The main argument of this dissertation is that the White Mountain Apache Tribe's appropriation of ecological restoration played a vital role in reinstituting control over knowledge production and eco-cultural resources on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in the second half of the twentieth century. As a corollary, I argue that the shift in knowledge production practices from a paternalistic foundation to a community-based approach resulted in positive consequences for the ecological health of the Apachean landscape and Apache culture. The democratization of science and technology on the reservation, therefore, proved paramount to the reestablishment of a relatively sustainable Apache society. Beginning with the Indian New Deal, the White Mountain Apache slowly developed the capacity to employ ecological restoration as an eco-political tool to free themselves from a long history of Euro-American cultural oppression and natural resource exploitation. Tribal restoration projects embodied the dual political function of cultural resistance to and cultural exchange with Western-based land management organizations. Apache resistance challenged Euro-American notions of restoration, nature, and sustainability while maintaining cultural identity, reasserting cultural autonomy, and protecting tribal sovereignty. But at the same time, the Apache depended on cultural exchange with federal and state land management agencies to successfully manage their natural resources and build an ecologically knowledgeable tribal workforce. Initially adopting a utilitarian conservation model of land management, restoration projects aided the creation of a relatively strong tribal economy. In addition, early successes with trout, elk, and forest restoration projects eventually granted the Tribe political leverage when they sought to reassume control over reservation resources from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Fish and Wildlife Service. Building on this foundation, Apache restoration work significantly diverged in character from the typical Euro-American restoration project by the 1990s. While striving toward self-sufficiency, the Tribe hybridized tribal cultural values with Western ecological values in their restoration efforts. These projects evolved the tripartite capacity to heal ecologically degraded reservation lands, to establish a degree of economic freedom from the federal government, and to restore cultural traditions. Having reversed their historical relationship of subjugation with government agencies, the Apache currently have almost full decision-making powers over tribal eco-cultural resources. / Ph. D.

Estimates suggest that seventy percent of Muslims follow folk Islam (popular Islam), rather than the orthodox Islamic faith. Most methods for reaching Muslims with the Gospel have concentrated on one of two broad approaches with a third blending the first two methods. Apologetic, polemic and dialogue techniques argue that Christianity is more valid or reasonable than Islam. Other approaches consist of contextualized methods seeking some common ground between Christianity and Islam. Apologetic arguments have not been very effective with folk Muslims because cognitive propositions fail to answer the “why” questions posed by popular Islam. Most contextualized methods also miss the mark with folk Muslims; they rarely attend Islamic worship, observe the five pillars of Islam, or read the Qur’an. A few missiologists propose a fourth category for reaching Muslims – contextualizing according to their worldview. This thesis explores what are the best approaches for evangelizing folk Muslims who are particularly influenced by African Traditional Religion (ATR). The Beja tribe of the Sudan and the Sukuma tribe of Tanzania serve as case studies. I argue for a contextualized approach to folk Muslims, addressing their unique worldviews. ATRinfluenced folk Muslims lean toward a fear-power worldview, while the Sufis among them hold to an existential- transcendent worldview. Each group, therefore, necessitates a different evangelism approach. The first chapter presents preliminary matters, the research question, a literature review, and a rationale for the thesis. The second chapter analyzes the case study example of Beja folk Islam. Chapter three examines folk Islam and its relationship to orthodox Islam,including further illustrations from the Beja tribe. The fourth chapter explores the subject of ATR and its relationship to folk Islam. The Sukuma tribe of Tanzania serves as a base-line model of ATR for a comparison with Beja folk Islam. Chapter five introduces the topic of contextualization in Muslim evangelization and assesses the effectiveness and validity of methods that have been used. Chapter six suggests worldview approaches for reaching ATR and Sufi-influenced folk Muslims. The final chapter summarizes the thesis content, reviews the response to the research question, and analyzes the implications of the findings of the case study. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

