<p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Where does the news that you read in your localpaper come from? (Vilket ursprung har nyheten som du läser i din lokaltidning?)</p><p>Number of pages: 45 (57 including enclosures)</p><p>Author: Elin Rantakokko</p><p>Tutor: Göran Svensson</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies 30 hp</p><p>Period: Fall of 2007 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Purpose/Aim: This paper has the aim to make a systematic survey of the information source and channels that local newspapers use. How much space they get in the paper and how the newspaper works with these sources and channels. The front pages of the newspaper are going to be compared with the insides of the newspaper. The reports roles in the making of news are also examined.</p><p>Material/method: To be able to answer my questions I’m going to use three different methods. An observation on the papers morning meetings, an quantitative content analysis of five numbers of an local paper and four interviews with two news managers and two reporters on the paper.</p><p>Main results: The paper makes most of the news by them as well as them receives many of the tip-offs from private persons. These are ranked as news that cost a lot of money to make for the paper. In the paper internal and external sources get a half each. The local paper have many information channels that the public can use to tip the paper. The two channels that are used the most are e-mailing and the telephone. The front pages of the newspaper indicate very well on the material in the inside of the newspaper. The reports does not come with own ideas as much as they would like to, they mean that the most ideas for articles comes during another job.</p><p>Keywords: Local newspapers, information channels, information source, news value, news gathering, news institution.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på generationerna millennials och baby boomers inställning till mediernas sanningshalt och politiska neutralitet. Detta gjordes med hjälp av följande frågeställningar: Vilka attityder och vilken inställning har millennials och baby boomers till nyhetsmediernas sanningshalt? Finns skillnader och likheter kvar när vi väger in variablerna kön och politiskt ställningstagande?   För att definiera generationerna använde vi oss av Cliff Zukins generationsteori. Det finns flera andra teorier med olika definitioner av generationerna men vi valde att avgränsa oss till Zukins modell eftersom vi ansåg denna vara mest relevant utifrån vårt syfte. För att få ytterligare information om generationernas ställningstaganden i olika frågor har vi även utgått från Paula M Poindexters forskning i frågan, samt Göran Bolins definition av Mannheims teori. Vi har slutligen använt oss av Jesper Strömbäcks definition av dagordningsteorin när detta varit aktuellt.   Vi valde att genomföra en enkätundersökning för att på så sätt kunna nå så många respondenter som möjligt. Eftersom vi ville jämföra två specifika generationer med varandra använde vi oss av ett kvoturval. Svaren gav oss en övergripande bild av de olika generationernas attityder gentemot nyhetsmedierna.   Resultaten visade att generationstillhörighet inte påverkade det allmänna förtroendet för nyhetsmedier. När vi adderade variabeln kön blev resultatet annorlunda, den yngre generationens kvinnor hade betydligt högre förtroende än männen i samma grupp. Både de yngre och äldre männen hade en mer kritisk syn på nyhetsmediernas innehåll än kvinnorna. Detta visar att kön är en betydande variabel i frågan om förtroende.   Även politisk åsikt visade sig vara en viktig variabel. Den största skillnaden visade sig i generation baby boomers där tre fjärdedelar av de som röstar rött har ett ganska stort förtroende för nyhetsmedier. De som röstar blått i denna generation hade ett betydligt mindre förtroende.   Den största skillnaden beroende på generationstillhörighet visade sig i frågan om hur enkelt det är att upptäcka en falsk nyhet. Millennials ansåg sig ha betydligt enklare att avgöra nyheters äkthet än baby boomers. Endast två procent i den äldre generationen ansåg att det var enkelt att upptäcka, motsvarande siffra i den yngre generationen var 12 procent.   Majoriteten av alla respondenter uppgav att de tror på en stor eller ganska stor framtida ökning av falska nyheter. Det här resultatet påverkade dock inte respondenternas syn på hur enkelt det är att se om en nyhet är falsk.   Slutsatsen vi kan dra är att generationstillhörighet inte påverkar i frågan om förtroende för nyhetsmedier, däremot i hur enkelt det är att avgöra om en nyhet är sann eller falsk.Vid mätning av förtroende för nyhetsmedier var politisk åsikt den viktigaste variabeln. / The purpose of this study was to find out the generations millennials and baby boomers approach to the media's veracity and political neutrality. This was done using the following questions: What attitudes does Millennials and Baby Boomers have to the news media's veracity? Are there differences and similarities there when we look at the variables gender and political position?   To define the generations we used Cliff Zukins generation theory. There are several other theories with different definitions of generations, but we chose to limit ourselves to Zukins model because we considered this to be the most relevant to our purpose. To obtain additional information about the generation's positions on various issues, we have also assumed Paula M Poindexters research on the issue, and Göran Bolins definition of Manheims theory. Finally we used Jesper Strömbäcks definition of the agenda setting theory when it was accurate.   We chose to conduct a survey in order to be able to reach as many respondents as possible. Because we wanted to compare two specific generations with eachother, we used a quota sampling. The answers gave us an overall picture of the different generational attitudes toward the news media.   The results showed that generational affiliation did not affect public confidence in the news media. When we added the gender variable, the result is different, the younger generation of women had significantly higher confidence than men in the same group. Both the younger and the older men had a more critical view of the news media content than women. This shows that gender is a significant variable in the issue of trust.   Political opinion also turned out to be an important variable. The biggest difference was shown in the generation of baby boomers where three quarters of the red voters had a fairly strong confidence in the news media. Those who vote blue in this generation had a significantly lower confidence.   The main difference depending on generational affiliation was shown in the question of how easy it is to spot fake news. Millennials believed it was much easier to determine authenticity in news than baby boomers. Only two percent of the older generation felt that it was easy to spot, the corresponding figure in the younger generation was 12 percent.   The majority of all respondents stated that they believe in a large or fairly large future increase of false news. This result did not affect the respondents' views on how easy it is to see if the news is false.   The conclusion we can draw is that the generational affiliation does not affect the question of confidence in the news media, however, it does have an affect in how easy it is to determine if news is true or false.When measuring confidence towards the news media, political opinion was the most important variable.

