L’eau a longtemps été considérée comme une ressource commune non susceptible d’appropriation et accessible à tous. De nos jours, toutefois, face à l’inégale répartition de l’eau sur la planète, à l’augmentation constante de la population et à la multiplication des usages qui entraînent la surexploitation et la pollution des ressources hydriques, l’eau prend une valeur nouvelle. L’eau devient de plus en plus un enjeu stratégique, politique et commercial. En conséquence, la redéfinition du statut juridique de l’eau devient un objet de débat important. Ce débat est avant tout un débat rhétorique et une « bataille » idéologique entre des groupes qui soutiennent différentes approches et qui cherchent à obtenir le monopole de la nouvelle réalité et créer ainsi le nouveau droit. Deux grandes approches s’affrontent pour redéfinir la ressource. La première, celle qui envisage l’eau comme un bien économique, soutient que pour éviter les problèmes de gaspillage et de pollution, l’eau doit être soumise aux lois de l’offre et de la demande. La deuxième, celle qui considère l’eau comme une chose commune, non appropriable et hors commerce, soutient que la valeur d’une ressource aussi vitale que l’eau ne peut être établie par les lois du marché puisque cette alternative ne permet pas d’assurer l’accès à l’eau aux plus démunis de la société. Cette approche prône également la reconnaissance d’un droit humain à l’eau. Notre thèse tente de déterminer comment s’effectue le choix du statut juridique de l’eau, et ce, tant au Québec qu’au Mexique. Notre question de recherche est traitée selon une perspective constructiviste en vertu de laquelle le statut juridique de l’eau serait une réalité « construite » et le nouveau droit serait le résultat des luttes, des oppositions et des compromis entre les acteurs sociaux impliqués. Notre terrain d’étude est le Québec et le Mexique. En effet, ce sont des territoires intégrés économiquement par le biais de l’ALENA où l’on observe des variations importantes en termes de ressources, de prélèvements et de consommation. Au Québec, nous analysons le débat qui a eu lieu lors de la Consultation sur la gestion de l’eau au Québec (1999), notamment les discours concernant le statut de l’eau, la gestion publique/privée des services d’eau et l’exportation en vrac de la ressource. Au Mexique, nous analysons les représentations des acteurs sociaux à l’occasion de l’adoption de la Loi des eaux nationales de 1992, notamment les questions qui comportent un lien étroit avec la symbolique de l’eau. Or, nous avons remarqué que le résultat de ces constructions sociales au sein de ces territoires est complètement différent. Au Québec, on a confirmé le statut de l’eau en tant que chose commune, tandis qu’au Mexique, c’est plutôt la symbolique de l’eau en tant que bien économique qui a été adoptée dans la nouvelle législation portant sur l’eau. / Water has been considered for a long time as a common good not susceptible to appropriation and accessible to all. Nowadays, however, in front of the uneven distribution of water on the planet, the constant increase of the population and the increase of water uses which pulls the overexploitation and the pollution of water resources, water takes a new value. Indeed, it becomes more and more a strategic, political and commercial issue. Consequently, the redefining of legal status of water becomes an important object of debate. This is above all a rhetoric debate and an ideological "battle" between groups who support different approaches. Indeed, these ideologies are the fruit of different speeches conceived by social actors who have contrary interests and ideologies and that aim at having the monopoly of the new reality and creating the new law. There are two important approaches which are in confrontation. The first one, conceive water as an economic good, and considers that to avoid problems of wasting and pollution, water must be subjected to the laws of supply and demand. The second conceive water as a common good and supports that the value of a resource so vital as water cannot be established by the laws