Die induktiven Denktrainings von K. J. Klauer gehören zu den am umfangreichsten und gleichzeitig erfolgreichsten evaluierten kognitiven Trainings im deutschsprachigen Raum. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte das induktive Denktraining Keiner ist so schlau wie ich (KISSWI) für Vor- und Grundschulkinder. Studie 1 dieser Arbeit prüfte zunächst, ob ein für die Umsetzung in Gruppen adaptiertes KISSWI-Training vergleichbar wirksam ist, wie das originale KISSWI für Einzelsettings. Hierfür wurden 192 Kinder (97 Vorschulkinder und 95 Erstklassenkinder) untersucht. Es fanden sich keine Effekte des KISSWI-Gruppentrainings auf induktives Denken (dEG vs. KG(Klauer)=+0.07), kognitive Fähigkeiten im Allgemeinen (dEG vs. KG(Klauer)=–0.01) oder sozial-emotionale Fähigkeiten (dEG vs. KG(Klauer)=–0.05). In den Studien 2 und 3 wurde geprüft, ob Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem KISSWI-Gruppentraining und Need for Cognition (NFC) sowie dem Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept (FSK) der trainierenden Kinder bestehen. In Studie 2 mit 121 Kindern (60 Vorschulkinder und 61 Erstklassenkinder) wurde bei den trainierenden Kindern insgesamt ein kleiner positiver Zusammenhang (r=+.22) zwischen NFC zu Trainingsbeginn und der anschließenden Steigerung kognitiver Fähigkeiten während des KISSWI-Gruppentrainings gefunden. Außerdem steigerten die Kinder mit KISSWI-Gruppentraining ihr NFC geringfügig stärker, als ohne Training (dEG vs. KG(Klauer)=+0.21). Studie 3 (N=70 Zweitklassenkinder) fand bei allen trainierten Kindern keinen bedeutsamen Zusammenhang zwischen ihrem FSK vor Trainingsbeginn und ihrer anschließenden Steigerung kognitiver Fähigkeiten während des Trainings (r=–.07). Auch wurde kein Einfluss des KISSWI-Gruppentrainings auf die Veränderung des FSK der Kinder festgestellt (dEG vs. KG(Klauer)=+0.07).

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How to design effective persuasive information security messages to motivate individuals’ engagement in recommended protective security behaviors has become a top priority in the information security field. Although fear appeals have been shown to be an effective means to influence individuals’ security-related protective behaviors, recent information security research has called for a deeper understanding of recipients’ information processing of messages to design effective fear appeals. Previous IS security research has explored two individuals’ information processing routes of security messages, the central route, and the peripheral route, and has investigated the impacts of central variables, perceived argument quality, and peripheral variables, perceived source credibility, on individuals’ security protective behaviors. However, it is not clear how personal disposition influences the process. Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), this dissertation identifies need for cognition as an important factor that influences employees’ information processing (Study 1). Results show that need for cognition significantly moderates the relationship between perceived security argument quality and individuals’ behavioral intention. In addition, although most of the previous research has emphasized the importance of perceived argument quality (the central route) in influencing individuals’ security protective behaviors, the understanding of how to improve individuals’ perception of argument quality is far from conclusive. Thus this dissertation takes the view that the preference matching between message characteristics and recipients’ preference is one of the key mechanisms that increase individuals’ perceived security argument quality and behavioral intention. In particular, I conducted a multi-group experiment design to examine how preference matching, the matching between the rhetoric of a security message and recipients’ preferences for rhetoric (Study 2), influences individuals’ perception of security argument quality and behavioral intention to adopt the recommended security behavior. I found that preference matching significantly influences perceived argument quality and behavioral intention. The results have important theoretical and practical implications for designing effective information security messages to improve information security management in both personal and work environments

In light of recent persuasive appeals which promote a food product's health or nutritional benefits in advertisements, this exploratory study investigates the ways in which individuals read and understand health and nutrition-related claims in advertising and make subsequent judgments about the product, brand, and purchase intentions. Using the Elaboration-Likelihood model of persuasion, this study looks at how motivational (e.g., health consciousness, need for cognition) and ability (nutrition knowledge) factors influence attitudes toward three food products following exposure to manipulated advertisements containing a nutrition-related claim. Although the results do not demonstrate much support for the predicted relationships, the findings nonetheless provide researchers useful information that may benefit future studies. / Master of Arts

This study examines the effect of deep approaches to learning on development of the inclination to inquire and lifelong learning over four years, as an essential graduated outcome that helps students face the challenges of a complex and rapidly changing world. Despite the importance of the inclination to inquire and lifelong learning, some literature has attempted to operationalize this concept in practical ways. In another limited line of studies, researchers explored how the education process and deep approaches to learning affected students' cognitive development among first-year undergraduates. This dissertation focuses on the ways that the process of deep approaches to learning influences the development of the inclination to inquire and lifelong learning through the positive feelings from information acquisition and the conceptual change from meaningful structure of information. The individuals in the sample were 1,914 first-year undergraduate students participating in the Wabash National Study on Liberal Arts Education at each of the 17 institutions in the study. This longitudinal study was designed to use three waves of data to control for student background characteristics, institutional types, overall exposure to organized instruction, and other college experiences. The current study employed ordinary least squares regressions with a weighting algorithm and also investigated whether the effects were general or conditional based on differences in race, gender, precollege total academic preparation, and precollege measure of need for cognition. Using longitudinal, pretest-posttest deign with statistical control, this study found that the higher-order learning subscale, the integrative learning subscale, and reflective learning subscale generated a significant positive effect on the development of inclination to inquire and lifelong learning over four years. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the effect of deep approaches to learning appear to be general rather than conditional. In summary, the results confirm that the growth of inclination to inquire and lifelong learning can be fostered through deep approaches to learning. The findings suggest that higher education educators should create a developmentally-appropriate learning environment for students to organize their knowledge into cognitive structure, which fosters the capacity for lifelong learning.