Funded by Nellis Air Force Base (NAFB), my thesis research and analysis examined Native American knowledge of heritage foods and how diminished access to food resources has affected Native American identity and health. NAFB manages the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR), land and air space in southern Nevada, which includes Native American ancestral lands. During a research period of 3 months in the spring/summer of 2012, I interviewed members of Native American nations culturally affiliated with ancestral lands on the NTTR, the Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah (PITU) and the Bishop Paiute Tribe. My research included participant observation and 31 interviews with tribal members considered knowledge holders by tribal leaders. In dialogue with the literature of the anthropology of food, political economy, and Critical Medical Anthropology, my analysis focused on the role of heritage foods in everyday consumption, taking into account the economic, social, environmental, and political factors influencing heritage foods access and diet. My work explored the effects of structural forces and rapid changes in diet and social conditions on Native American health. I found shifts in concepts of food-related identity across ethnic groups, tribes, ages, and genders. I also found evidence of collective efforts to improve diet-related health at tribal and community levels. Through the applied aspects of my research, participants and their families had the opportunity to share recipes and food dishes containing heritage foods as a way to promote human health and knowledge transmission.

Thesis (M.E.S.)--The Evergreen State College, 2009. / Title from title screen (viewed 10/21/2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-118).

Estimates suggest that seventy percent of Muslims follow folk Islam (popular Islam), rather than the orthodox Islamic faith. Most methods for reaching Muslims with the Gospel have concentrated on one of two broad approaches with a third blending the first two methods. Apologetic, polemic and dialogue techniques argue that Christianity is more valid or reasonable than Islam. Other approaches consist of contextualized methods seeking some common ground between Christianity and Islam. Apologetic arguments have not been very effective with folk Muslims because cognitive propositions fail to answer the “why” questions posed by popular Islam. Most contextualized methods also miss the mark with folk Muslims; they rarely attend Islamic worship, observe the five pillars of Islam, or read the Qur’an. A few missiologists propose a fourth category for reaching Muslims – contextualizing according to their worldview. This thesis explores what are the best approaches for evangelizing folk Muslims who are particularly influenced by African Traditional Religion (ATR). The Beja tribe of the Sudan and the Sukuma tribe of Tanzania serve as case studies. I argue for a contextualized approach to folk Muslims, addressing their unique worldviews. ATRinfluenced folk Muslims lean toward a fear-power worldview, while the Sufis among them hold to an existential- transcendent worldview. Each group, therefore, necessitates a different evangelism approach. The first chapter presents preliminary matters, the research question, a literature review, and a rationale for the thesis. The second chapter analyzes the case study example of Beja folk Islam. Chapter three examines folk Islam and its relationship to orthodox Islam,including further illustrations from the Beja tribe. The fourth chapter explores the subject of ATR and its relationship to folk Islam. The Sukuma tribe of Tanzania serves as a base-line model of ATR for a comparison with Beja folk Islam. Chapter five introduces the topic of contextualization in Muslim evangelization and assesses the effectiveness and validity of methods that have been used. Chapter six suggests worldview approaches for reaching ATR and Sufi-influenced folk Muslims. The final chapter summarizes the thesis content, reviews the response to the research question, and analyzes the implications of the findings of the case study. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Missiology)

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to examine the process of a family therapist entering and then navigating the cultural system of working with substance abusing Seminole tribal clients. The study also utilized two tribal members sharing their opinions about how Seminoles view therapy. As noted in the interview questions and responses, the research presented guidelines for family therapists to follow when working with tribal members. Because there has been no study conducted with family therapists providing clinical services to tribal members, this study introduced tools for clinicians to keep in mind and utilize when working with tribal clients. The interviews illustrated what specific routes therapists may take with tribal clients in order to join and connect. This study provided the field of family therapy an opportunity to become familiar with the Seminole tribe, and guidelines of how to remain mindful when working with this unique population. These results were supplemented by the researcher providing personal reflections on her experiences with tribal clients.

