isolation of colonies from Egyptian oases is highly supported. Genetic proximity of south Arabian and Sinai populations contradict current taxonomy of the species. Our findings highlight the role of seas and deserts as barriers restricting gene flow and the evolution...

The land snail genus Helix comprises large gastropods distributed in from France to Iran and in North Africa. Some of them have close linkage to humans - are synanthropic or are collected and consumed. The genus is most diverse in eastern Mediterranean. Taxonomy of the genus is now being revised from morphological point of view, and a molecular study is needed as a counterpart to that study. Here I present first phylogenetic data for the genus Helix, including almost all currently recognised species. I have used samples from various sources including dried bodies and tissue remnants. I have sequenced two commonly used mitochondrial markers (16S, COI). Position of the genus within Helicidae cannot be inferred from the dataset. The genus should be delimited in a strict sense, excluding genera Maltzanella, Cantareus, Cryptomphalus and Lindholmia. Division into subgenera, as proposed by various authors until now, is not supported with the exception of a split between subgenera Pelasga and the nominotypical Helix. Relationships between species and their groups are poorly resolved. Regarding species limits, the data are largely in agreement with new opinions based on morphology. There might be surprisingly high variability in shell characters within a species, as few morphologically characteristic taxa seem to be...

Les patrons de diversité sont des états temporaires d'une dynamique de changements écologiques et évolutifs. Les politiques de conservation doivent intégrer cette dynamique et les priorités de conservation s'orienter vers les processus qui produisent et maintiennent cette diversité. Préserver la biodiversité, sans mesurer toutes ces facettes, nécessite de rechercher des substituts biologiques ou écologiques. Une démarche originale est d'évaluer la capacité de la phylogéographie à définir ces substituts. En effet, la phylogéographie permet de fournir des indices sur les zones de diversification et sur les entités (e.g. evolutionary significant units) qui soutiennent celles-ci au niveau intraspécifique. L'objectif général de ce travail est d'évaluer, en terme de cibles et de substituts, l'apport de la phylogéographie à la conservation de la flore méditerranéenne. Nos analyses s'appuient sur deux zones d'étude en région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur intégrant deux plantes endémiques restreinte: le littoral des Alpes maritimes et l'endémique Acis nicaeensis, la basse Provence calcaire et l'endémique Arenaria provincialis. Chez Arenaria provincialis, les résultats montrent une répartition spatiale des phénomènes de persistance et de divergence et le rôle clé de la phylogéographie dans la recherche des critères optimaux de planification des actions de conservation. L'originalité génétique et écologique des populations d'Acis nicaeensis est mise en exergue à faible échelle. Leurs vulnérabilités face à l'urbanisation appellent à des actions de conservation ciblées sur des surfaces restreintes afin de préserver l'héritage évolutif de l'espèce. / Diversity patterns are temporary state in a dynamic continuum of ecological and evolutionary changes. Thus, conservation policies have to integrate this dynamics and Conservation priorities have to be oriented towards the processes which generate and maintain diversity. Conserving biodiversity without needing to measure all its different components, it is necessary to search for biological and ecological surrogates. An original approach is to assess the capacity of phylogeography to define these surrogates. Indeed, the phylogeography allows providing indices for diversification zonation and can be used to delineate the units (e.g. evolutionary significant units) that support diversification at intraspecific level. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, in terms of targets and surrogates, the role of phylogeography for conservation of the Mediterranean flora. We based our analyses on two study areas of the South-East France harbouring two endemic species: the coastal ranges of Maritime Alps where Acis nicaeensis grows, and the calcareous Provence where Arenaria provincialis is found. The phylogeography of Arenaria provincialis revealed a spatial distribution of persistence and divergence. Our study highlights the critical role of phylogeography in the search for optimal criteria for defining the conservation strategies. The marked differences of genetic and ecology in populations of Acis nicaeensis but also in terms of its vulnerability to urbanization are highlighted in a local scale. The results demonstrate the need of conservation actions designed for small areas to avoid the loss of Acis nicaeensis evolutionary legacy.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of the Mediterranean-style dietary pattern in mitigating cancer risk among Americans is unclear and its role in obesity-related cancer risk has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVES: This study examines the prospective association between adherence to a Mediterranean style dietary pattern and cancer risk (including total, obesity related, breast and colorectal cancers) among men and women in the Framingham Offspring (FOS) cohort. In secondary analyses for breast cancer, we explore stratifying by hormone receptor status and menopausal status. METHODS: The Mediterranean style dietary pattern (MSDP) score was derived from a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire taken at examination visit 5 in the prospective FOS cohort. Subjects included 3199 participants (1703 women and 1496 men), aged 30 years old and older, who were free of prevalent cancer. The MSDP score was classified into tertiles and also dichotomized (MSDP score <19 vs. ≥19) to evaluate the association between the MSDP and cancer risk through the ninth examination cycle (2014). Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all subjects and for men and women separately, adjusting for confounding by age, physical activity, body mass Index, pack-years of cigarette smoking, supplement use, diabetes status and sex (for all subjects models). In the breast cancer model, we adjusted for age, waist-to-height ratio height ratio, pack-years, physical activity, diabetes, supplement use age at menopause. Factors found not to confound the effects of the MSDP on cancer risk were excluded from final models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of approximately 18 years, 377 and 273 cancer cases were documented among men and women, respectively. Women in the upper two tertiles of the MSDP score had approximately 30% lower lower total cancer risks than women in the lowest tertile (tertile 2: HR, 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.94; tertile 3: HR, 0.73; 95% CI: 0.54-0.99). Effects in men were weaker. Higher adherence to a MSDP was somewhat more strongly protective against total cancer risk among lower-risk individuals such as those who were leaner (BMI <25), drank less alcohol (<14 g/d), and did not currently smoke cigarettes. The association between MSDP adherence and total cancer risk was also modified by waist circumference and WHtR. We also observed a non-statistically significant protective effect of higher MSDP conformity and obesity-related cancer risk (tertile 3: HR, 0.80, 95% CI: 0.60-1.07). The association was present especially among women (tertile 2: HR, 0.76, 95% CI 0.53-1.09; tertile 3: HR, 0.73, 95% CI: 0.51-1.05). In analyses of effect modification by anthropometric measures of body fat, the combined effect estimates for higher adherence to the MSDP in women and body fat were more than additive for BMI and WHtR. The MSDP adherence was also inversely associated with BrCa risk (tertile 3 vs tertile 1: HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34-0.98) especially in post-menopausal women (HR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29-0.91) and among those with any positive Estrogen Receptor/Progesterone Receptor BrCa (HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.31-1.06). We found no association between MSDP and colorectal cancer in these analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort study, higher adherence to MSDP was associated with lower cancer risk (including total, obesity-related and breast cancers), among women aged 30 years old or older in the FOS study.

La mer Méditerranée est considérée comme un point chaud du changement climatique. Cette région très peuplée au climat aride devrait voir son climat devenir plus chaud et plus aride encore, tout en subissant une pression anthropique toujours plus forte. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses données physiques et biogéochimiques sont actuellement relevées en mer Méditerranée, dans le cadre du projet MERMEX, afin de mieux étudier et comprendre les cycles biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée. Complémentaire aux mesures, la modélisation est un outil unique pour aider à comprendre et quantifier les processus contrôlant la biogéochimie marine de la Méditerranée, ses spécificités et son évolution future. Dans cette étude, nous proposons la mise en place, et l’évaluation d’un modèle régional couplé dynamique - biogéochimie marine (NEMO-PISCES), à haute résolution, qui sera le premier modèle couvrant l’intégralité de la mer Méditerranée disponible pour la communauté MERMEX. Ainsi, après avoir évalué la dynamique du modèle NEMO-MED12, utilisée comme forçage, grâce à une simulation de traceurs passifs (CFC), nous effectuons les premières utilisations de cet outil, avec lequel (i) nous évaluons la quantité de carbone anthropique en mer Méditerranée grâce à une approche par perturbation, ainsi que l’acidification associée des masses d’eau ; (ii) nous effectuons une étude des régimes trophiques en mer Méditerranée, tels que perçus par le modèle, sur différentes couches de la zone euphotique. / The Mediterranean Sea is considered as a hot spot of climate change. This arid region, already under high anthropogenic influence, is said to become even warmer and drier, with still an increasing anthropogenic pressure. In this context, numerous physical and biogeochemical data are currently collected in the Mediterranean Sea, within the MERMEX project, enabling to better study and understand the Mediterranean biogeochemical cycles. Complementary to in-situ observations, modelling is an unique tool that helps to understand and quantify biogeochemical controling processes in the Mediterranean Sea, its specificity, and its evolution. In this study, we propose the setting and evaluation of a regional, high resolution, marine dynamicalbiogeochemical coupled model (NEMO-PISCES). It will be the first model available for the MERMEX community, that covers the whole Mediterranean Sea. Therefor, after the evaluation of NEMO-MED12 dynamical forcing fields, within passive tracers simulation (CFC), firsts use of this tool have been made : (i) we have evaluated anthropogenic carbon uptake and induced acidification of the Mediterranean Sea, within a perturbation approach ; (ii) we have analysed Mediterranean Sea trophic regimes, as represented by the model, for different layers of the photic zone.