ELM模式把過去紛歧的說服理論作一整合，成功地解釋了過去在說服理論及實證上的歧異。然而，不同的文化下有不同的溝通型態，ELM模式是否能放諸四海而皆準呢？本研究主要目的是希望了解ELM模式在文化迥異於美國的臺灣消費者是否依然成立呢？ 　　本研究主要是以Petty & Cacioppo的ELM模式為研究之架構。根據ELM模式，個人有處理訊息的動機及能力時，將會採中央路徑的訊息處理方式，此時影響態度的主要因素為論點品質；反之，若個人缺乏處理訊息的動機或沒有處理訊息的能力時，則會採取周 　　路徑的訊息處理方式，此時影響態度的主要因素為周邊線索。在本研究中，我們以論點品質（強／弱）的作為中央線索的操弄，以推薦人的知名度、受喜好程度（名人推薦人／非名人推薦人）作為周邊線索的操弄。以投入程度（高／低）及認知需求的高低（以量表衡量）來研究其對兩路徑說服效果的影響。 　　研究結果發現： 　　1、高投入程度者較低投入程度者顯著地對目標產品有較正面的態度。 　　2、名人推薦人效果略優於非名人推薦人。 　　3、強論點效果顯著地優於弱論點效果。 　　4、與國外實證結果不同的是，本研究的交互效果皆不顯著，此結果正突顯出，本研究所提出之文化差異對廣告說服力之影響。也就是東方文化較傾向於地域依賴，而西方文化較傾向地域獨立。 / Systematic variation across cultures in many psychological phenomena have been found by many previous studies. This study incorporate on of them, i. e., need for cognition, into a consumer behavior model, i.e., the Elaboration Likelihood Model. In this paper, the reason why the development of an individual's need for cognition is governed by cultures is explored and the relationship between need for cognition and persuasive effectiveness of media communication is established. Undergraduates at NCCU participated in the experiment. Subjects were randomly assigned to each of the cells in a 2(involvement:high or low) x 2(celebrity status:famous or infamous) x 2(argument quality: high or low)factorial design. Our study has not provided support for the view that different features of an advertisement may be more or less effective, depending upon a person's involvement or need for cognition. The result is not consistent with that of other studies conducted in the western culture. The possible explanation may be due to the culture differences in that the Chinese culture is field dependent while the western culture is field independentas hypothesized.

Humans repeatedly commit the so called “conjunction fallacy”, erroneously judging the probability of two events occurring together as higher than the probability of one of the events. Certain hints have been shown to mitigate this tendency. The present thesis investigated the relations between three psychological factors and performance on conjunction tasks after reading such a hint. The factors represent the understanding of probability and statistics (statistical numeracy), the ability to resist intuitive but incorrect conclusions (cognitive reflection), and the willingness to engage in, and enjoyment of, analytical thinking (need-for-cognition). Participants (n = 50) answered 30 short conjunction tasks and three psychological scales. A bimodal response distribution motivated dichotomization of performance scores. Need-for-cognition was significantly, positively correlated with performance, while numeracy and cognitive reflection were not. The results suggest that the willingness to engage in, and enjoyment of, analytical thinking plays an important role for the capacity to avoid the conjunction fallacy after taking a hint. The hint further seems to neutralize differences in performance otherwise predicted by statistical numeracy and cognitive reflection. / Människor begår ofta det så kallade ”konjuktionsfelslutet”, genom att felaktigt bedöma sannolikheten för sammanträffandet av två händelser som större än sannolikheten för en av händelserna. Vissa typer av ledtrådar har visat sig mildra denna tendens. Denna uppsats undersökte relationerna mellan tre psykologiska faktorer och prestation på konjunktionsuppgifter efter att ha läst en sådan ledtråd. Faktorerna motsvarade förståelsen för sannolikhet och statistik (statistisk räknefärdighet, eng., statistical numeracy), förmågan att motstå intuitiva men felaktiga slutsatser, (kognitiv reflektion, eng., cognitive reflection), samt viljan och lusten till analytiskt tänkande (behov-av-tänkande, eng., need-for-cognition). Deltagare (n = 50) besvarade 30 korta konjunktionsuppgifter och tre psykologiska mätskalor. En bimodal svarsfördelning motiverade dikotomisering av resultaten. Behov-av-tänkande var signifikant, positivt korrelerat med prestation, vilket varken räknefärdighet eller kognitiv reflektion var. Resultaten tyder på att viljan och lusten till analytiskt tänkande spelar en viktig roll i förmågan att undvika konjunktionsfelslutet efter att ha fått en ledtråd. Ledtråden verkar också neutralisera skillnader i prestation som annars uppstår på grund av räknefärdighet och kognitiv reflektion.

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