This dissertation examines the historical contexts, major themes, and archival practices of queercore, an anti-normative queer and punk subculture comprised of music, zines, film, art, literature and new media that was instigated in 1985 by Bruce LaBruce and G.B. Jones in Toronto, Ontario. Via their fanzine J.D.s., LaBruce and Jones declared “civil war” on the punk and gay and lesbian mainstreams and conjured queercore as a multimedia subculture situated in pointed opposition to the homophobia of mainline punk and the lifeless sexual politics and assimilationist tendencies of dominant gay and lesbian society. In the pages that follow, I engage wider histories of radical queer politics and punk aesthetics and values to reveal the generative and long-standing symbiosis between these two energies – a symbiosis that informs queercore, but that also extends beyond its temporal and material boundaries. Through close analysis of queercore films (e.g. No Skin Off My Ass, The Lollipop Generation, The Living End, By Hook or By Crook), music (e.g., Pansy Division, Tribe 8, Beth Ditto/The Gossip, Nomy Lamm) and zines (e.g., J.D.s, SCAB, Bimbox, Bamboo Girl, i’m so fucking beautiful), I establish queercore’s primary themes: explicit sexuality (the use of risky, erotic queer punk images and performances to undermine heteronormativity and confront accepted notions of gay and punk identity); imagined violence (the deployment of a threatened, as opposed to actualized, violence in the hopes of frightening and, thus, destabilizing powerful white, bourgeois, heterosexual masculinity); and bodily difference (the circulation of affirmative representations of marginalized queer bodies, and specifically those that are fat, disabled and/or gender non-normative). Finally, I conclude with an exploration of the institutions and individuals currently involved in queercore archival efforts, thus placing my project within a crucial lineage of subcultural preservation. Taken as a whole, this study asserts that queercore articulates and disseminates a set of alternative identities, aesthetics, politics and representations for queer folks to occupy and engage within social space, providing a dynamic anti-normative, anti-corporate, D.I.Y. (do-it-yourself) alternative to a consumer-capitalist hetero- and homo-normative mainstream. / text

