Contextualização: Na última década, o expressivo aumento da taxa e do tempo de desemprego resultou no surgimento de grupos que há mais de um ano se encontram sem nenhum tipo de vínculo empregatício — desemprego prolongado. Os homens em idade produtiva e de baixa e média escolaridade; têm sido particularmente atingidos. Referencial Teórico: Os discursos normativos referentes à masculinidade e à feminilidade mantêm estreita relação com os lugares construídos para o homem, no mundo da produção; e para a mulher, no universo doméstico. As recentes mudanças nas formas de trabalho possivelmente estão promovendo aberturas para o surgimento de construções discursivas mais pluralizadas. Assim, a linguagem assume relevância enquanto uma instância possível de construção e transformação dos sentidos, em que estão implicados tanto os eventos sociais como os diferentes sujeitos. Objetivos: Investigar o lugar ocupado pelo trabalho e pela divisão sexual do trabalho nas subjetividades de homens atingidos pelo desemprego de longa duração. Método: Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e individuais, com quinze homens casados e desempregados há mais de um ano, residentes nos municípios de Diadema (SP) e São Bernardo do Campo (SP). Procedeu-se à Análise do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Considerações: Os homens entrevistados conhecem e realizam várias formas de trabalho; contudo apresentam como referencial de vida o trabalho assalariado — emprego. Quanto à divisão sexual do trabalho, foram encontrados discursos que atribuem papéis diferenciados ao homem e à mulher, justificando-os a partir das características biológicas. Porém, foram identificados outros discursos que revelam um processo de transformação: a mulher realizando trabalhos com conteúdos masculinos e sustentando a família e os homens exercendo o cuidado dos filhos como exercício da paternidade. / Contextualization: In the past decade the marked increase in rate and length of unemployment led to emergence of groups that have had no type of employment relationship for over one year, that is, prolonged unemployment. Men at working age, with low and medium schooling levels, have been the most affected individuals. Theoretical Reference: The normative discourse regarding masculinity and femininity keep close relation with spaces built for men - the production world, and for women - the domestic universe. The recent changes in labor relations are possibly promoting space for emergence of more pluralized discursive constructions. Therefore, language assumes importance as an eventual dimension for establishing and transforming meanings, in which both social events and different subjects are involved. Objectives: To investigate the place occupied by work and by sexual division of labor in male subjectivities affected by long-lasting unemployment. Method: Individual, semi-structured interviews with 15 men, married, unemployed for over one year, and residing in the cities of Diadema and São Bernardo do Campo (SP). A collective discourse analysis was performed. Considerations: The males interviewed know and perform several types of work; however their life reference is waged work - employment. As to sexual division of labor, there were discourses attributing different roles to man and woman based on biological characteristics. Nevertheless, other discourses were identified showing a transformation process: women performing jobs with male features and earning the living for the family, and men taking care of children as a paternity exercise.

This thesis examines the history of domestic service in Zambia from the 1960s to the present day. Domestic service was one of the largest sectors of urban employment throughout this period and involved large numbers of men, women and children selling and buying labour in a variety of working arrangements. The sector has, however, received little scholarly or official attention, reflecting a broader historiographical neglect of informal sector employment and the female workers who predominate in this area of the economy. The lack of attention paid to domestic service by academics and policy-makers has considerably limited the questions that have been asked about who workers are and how processes of reproduction and production have been organized at a household and societal level in Zambia, both historically and in the present. Most immediately, in order to work outside of the home, earn money and access crucial resources, thousands of Zambians needed to find someone else to take care of their homes and children. Drawing on a wide range of source material, this study demonstrates the importance of domestic service to social and economic relations in post-colonial Zambia. The study centres on domestic service arrangements in black households in the capital city of Lusaka. It examines how and why men, women and children found work in service, how and why employers sought help with domestic and care labour, and the relationships that developed between these parties. The study illustrates the diversity of the sector, with working arrangements varying from seemingly-informal kinship-based labour relations at one end of the spectrum to formalised, contractual employment at the other. The study also explains the gendered and generational shifts that have reshaped domestic service over the last fifty years, drawing attention to the increased significance of women and female children's labour. Overall this thesis provides new insights into class formation, rural-urban dependencies, gender relations, and the nature of inequality in a post-colonial African city.