In master thesis called Negativity in Television News we dealt with the structure of television news from good news vs. bad news angle of view and in context both public service and commercial based media. We focused on two main TV news programmes Události (Czech television) and Televizní noviny (TV Nova). Bad news category was analysed in depth then. The text starts with a chapter about relationship between media contents and reality so we were describing social constructivism theory in media context. Then we dealt with mechanisms and influences, which affect form of media outputs; we focused on concept of news values and processes of tabloidization and commercialization. Next chapter was dedicated to definition of negativity in news. In this context we described presence of bad news in coverage during the history; we dealt with media violence and its effects on audience; we defined media negativity and set up the typology of bad news. The analysis showed us percentage of bad news in two main news programmes of Czech television and TV Nova. We found out, which negative topics were predominating and they were analysed in depth then. In this part of analysis we were researching through what particular factors of negativity the negative impression of news is being increased.

The diploma thesis "Development of Home service in the CTK" focuses on the changing news production in the Czech News Agency (CTK), a dominant national news agency in the Czech republic, between 1993 and 2013. From the very beginning of 1990's the agency started to be a public service institution, but obliged to earn money on its own. Already in 1990's it stopped receiving state subsidies, having to severly cut its costs and reduce the number of employees. Despite this,CTK increased range of its services as well as number of clients and also fought succesfully its competitors. This thesis tries to answer the question how have these changes influenced the news service. It follows the changes in number of published news articles, structure of the articles and also focuses on application of chosen theme categories, sources, quatations and with the title. Quantitative content analysis has been chosen as a method of research, using two sampled weeks in 1993 and 2013. There were more than 770 news articles analysed, focusing on 12 areas of research. Theoretical ground for this thesis consisted of methodology of media research as well as sources on CTK's history and function, including its annual reports.

Air accidents related to both airplanes and airliners are often at the centre of heightened media attention. Whereas commercial media often choose to include in their news service only those accidents that result in number of fatalities or in a significant property damage, public service broadcasters should not take into account these criteria on order to provide balanced and versatile news service promoting an independent formation of opinions. In the case of news agencies, whose general mission is to collect and provide information, this assumption is doubly true. This thesis aims to analyse textual news products of the Czech News Agency using the example of the Agency's news coverage of air accident which happened in 2011 in the Czech Republic. This analysis will be used to determine the information quality on The first part of this thesis offers a theoretical basis for analysis - it describes the circumstances of the selection of news and related critical thinking approaches. The second part involves the actual qualitative content analysis of the news, mainly through comparison of media production with institutionally processed data depicting the real state of aviation accidents in the analysed period.