中輟，一直是近年來被廣為討論的議題，特別是在台灣屬於少數民族的原住民，其就學的學生常因為許多不利的因素，造成其學業成就低落。因而原民學生中輟率，和漢人比較起來，比率較偏高。在台灣，礙於我國對義務教育的定義，對於原住民大專學生中輟的研究更是有限，並且多以如何促使原住民學生融入學校體制中的學習問題為主。類似的研究總是試圖引導原住民學生回歸教育主軸，因此筆者欲尋部落中與學習相關的生長過程，企圖追尋學生在部落中的學習價值、動機、內涵與教育體制所認定的學習兩者間落差為何。 / 部落學習的環境中，包括家庭教育、同儕學習、部落環境、社會環境。然而部落傳統學習方式下，學生學習習慣的養成過程及偏好，卻在一般研究其教育環節中隱而未現。筆者欲藉此論文看見以家庭教育、部落教育為主的中輟生生活面貌，企圖了解部落學習的樣貌。而這樣的學習是無法用簡單的因果導向為論文內容，因此本文切入角度十分多元由部落經濟、家庭教育、同儕關係、傳統文化學習、宗教信仰等面向述及，欲意探究碧候村原住民中輟生的輟學因素。本研究以歸因理論為架構，以質性研究為取向，採用半結構性訪談、深度訪談等研究方法，探討碧候部落原住民中輟生對自己輟學的歸因歷程。 / 並認為傳統學習與學校學習的落差，來自教科書內容，而其中隱而未現的是主流價值觀替代部落中實用導向的學習價值，教材中並早已決定何未有價值的知識，這與原住民從小生活價值學習取向相異甚鉅。以及學校同儕間與部落生長環境不同的人際互動，部落孩子的直言，與戲謔遊戲卻常引發學校體系師生對立情況，部落所慣於展示的群體力量，被看成是擾亂學校風紀挑戰師長權威的矩動。部落裡，以實用性為主的學習學習動機不同於漢人社會教科書所教導的取向，並且從小對自然理解、對生活需求的認知都是來自部落智慧而非書本式的課外讀物，自然而然對閱讀並不感到興趣。而這一切都是在做中學，並非像教科書先給予我們預防性的知識，這都是與部落學習差異處。 / 部落與補習班的距離，以及家中所可以提供的資源性，甚至部落的師資再再都展現部落學生在面對城鄉差距間學生的弱勢出外就讀後，人際相處模式或課業教與學的不同，所需獨立面對、承擔，甚至改變的各種習慣都是需要長時間調適的，並不若外界想像的容易，而這些弱勢還層遞著原住民世世代代對gaga生活規範的價值觀，何謂人生的價值，因此才造就中輟。 / 沒有祭典的部落，gaga的概念由傳統價值觀濡化基督宗教價值觀，例如，男女關係的保守，以及努力遵守gaga的人可以通過彩虹橋（今為基督教天堂），使得他們不想汲汲營營於書中的智慧，反而以遵守傳統規範為生活要點。這是源於過去歷史故事的集體記憶。而過去對人生的價值觀是人雖勤勞工作，但究竟不是主宰，一切耕耘的成果猶待神的賜予，所以在盡本份後，認為人事盡矣，其他的就只有期待神的裁判了。對部落社會和宇宙觀的典範都需遵守，尤其是兩性間更有嚴格的行為準則，對這些典範和準則如有違犯，也就是迫害整個群體的制序，違害全體安全，因此遵守人與人之間的一切準則，是其重要價值觀念所在。 / 這樣種種的價值觀，都是與社會大眾價值觀不同的。因此如何看見部落價值與主流價值的不同，進而幫助原住民學生可以肯定自己生活環境中，所賦予的價值觀，並在主流社會中自信的成長，是本論文的研究目的。筆者並企圖理清原住民之所以是原住民，不單單是因為血緣，更重要的是代代相傳的價值觀，這樣的價值觀來自家庭、同儕及部落。本篇論文所寄望的是幫助學校師長，連結原住民中輟原因的起源，進而看見多元文化的世界觀。 / 本研究已中輟學生訪談為主，也嘗試經由訪談部落學生的老師、家長和同學，以及部落中的耆老，企圖聯結受訪者對孩子的成敗歸因與中輟生的自我歸因之間的關係，以大致推論碧候部落原住民學生中途輟學的原因。研究的結果將可供關心原住民學童教育之家長、學校老師及教育單位參考。 / Over the past years, a lot of discussions have specially targeted on aboriginal dropouts. Because of many unfavorable factors, aboriginal students have poor academic performances. Compared with Han students, they are much more likely to drop out of school. However, few papers focus on aboriginal college dropouts. Such essays simply argue how to resolve their learning problems and call them back to the mainstream education system. I think otherwise. In their tribes, aboriginal students are cultivated and affected by its surroundings and its norms. They are influential but invisible in the learning process. What matters for aboriginal students is not only the genealogy but also the values passed down from generation to generation. In working on my paper, I aim to find out the relationship between what aboriginal students learn from their tribes and learning models of the current education system. My thesis takes dropouts of Pi-hou Tribe as an example and investigates such factors as tribal economy, family education, peer relationships, religious beliefs, and traditions learning. My study builds upon attribution theory, orients toward qualitative research, and adopts semi structure and in-depth interviews so as to explore Pi-hou-Tribe case. Finally, this paper can serve as a reference for those who are concerned with aboriginal dropouts in view of schooling education and as a starting point for further studies on related issues.