La Méditerranée est une riche matière mythique dans l’œuvre et l’imaginaire du premier Camus. Elle essaime notamment dans ses écrits de jeunesse de manière à prendre les allures d’un mythe primordial et fondateur où se consacrent les noces de l’homme avec le monde. Signe d’un accord profond mais ambivalent, le mythe méditerranéen tel qu’il se déploie dans l’œuvre du premier Camus se nourrit d’une part d’un imaginaire solaire et radieux ; d’autre part, il repose sur des tensions permanentes avec des notions corollaires comme l’Histoire et l’utopie. A contre-courant du mouvement destructeur et meurtrier de l’Histoire en marche, Camus brosse au cœur des années 1930 un mythe idyllique de la colonie, sorte d’utopie qui se désintéresse des tensions raciales et communautaires du moment. Si l’œuvre naissante chante avec des accents ivres les joies prodiguées par les rivages heureux de la terre originelle, l’Algérie, certains textes de l’auteur laissent entrevoir la menace grandissante qui plane sur l’avenir de cette patrie de l’âme et le frémissement de l’auteur à l’idée de la perdre irrémédiablement. D’où le déchirement et l’oscillation de Camus entre le rêve méditerranéen auquel il se laisse aller, à maints endroits de son œuvre, et l’exigence de lucidité quant à la réalité coloniale du pays natal. / The Mediterranean is a rich mythical subject in the imagination of the first Camus. It spreads in particular in his youthful writings so as to take on the appearance of a primordial and founding myth. Sign of a deep but ambivalent agreement, the Mediterranean myth as it unfolds in the works of the first Camus feeds on the one hand from a solar and radiant imagination; on the other hand, it is based on permanent tensions with corollary notions such as history and utopia. A counter-current of the destructive movement of history, Camus brushes in 1930 years an idyllic myth of the colony, a kind of utopia that is losing interest in racial and community tensions of the moment. If his works sing the joys lavished by the happy shores of the original land, Algeria, some texts of the author suggest the growing threat to the future of this homeland and the thrill of the author at the thought of losing it irremediably

Esta dissertação descreve e analisa um conjunto de atividades educativas realizadas a partir de alguns produtos do Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Cidade Antiga - Labeca: o videodocumentário \"Siracusa Cidade Antiga\", mapas, plantas, fotografias e desenhos de reconstituições provenientes do banco de dados do laboratório e maquetes das cidades gregas de Poseidônia, Priene, Olinto e Selinonte. As atividades tiveram como objetivos divulgar a produção do Labeca e testar este material com o público alvo, buscando ampliar a visão da Grécia antiga comumente presente na escola; trabalhar o fazer ciência, por meio do oficio do arqueólogo; entender as diversas linguagens que constituem as formas de representação dos objetos, podendo, assim, exercer o pensamento crítico em relação a elas; e despertar o olhar do público para o universo das coisas materiais. Como público alvo da pesquisa, selecionamos duas turmas do 1º. Ano do Ensino Médio da Escola de Aplicação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo. Os alunos participaram de três encontros: apresentação do videodocumentário em sala de aula, visita ao MAE/USP para um trabalho com os mapas, plantas, fotografias, reconstituições e maquetes e, por fim, o manuseio de objetos arqueológicos e contemporâneos, novamente em sala de aula. Aplicamos três questionários aos alunos durante os encontros, os quais tinham por objetivo diagnosticar as impressões do público sobre o conjunto de atividades e se sua perspectiva em relação à Arqueologia e às cidades gregas antigas se modificou ao longo dos encontros. Os resultados que obtivemos a partir do questionário final, aplicado 70 dias após o primeiro, demonstraram que, de acordo com a concepção dos próprios alunos, a visão que tinham sobre Arqueologia foi modificada. Também pudemos verificar que outras características ligadas às cidades gregas passaram a compor o imaginário dos alunos sobre o tema, além daquelas elencadas no questionário inicial. / This Master thesis describes and analyses a set of educational activities created from some products developed by the Laboratory for the Study of the Ancient City (Labeca - MAE/USP). These products are the DVD \"Siracusa Cidade Antiga\" (\"Syracuse, Ancient City\"), maps, plans, photographs, reconstructions and models of four ancient Greek cities - Poseidonia, Olynth, Priene and Selinus. The activities aimed at divulge Labeca\'s products by testing them with the audience, seeking to expand the vision of ancient Greece commonly presented in school. The project had another three goals. The first was to show how the scientific thinking of the archaeologist works. The