of the market, because this alternative does not allow to assure access to water to the most deprived of the society. This approach advocates the recognition of water as a human right. Our thesis aims at finding how the choice of the legal status of water is made in Quebec and in Mexico. This question will be treated according to a constructivist perspective according to which the legal status of water would be a "constructed" reality and, thus, the new law would be the result of fights, oppositions and also, compromises between the involved social actors. Our analysis covers Quebec and Mexico. In fact, those are territories economically integrated by NAFTA where we observe important variations in terms of resources, uses and consumption of water. In Quebec, we analyze the representations of different actors during the Consultation on Water Management held in 1999, and more particularly the speeches concerning the status of water, the privatization of water services and the bulk water exports. In Mexico, we analyze the representations of social actors surrounding the adoption of the National Water Law of 1992, and more particularly the questions concerning the symbolism of water. Now, we found that the result of these constructions within these territories is completely different. In Quebec, the status of water as a common good has been confirmed, whereas in Mexico, it is rather the symbolism of water as an economic good which was adopted in the new Mexican legislation. / El agua ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como un bien común inapropiable y de libre acceso. No obstante, frente al aumento constante de la población, a la multiplicación de los diversos usos que provocan la sobreexplotación y a la contaminación de los recursos hídricos, el agua retoma un valor nuevo. Ésta es considerada cada vez más como un recurso estratégico, político y comercial. El tema de la redefinición del estatus jurídico del agua o su calificación jurídica es cada vez más importante en los debates que conciernen al manejo del agua. Al respecto, hay dos grandes enfoques que se enfrentan: el primero considera el agua como un bien económico y sostiene que para evitar los problemas de despilfarro y de contaminación, el agua debe estar sometida a las leyes de la oferta y la demanda. El segundo considera el agua como un bien común, inapropiable y fuera de comercio, este enfoque sostiene que el valor de un recurso tan vital como el agua, no puede ser establecido por las leyes del mercado ya que esta alternativa no permite asegurar el acceso al agua a los menos favorecidos de la sociedad. Este enfoque también preconiza el reconocimiento de un derecho humano al agua. Nuestra tesis pretende identificar cómo se efectúa la elección del estatus jurídico del agua, tanto en Québec como en México. Nuestra investigación tomara una perspectiva constructivista en virtud de la cual consideramos que la calificación jurídica del agua es una realidad "construida". El nuevo derecho corresponderá a las luchas, oposiciones y compromisos entre los actores sociales implicados. Tomamos como campo de investigación Québec (Canada) y México, territorios integrados económicamente por el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) donde se observa variaciones importantes en términos de recursos, de usos y de consumos. En Quebec, analizamos las representaciones de los actores sociales que participaron a la consulta pública sobre la gestión del agua que tuvo lugar en (1999), más particularmente los discursos que hacen referencia a la calificación jurídica del agua, al manejo público o privado de los servicios de agua y a la exportación del recurso a grande escala. En México, analizamos los discursos de los actores sociales que hubieran podido tener alguna incidencia en el contenido de la Ley de aguas nacionales de 1992. Observaremos que el resultado de estas construcciones sociales, al interior de estos Estados es completamente diferente: en Québec, se confirmará que el agua es un bien común, mientras que en México la Ley de aguas nacionales hace de ella un bien económico.