本研究以溪洲部落拆遷政策變遷為個案研究，瞭解「代表性官僚」在實務上如何運作，以及他們在現實的政策環境中如何自處，藉由深入的探討來發掘「代表性官僚」的更多可能，讓他們發揮積極代表性的功能。研究方法以深度訪談為主，在不足處再佐以官方新聞稿及國內報紙新聞資料，進行5位受訪者，共計6次訪談，研究範圍自2007年9月至2011年5月止。 本研究結果發現，因個案牽涉層級太高，臺北縣原民局的行政決策空間有限，在個人因素方面，「代表性官僚與代表團體間擁有共享的價值觀與信念」、「代表性官僚改變政策標的之行為」、「代表性官僚本身對其代表性的認同程度」等對代表性官僚的決策與執行有影響；在結構因素中「行政裁量權的多寡」與「外在政治環境」對代表性官僚的決策與執行有影響，較具體是反映在專業與資源不足、社會運動蓬勃、媒體與政治力介入、學者專家介入等因素。除了上述的影響因素之外，本研究亦發現不同行政人員的信仰、生活經歷、工作經歷等亦會影響行政人員處理相關事務的態度。此外，研究發現認為原住民族身分的行政人員如與政策標的屬於同一族群，則較能發揮文化、語言等優勢進行溝通協調工作，而原民住族在有困難時，也會習慣向自己的原民行政體系尋求協助，顯見「代表性官僚」的存在有其功能。但值得一提的是，非原住民族的行政人員也能夠透過與族人的長期互動來獲得族人的認同，因此，從處理原住民族事務的觀點來看，不論行政人員是否屬於原住民族，培養「原民意識」皆是必須的。 此外，本研究建議：第一，原民體系應增加人力與專業等資源，在政策推動上爭取主導權，避免成為自我限縮的官僚；第二，處理原住民族事務需要「原民意識」的培養，增加行政人員的內在動力；第三，為因應愈來愈多的都市原住民人口，中央原民會應主動進行全盤的政策規劃和立法相關準備工作，讓原住民族的利益能夠獲得立法保障，減少政黨輪替所帶來的影響，最後應有原住民族公共利益的產生制度，並增加族人對於原住民族代表性官僚的課責管道，以回應政策需求。 / This study is a case study about the relocation policy negotiation with Shijou Tribe, in order to understand how "Representative Bureaucracy" works in practice, as well as the real policy environment, and to discover the "representative bureaucracy" more likely to enable them to play an active representative functional . the main research method is in-depth interviews, the five respondents, a total of six interviews, and then combined with the official press releases and newspapers from September 2007 to May 2011 only. The study found that because the case involves high-level, Council of Indigenous Peoples Bureau, Taipei County executive decision-making space is limited. In personal factors, "between representative bureaucrats and representative groups with shared values and beliefs," "representative bureaucrats to change its policy subject of conduct "," representative bureaucracy itself, the recognition of their representative, " influence representative bureaucrats on the decision-making and implementation. In the structure factors, "the amount of administrative discretion" and "external political environment" influence representative bureaucrats on decision-making and implementation, more specifically reflected in the lack of expertise and resources, social movements, media and political forces involved, scholars expert intervention. Except the above factors, the study also found that the administrative staff of different beliefs, life experiences, work experience and other administrative staff will also affect the attitude of dealing with relevant affairs. In addition, the study found that Aboriginal identity and policy underlying executive officer of the same ethnic group, are more able to play culture, language and other advantages of communication and coordination, and the original people also used to their own administrative systems of Indigenous Peoples for assistance, which shows that the existence of "representative bureaucracy" has its functions. But it is worth mentioning that non-Aboriginal executives can also via the long-term interaction with the tribe to get the tribe recognized, therefore, deal with Aboriginal affairs from the point of view, regardless of whether they are Aboriginal administrative staff, developing a "sense of the original people" are necessary. In the end, this study suggests that the original system should increase professional ability and other resources, to avoid becoming a self-limited reduction of bureaucracy; In addition, increase administrative personnel intrinsic motivation; Finally, in response to an increasing number of urban Aboriginal population, Council of Indigenous Peoples, Executive Yuan should adjust overall policy planning and legislation related to preparatory work for the interests of indigenous peoples to obtain legislative protection, reducing the impact of politics. On the other hand, indigenous peoples should have the system for the public interest and increase the representative bureaucrats accountability.

This thesis is primarily focused on collecting insights regarding rock music fan that can be applied to marketing communication. Its main aim is to describe how the rock fans are different from the major population in terms of descriptive characteristics, values, opinions and lifestyle. The points of parity and the points of difference are investigated on the level of rock sub-genres. The message, symbolism and main ideas present in rock music are examined, including historical and social context leading to the formation and development of the genre. We also tried to assign a specific archetype to rock and its sub-genres. We assume that rock fans are in some ways different from the rest of the population and that we are able to observe the differences on the level of sub-genres. However, we also expect that there are some points of parity symptomatic for all the rock genres. We suppose that artists and music marketers approach marketing communication mostly from the point of their own intuition and that they frequently use symbolism, historical references and archetypes in their way of communication. The research is comprised of three parts. First part is the analysis of secondary data from MML-TGI database by Median Research Company for year 2013. Used methodology: General analysis and cross analysis. The objective of the analysis was to determine differences between genres and subgenres in terms of descriptive characteristics, value system and verdicts about lifestyle. The next part of the research was the content analysis of notable rock album front covers for the purpose of deeper exploration of rock symbols. The last part of the research is comprised of interviews with music industry professionals who shared their opinion regarding genre characteristics, fans and marketing communication in real life.