This diploma thesis deals with the British Sunday tabloid paper News of the World. By using the method of historical analysis it covers all its history from its foundation to its closure. The aim of this thesis is to put the newspaper's beginning, growth and end into the context of its era. The first chapters describe the rise of periodical press in Great Britain and in connection with that the social situation and technological progress in print. The chapters also deal with the first stage of development of News of the World, that is, when it was owned by the Carr family. On the grounds of socio-economic and political situation the chapters discover which factors added to the massive growth of circulation and big popularity of this Sunday paper. The second half of this thesis covers the development of the newspaper under the ownership of Rupert Murdoch, starting with the battle over its buy out against Robert Maxwell. The thesis analyses changes Murdoch implemented and brings examples of scandals and controversies this newspaper had throughout all its history.The last chapter addresses the phone-hacking scandal which led to the paper's closure after 168 years and its consequences to Murdoch's media empire News Corporation, as well as to the British newspapers market and its self-regulatory principles.

The thesis "The Influence of the ČTK News Agency Content on Sports Sections of Daily MF Dnes and Právo" describes the influence of the Czech news agency ČTK on the sports section of two selected national newspapers - MF Dnes and Právo. The main objective of the research and a conducted two-week content analysis was to determine how individual editors work with the agency service. Another aim was to determine whether ČTK is still the main source of information for them, and whether there was something that had fundamentally changed its position. The thesis also examines the format of the messages produced by ČTK that appear in the newspapers most frequently. It also includes a questionnaire survey for editors of both media and basic analysis of photo journalism, which is an integral part of the sports sections. To complement the wider context of the theoretical part, the author describes the current battle of printed and electronic media, sport and commercialization processes of internetisation and digitization, which largely influenced the work of intelligence agencies.

Background – Our digitalized society is constantly increasing, and with the development, the importance of the Internet for political knowledge generation is also increasing. The digital development has caused a series of problems that can disturb the prevailing democracy due to that many individuals create their political identity through social media as a communication channel. In addition to the fact that the majority of the younger generation use social media as their primarily communication channel, there is also cause for concern that individuals tend to avoid news due to current news skepticism. News skepticism has grown as fake news has increased, especially since the US presidential election in 2016, and even though fake news is identified and corrected, it is often the fake information that people tend to remember. Furthermore, it is also important to emphasize that the dissemination of information through digital media is extensive to the extent that individuals cannot be source critical towards it all. Social media has also become a platform that is used to promote hidden intentions, for example, that politicians use bots to generate popularity. Further, today's journalism has been influenced by digital developments and has changed how news are spreading on digital platforms. Finally, many individuals perceive that they no longer need to actively seek out news and to further generate knowledge because they personally stress the fact that important news always finds them, also known as "news-finds-me". Aim -The aim is to create an understanding of the relationship between communication channels and knowledge generation within the context of political involvement, digitalization and news skepticism. Methodology -The empirical material is based on a mixed method research and the empirical data has been collected through a qualitative and a quantitative survey. The qualitative research method consisted of six semi-structured interviews in contrast to the quantitative research methodthat consisted of a survey. Conclusion–An increasing amount of people deselect traditional media and it should therefore be a change in how knowledge generation occurs. Furthermore, there is a distinct relationship between knowledge generation and communication channels. The result shows that digital media are the basis of the change that has taken place in knowledge generation rather than the generation of which you belong. Finally, we believe that a crucial factor for knowledge generation is the desireto actively seek out knowledge and not to wait for news to find you. / Bakgrund –Digitaliseringen ökar ständigt och i och med utvecklingen ökar även internets betydelse för politisk kunskapsgenerering. Den digitala utvecklingen har medfört en mängd problem som kan störa den rådande demokratin då många individer skapar sin politiska identitet genom sociala medier som kommunikationskanal. Utöver att många tillhörande den yngre generationen använder sociala medier som sin främsta kommunikationskanal finns det även oro att individer tenderar att undvika nyheter på grund av rådande skepticism. Skepticismen har växt i takt med att fake news har ökat, främst sedan det amerikanska presidentvalet 2016, och även om falska nyheter identifieras och tillrättagörs är det ofta den falska informationen som blir ihågkommen. Vidare är det även av vikt att belysa att informationsspridningen via digitala medier är så pass omfattande att individer inte hinner vara källkritisk gentemot all rapportering. Sociala medier har även kommit att bli en plattform som utnyttjas för att främja dolda avsikter, exempelvis att politiker använder sig av botar för att generera popularitet. Ytterligare har dagens journalism påverkats av den digitala utvecklingen och har förändrat hur nyheter sprids på digitala forum. Slutligen uppfattar många individer att de inte längre behöver aktivt söka upp nyheter och vidare generera kunskap då de menar att viktiga nyheter alltid når dem, även kallad “news-finds-me”. Syfte -Syftet är att skapa förståelse för relationen mellan kommunikationskanaler och kunskapsgenerering inom kontexten avpolitiskt engagemang, digitalisering och nyhetsskepticism. Metod -Studien genomfördes genom flermetodsforskning då den empiriska datan har samlats in genom en kvalitativ samt kvantitativ undersökning. Den kvalitativa undersökningen bestod av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer medan den kvantitativa undersökningen genomfördes genom en omfattande enkätundersökning. Slutsats -Allt fler väljer bort traditionella medier och därför bör det ske en förändring i hur kunskapsgenerering sker. Det finns en tydlig relation mellan kunskapsgenerering och kommunikationskanaler. Resultatet påvisar att det är de digitala medierna som ligger till grund för den förändring som har skett vid kunskapsgenerering snarare än vilken generation man tillhör. Slutligen menar vi att en avgörande faktor för kunskapsgenerering är viljan att aktivt söka upp kunskap och att inte vänta på att nyheter hittar mig.