second one aimed at presenting to the students the diversity of languages used to represent things and how these languages must be criticized. Our last goal was to draw the students\' attention to the material things surrounding them. As audience, we selected two classes of the 1st. year of High School from the Escola de Aplicação of the Faculdade de Educação (Faculty of Education) in the University of São Paulo. Initially, the students watched the DVD \"Siracusa Cidade Antiga\" (\"Syracuse, Ancient City\") in their classroom. A few weeks later, they visited the MAE/USP, where they were presented to maps, plans, photographs, reconstructions and models of four ancient Greek cities. Finally, we paid a second visit to their classroom and the students had the chance to handle archaeological and contemporary objects. Three questionnaires were submitted to the students by the end of each meeting. They aimed at diagnosing the public reaction to the set of activities and identifying whether their perspective on archaeology and ancient Greek cities had changed throughout the meetings. The answers from the last questionnaire, which was applied seventy days after the first one, showed some changes about the students\' perception of Archaeology, according to themselves. Furthermore, we observed that other characteristics linked to the Greek cities were included in the imaginary of the students, in addition to those listed by them in the initial questionnaire.

L’existence de textes rédigés à la fois en caractères grecs et phéniciens, provenant du pourtour de la Méditerranée, notamment pendant la deuxième moitié du Ier millénaire av. J.-C., a fait naître l’hypothèse d’un bilinguisme gréco-phénicien.En nous appuyant sur un corpus épigraphique exhaustif, qui dépasse même les limites d’un recueil des textes rédigés en deux langues, nous avons exploré les conditions de mise en contact et d’interaction qui ont généré diverses formes de multiculturalisme, dont témoignent les inscriptions. En partant de la microstructure des énoncés, des mots, de la phonologie et de la morphologie des textes, sans négliger l’étude matérielle des supports, qui contiennent et intègrent les textes, cette thèse analyse les conditions, modalités et effets de la cohabitation entre le phénicien et le grec, entre les Phéniciens et les Grecs. La réalité du bilinguisme gréco-phénicien s’est ainsi révélée plus complexe qu’on n’imaginait, si bien que ce label a montré ses limites et son inaptitude à cerner, caractériser et comprendre des phénomènes variés et modulés, qu’une approche dynamique, tenant compte des cas particuliers, permet de mieux saisir. D’un bout à l’autre de la Méditerranée, Grecs et Phéniciens ont échangé en termes de pratiques langagières, onomastiques et rituelles. L’étude des anthroponymes, ainsi que de la médiation opérée par les divinités, spécialement visible dans les dédicaces bilingues, qui, par le truchement du mécanisme de l’interpretatio, associent un dieu d’un panthéon et un dieu de l’autre, se sont avérées des portes d’accès privilégiées pour l’enquête sur les contacts entre ces deux peuples, en nous introduisant dans les mailles profondes des réseaux de leurs relations. / The existence of texts written both in Greek and Phoenician characters, coming from all around the Mediterranean, and particularly during the second half of first millennium B.C., gave birth to the hypothesis of a Greek-Phoenician bilingualism.Working on an exhaustive epigraphic corpus, which goes even beyond the limits of a collection of texts written in the two languages, this research explores the many contexts which lead to contacts and interactions generating several forms of multiculturalism, as witnessed by inscriptions. Going through the microstructure of utterance, phonetics and texts morphology, and taking into account supports material analysis, which completes texts comprehension, this thesis analyzes conditions, modalities and effects of the cohabitation between Greeks and Phoenicians, and between Greek and Phoenician languages and writing systems. The Greek-Phoenician bilingualism appears to be more complex than we could imagine, so much that this label has showed its limits and its inaptitude to pinpoint, characterize and understand phenomena that are manifold and modulated, which a dynamic approach, taking into account specific case-studies, allows us to better seize.From each side of the Mediterranean Sea, Greeks and Phoenicians exchanged in terms of language practices, onomastic and rituals. The study of anthroponyms, as well as of divinities mediation (that we can observe especially in bilingual inscriptions), which matches a god from the pantheon to a god of the other, through the mechanism of interpretatio, have provided a privileged access to the contacts between these two people and to the deep links of their relationships networks.