Este trabalho analisa a pertinência e a intensidade da interferência das relações de gênero nas jornadas e nos ritmos definidores do trabalho docente. Situado entre os estudos da Sociologia da Educação, do Trabalho e da Família, inicia a reflexão sobre o conceito de gênero, articulado pelas teóricas feministas Joan Scott e Linda Nicholson; de divisão sexual do trabalho e suas conseqüências na vida de homens e mulheres, defendidos por Helena Hirata, Danièle Kergoat, Elizabeth Souza-Lobo, Joan Scott, Cristina Bruschini, Bila Sorj, dentre outros; e da noção de tempo, desenvolvida por Norbert Elias e Alberto Melucci. Em seguida, baseado em levantamento sobre a produção acadêmica acerca do trabalho docente sob a ótica das relações de gênero, constata as lacunas dessa produção sobre os tempos de trabalho, analisa a trajetória de constituição do trabalho docente e mostra os significados femininos e masculinos que o perpassam. A pesquisa empírica de caráter qualitativo foi desenvolvida com professoras e professores de Ensino Fundamental II de uma escola municipal da zona sul de São Paulo, durante os anos de 2006 e 2007. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários, diários de uso do tempo, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e diário de campo. O estudo de Cláudio Dedecca sobre tempo, trabalho e gênero forneceu os elementos para a construção dos conceitos analíticos. A maioria dos docentes - homens ou mulheres - possui extensas jornadas de trabalho total, decorrentes, em parte, dos baixos salários. Além dos serviços escolares realizados em casa, recorrentes nas jornadas de todo o grupo, professoras e professores possuem também extensas jornadas de trabalho para a reprodução social, mesmo que em graus variados. A importância da articulação entre as diversas dimensões do tempo na vida dos sujeitos, apontada por Dedecca, considerando a tensão existente entre elas, possibilitou reconhecer a necessária separação entre trabalho feminino e trabalho masculino. No entanto, a análise do cotidiano das professoras e dos professores pesquisados permitiu questionar uma característica ressaltada pela maior parte dos estudos focados no trabalho fora da docência : a dicotomia entre tempos de trabalho econômico maiores -- que supõem trabalho remunerado e tempos de deslocamento -- para os homens e, para as mulheres, tempos de trabalho para a reprodução social maiores, que incluem o trabalho doméstico e o cuidado com filhos, precisa ser problematizada, ao menos no que se refere aos docentes pesquisados. Ademais, as políticas públicas, educacionais e sociais, para garantir igualdade de oportunidades e condições de vida para os professores e as professoras, precisam considerar a articulação entre as esferas da produção e da reprodução. / This research analyzes the pertinence and intensity of how gender relations interfere with the shifts and rhythms that define the teaching work. Located in between the studies in Sociology of Education, Labor and Family, it starts thinking over the concept of gender, as proposed by feminist theorists Joan Scott and Linda Nicholson; of sexual division of labor and its consequences in the life of men and women, as defended by Helena Hirata, Danièle Kergoat, Elizabeth Souza-Lobo, Joan Scott, Cristina Bruschini, Bila Sorj, among others; and the notion of time, developed by Norbert Elias and Alberto Melucci. Next, based on a survey of the academic production on teaching work under the viewpoint of gender relations, the research finds the gaps in such production about the working times, analyzes how the teaching work is instituted, and shows the feminine and masculine meanings that are intertwined in it. Empirical data are of qualitative nature and were collected among male and female middleschool teachers in a public institution in south area of the city of Sao Paulo, in 2006 and 2007. Data were acquired by means of questionnaires, diaries were the use of time was written down, semi-structured interviews and field diary. The study by Cláudio Dedecca about time, labor and gender provided the elements to construct the analytical concepts. Most teachers - either male or female - have extensive hours of total work partly as a result of their low wages. In addition to the school services they perform at home, which are recurring in the shifts in the entire group, teachers also face many hours of social reproduction work, even if in a diversity of degrees. The importance of the articulation between the several dimensions of time in the life of the subjects, pointed out by Dedecca, considering the tension between them, has allowed the acknowledgment of the necessary separation between feminine work and masculine work. However, the analysis of the everyday life led by male and female teachers taking part in the research allows one to think about a characteristic highlighted by most studies focusing on work, other than teaching work: the dichotomy between the times of economic work that are longer for men, which assume waged work and times of movement, and time of work for social reproduction that are longer for women, which include home chores and taking care of children. This needs to be questioned, at least in the face of what teachers have responded. Moreover, educational and social public policies, in order to ensure equal opportunities and living conditions for male and female teachers, have to consider the articulation between the spheres of production and reproduction.