Pela primeira vez em décadas, a RBS TV tem sido ameaçada nos índices de audiência no Rio Grande do Sul. Embora ainda mantenha sua liderança consolidada, vê o crescimento periódico da TV Record desde que esta se instalou no Estado, em julho de 2007. A característica do trabalho da Record tem sido combater a líder através de uma programação popular, que se reflete também em seu telejornalismo local. Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão a respeito do Balanço Geral, principal programa do gênero dentro da programação da emissora, e tentar compreender os motivos de seu sucesso, que o leva, por vezes, a empatar e até mesmo ultrapassar a emissora hegemônica, algo incomum nas últimas quatro décadas. Analisaremos o programa através de uma análise de conteúdo de quatro edições, que levará em conta dados como fontes utilizadas nas matérias, o imaginário urbano representado no programa, os locais onde os fatos que viram notícia acontecem e os comentários feitos pelo apresentador Alexandre Mota, ícone dentro desta nova proposta da Record, antes e após a exibição do conteúdo jornalístico, para tentar compreender como ele se aproxima e se identifica com seu público, formado majoritariamente por cidadãos das classes C, D e E da capital gaúcha e arredores. / For the first time in decades, RBS TV has been challenged in its ratings in Rio Grande do Sul. Although it still maintains the leadership, it has been threatened by the gradual growth of Record TV ever since it began broadcasting in the state in July of 2007. Record TV has been fighting for audience through a popular program style which also reflected in its local TV news programs. This dissertation involves the analysis of “Balanço Geral”, the main popular show of the channel, attempting to understand the reasons for its good ratings which sometimes reaches levels that are above the hegemonic TV channel, something uncommon in the past four decades. The program is assessed through the analysis of four editions and takes into account data such as the sources used, the urban imagery represented in the show, the sites where the news takes place and the comments made by its host Alexandre Mota, an icon of its new style, before and after the presentation of the journalistic content, in order to understand how he approaches and connects with his audience – mainly the lower classes of the state capital and nearby communities.

This essay examines which news sources gets to talk about Sweden in American news features about events in Sweden and if they give a positive or negative image of Sweden. I opted to examine three of the main news channels in the USA: PBS, FOX and CNN.  I examined, more specifically, the sources gender, nationality and ethnicity, and which social position and status they had. Furthermore I also examined whether the sources were verbal or non-verbal and if they were visible or anonymous. Lastly I did an analysis of whether the sources gave a positive or negative image of Sweden in the news features. To execute the study I used the quantitative content analysis as my method.   The results of the study show that the majority of the sources, used in American news features about events in Sweden, were Swedish professional males, who gave a negative image of Sweden. The majority of the sources were also visible and verbal. A small amount of the sources were anonymous, and PBS only used visible sources. The result did not differentiate much between the news channels, except when it came to if the sources were verbal or non-verbal. Every source used in PBS were verbal and the majority of the sources in FOX were verbal. In CNN’s news features, however, the majority of the news sources were non-verbal.