O envelhecimento populacional tem como uma de suas implicações o aumento do número de indivíduos com incapacidade funcional, o que gera uma demanda por de cuidados de longa duração, exercidos principalmente pelas famílias. Essas, por suas transformações contemporâneas tendem a ter reduzida a sua capacidade de atender a essa demanda. Assim, a presença do cuidador formal domiciliar de pessoa idosa como elemento fundamental, nesse contexto, deixa de ser um problema do âmbito privado e configura-se em uma questão de saúde pública. O presente estudo investigou a trajetória ocupacional de cuidadoras formais domiciliares de pessoas idosas, com o objetivo de compreender seus principais eventos e características, a percepção que elas têm do seu trabalho, de seu processo de capacitação e do cuidado. Nesta pesquisa qualitativa, os dados foram examinados com utilização da técnica da Análise do Discurso, a partir da construção de uma linha cronológica das trajetórias, com seus principais eventos e categorização das frases significativas, destacadas dos relatos. As categorias empíricas de análise foram: trabalho, gênero, qualificação e cuidado. Verificou-se que as mulheres chegam ao trabalho de cuidadora formal domiciliar de pessoa idosa pelo trabalho doméstico, pela qualificação formal ou pela experiência de cuidar de seus familiares idosos. As trajetórias são caracterizadas pela precarização do trabalho, especialmente daqueles desenvolvidos no ambiente domiciliar, pela inserção e reinserção das mulheres no mercado de trabalho via ambiente doméstico, pela desvalorização do trabalho feminino, pela dificuldade em conciliar os cuidados aos filhos e familiares idosos com o trabalho remunerado, pela escolarização e profissionalização (quando há) tardias, pela experiência prática como sendo a principal ferramenta qualificadora, e pelo cuidado como disposição ética promotora de sentido para a atividade laboral. Conclui-se que, a promoção de relações de gênero mais igualitárias, a educação formal específica, a regulamentação da profissão e a adoção de um novo modelo de trabalho e emprego na área de cuidados à pessoa idosa, podem melhorar a qualidade desse trabalho, assim como promover o bem estar dos idosos dependentes e de suas famílias / One of the consequences of population aging is the growth of individuals with functional disability which creates a demand for long term care, primarily exercised by the families. Due to contemporary transformations, families tend to reduce their ability to meet this demand. Therefore, the presence formal home caregiver of elderly as a key element in this context is no longer a private issue to become a matter of public health. The present study investigated the occupational trajectory of formal female home caregivers of elderly, aiming to understand their key events and their main characteristics, as well as the perception they have of their own job, their process of training and about care itself. This qualitative research has examined the data using the Discourse Analysis technique, starting from the construction of a timeline of each trajectory, which embraced its main events and the categorization of all significant sentences, highlighted from their stories. The empirical categories of analysis were: work, gender, qualification and care. It was found that women start up as formal home caregivers of elderly through domestic housework, formal qualification or the experience of caring for their own elderly relatives. The trajectories are characterized by poor job relations, especially the ones developed in the home environment, by the integration and reintegration of women into the labor market through domestic environment, the devaluation of women\'s work, by the difficulty in reconciling the care of their children and elderly relatives with their professional paid activities, for late education and professional training (when existed), by practical experience as the main qualifying tool, and the care as an ethical promoter of sense for labor activities. This study concludes that promoting more equitable gender relation, specific formal education, legal regulation of the profession and the adoption of a new model of work and employment for the formal caregivers of elderly field, tend to improve the quality of this work, as well as promote the well-being of the dependent elderly and their families.

Contextualização: Na última década, o expressivo aumento da taxa e do tempo de desemprego resultou no surgimento de grupos que há mais de um ano se encontram sem nenhum tipo de vínculo empregatício — desemprego prolongado. Os homens em idade produtiva e de baixa e média escolaridade; têm sido particularmente atingidos. Referencial Teórico: Os discursos normativos referentes à masculinidade e à feminilidade mantêm estreita relação com os lugares construídos para o homem, no mundo da produção; e para a mulher, no universo doméstico. As recentes mudanças nas formas de trabalho possivelmente estão promovendo aberturas para o surgimento de construções discursivas mais pluralizadas. Assim, a linguagem assume relevância enquanto uma instância possível de construção e transformação dos sentidos, em que estão implicados tanto os eventos sociais como os diferentes sujeitos. Objetivos: Investigar o lugar ocupado pelo trabalho e pela divisão sexual do trabalho nas subjetividades de homens atingidos pelo desemprego de longa duração. Método: Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e individuais, com quinze homens casados e desempregados há mais de um ano, residentes nos municípios de Diadema (SP) e São Bernardo do Campo (SP). Procedeu-se à Análise do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Considerações: Os homens entrevistados conhecem e realizam várias formas de trabalho; contudo apresentam como referencial de vida o trabalho assalariado — emprego. Quanto à divisão sexual do trabalho, foram encontrados discursos que atribuem papéis diferenciados ao homem e à mulher, justificando-os a partir das características biológicas. Porém, foram identificados outros discursos que revelam um processo de transformação: a mulher realizando trabalhos com conteúdos masculinos e sustentando a família e os homens exercendo o cuidado dos filhos como exercício da paternidade. / Contextualization: In the past decade the marked increase in rate and length of unemployment led to emergence of groups that have had no type of employment relationship for over one year, that is, prolonged unemployment. Men at working age, with low and medium schooling levels, have been the most affected individuals. Theoretical Reference: The normative discourse regarding masculinity and femininity keep close relation with spaces built for men - the production world, and for women - the domestic universe. The recent changes in labor relations are possibly promoting space for emergence of more pluralized discursive constructions. Therefore, language assumes importance as an eventual dimension for establishing and transforming meanings, in which both social events and different subjects are involved. Objectives: To investigate the place occupied by work and by sexual division of labor in male subjectivities affected by long-lasting unemployment. Method: Individual, semi-structured interviews with 15 men, married, unemployed for over one year, and residing in the cities of Diadema and São Bernardo do Campo (SP). A collective discourse analysis was performed. Considerations: The males interviewed know and perform several types of work; however their life reference is waged work - employment. As to sexual division of labor, there were discourses attributing different roles to man and woman based on biological characteristics. Nevertheless, other discourses were identified showing a transformation process: women performing jobs with male features and earning the living for the family, and men taking care of children as a paternity exercise.

Thesis (M.Admin. (Development)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Feminist studies show that gender inequality is an impediment for livelihoods diversification among rural households. Whereas women are understood to be the designers, planners and managers of livelihoods for household survival, their roles in diversification of the means of earning a living are generally undermined through a myriad of social and cultural laws, values, norms and beliefs. Despite the publicity, attempts and efforts in redressing gender inequality in a demographic South Africa, the dissertation argues that gender inequality in rural areas has remained persistent, posing an obstacle to the capacity of households to diversify their livelihoods. The study uses survey results from Sebayeng Village in order to demonstrate that the community’s perceptions of women’s roles perpetuate the status quo wherein women’s capacity to diversify livelihoods are undermined. The survey involved 200 households that were sampled through the simple random design. The respondents consisted of 56.5% females and 43.5% males. The survey results demonstrate that gender inequality remains deep in Sebayeng Village and that such inequality negatively affects the ability of households to diversify their livelihoods. Therefore, this study tends to confirm the general principle that gender inequality renders women as unexplored resources in rural development. To that extent, the study concludes that one of the tests for the success in gender transformation in South Africa is in releasing the energies of women in the sphere of livelihoods diversification.

This thesis seeks to identify the mosaic, rather than the monolithic, nature of culture contact by integrating historical and archaeological sources relating to the concept of gender roles, as they influence response within a contact situation. Specifically, I examine how the Inuit gender system structured artifact patterning in Inuit-European contact situations through the investigation of three Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. These date from the 16th, 19th and early 20th centuries and represent a variety of seasonal occupations and dwelling forms. / The ethnographic data suggest that Inuit gender relations were egalitarian and complementary. On this basis I hypothesize that European goods and materials were used equally by men and women. Within each gendered set of tasks, European goods and materials were differently used, according to empirically functional criteria such as the nature of the tasks. / Opportunities for and responses to European contact differed depending on the types of tasks in which Inuit women and men engaged and the social roles they played. Seasonality of occupation bears upon the archaeological visibility of gender activities. / Sixteenth-century Elizabethan contact did not alter Nugumiut gender roles, tasks, authority or status but served primarily as a source of raw material, namely wood and iron. Based on the analysis of slotted tools I suggest a refinement to take account of the overlap in blade thickness that occurs for metal and slate, and which depends on the function of the tool. I conclude that there was much more metal use by Thule Inuit than previously believed. However, during Elizabethan contact and shortly afterwards there was actually less metal use by the Nugumiut than in the prehistoric era. / Little archaeological evidence was recovered for 19th-century commercial whaling contact, (suggesting geographic marginality to European influence), or for 19th century Inuit occupation in the area. This is partly because of immigration to Cumberland Sound and because of subsequent structural remodelling of the dwellings by later occupants. / By the early 20th century, the archaeological record showed not only equal use of European material across gender but a near-ubiquitous distribution across most activity classes, even though commercial trapping never replaced traditional subsistence pursuits but only supplemented them.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Murdoch University, 1998. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Social Sciences, Humanities and Education. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [275]-290).

Thèse (M.E.I.R.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. [151]-155. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.L.S.)--Eastern Michigan University, 2000. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-40).