Esta dissertação tem por tema o conceito de “bem comum”, tal como é compreendido por Tomás de Aquino em sua obra magna, a Suma Teológica. Teve-se por objetivo analisar as relações deste conceito tanto com a teologia quanto com o direito canônico do séc. XIII, saberes que embasam e legitimam as discussões sobre o bem comum na sociedade medieval. Também objetivou-se articular as reflexões de Tomás de Aquino ao desenvolvimento da Inquisição na Idade Média central. No primeiro capítulo, foi analisado como este conceito é entendido pelo teólogo e como está localizado na Suma, em outras palavras, quais são as outras reflexões que orbitam ao redor da questão do “bem comum” para Tomás. Nesse sentido, para entender as reflexões teológicas e jurídicas que embasam a concepção tomista de bem comum no séc. XIII, com o auxílio da metodologia da história intelectual, foi possível fazer um mapeamento na obra para verificar quais são as referências de autoridade (auctoritas) para o teólogo, sendo possível questionar: quem Tomás de Aquino cita ao falar sobre este conceito? Assim, filiando o Aquinate a uma tradição intelectual que remonta tanto a Agostinho quanto a Aristóteles, foi possível verificar qual é a inovação deste teólogo no debate em relação aos seus antecessores. No segundo capítulo, foi possível compreender que o conceito de bem comum está intimamente ligado às discussões de Tomás a respeito do pecado, da heresia, do lugar do herege na sociedade e sobre como e porquê ele deve ser exterminado da civitas. Situando a posição de Tomás a respeito do bem comum ao estabelecimento progressivo da Inquisição na Idade Média central, foi possível perguntar: Tomás de Aquino representa a Igreja na segunda metade do séc. XIII? Tal questionamento revelou que Tomás não é um representante unilateral da reforma que a Cristandade empreende no período. No último capítulo, o conceito de bem comum, conforme Tomás de Aquino, também foi associado ao desenvolvimento de uma sociedade perseguidora no séc. XIII, o que permitiu tanto refletir sobre uma “nova” espiritualidade que entra em vigor com a atuação dos mendicantes na civitas quanto, a partir de um exercício de antropologia escolástica, ver como Tomás, a exemplo dos seus pares, enxergava a comunidade cristã na qual estava inserido. Através da criação de uma categoria conceitual, a civitas christiana, foi possível entender que – pelo menos para Tomás de Aquino –, apesar da perseguição institucional empreendida, o lugar do herege na Idade Média não é fora da sociedade cristã, mas ao contrário, tendo funções a desempenhar nessa communitas, seu lugar é dentro dela. / The subject of this dissertation is the concept of “common good”, as understood by Thomas Aquinas in his magna opera, the Summa Theologica. One goal was to analyze the relationship of this concept with both the theology and in canon law of the XIIIth, knowledge that support and legitimize discussions of the common good in medieval society. Also aimed to articulate the thoughts of Thomas Aquinas to the development of the Inquisition in the Central Middle Ages. In the first chapter, was intended to analyze how this concept is understood by the theologian and as it is located in the document, in another way, what are the other reflections that orbiting the question of “common good” for Aquinas. In this sense, in order to understand the theological and juridical considerations underpinning the Thomist conception of the common good in XIIIth century with the help of the methodology of intellectual history, it was possible to map the work in order to verify what are the authority of references (auctoritas) to the theologian and, therefore, to question: who Aquinas quotes when talking about this concept? Wherefore, affiliating Aquinas to an intellectual tradition that dates back as far as Aristotle to Augustine, it was possible to find what is the innovation of this theologian in the debate over its predecessors. In the second chapter, from these issues, it was possible to understand that the concept of common good is closely linked to Aquinas’s discussions about sin, heresy, heretic’s place in society and how and why it should be destroyer from the civitas. Situating Aquinas’s position on the common good to the progressive establishment of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages central, it was questioned: Is Thomas Aquinas representative of Church in the second half of XIIIth century? Such questioning illustrated that Thomas is not an unilateral representative of reform that Christianity undertakes the period. In the last chapter, the concept of the common good, according Thomas Aquinas, was also associated with the development of a persecuting society in the XIIIth, which allowed both reflect about a “new” spirituality which takes effect with the activities of mendicants in the civitas as well as an exercise in scholastic anthropology, see how Aquinas, like its peers, understand the Christian community in which he was inserted. By creating a conceptual category, the civitas christiana, was possible to understand that – at least for Aquinas –, despite the undertaken institutional persecution, the place of the heretic in the Middle Ages is not “out” of Christian society, it’s the opposite, having duties in this communitas, their place is in it.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Pires de Campos Filho.pdf: 1230163 bytes, checksum: 7aecdf4937e6fc88ebc0a96eb18906df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / The objective of this dissertation is to expose the philosophical assumptions of the theory of the philosopher St. Augustine on the nature of the ethical and legal State The thought here is understood as a defense of the just State and of the conception of natural law against accusations that Christianity causes injury to the political community. The Augustinian conception of a just and happy society allows, instead, enhancing the civic virtues as a means to achieve the common good and peace. The Augustinian ontology allows the truth to be the reference of virtues and vices, as precepts of action capable of forming the unity of a civilization. The "City of God" is the allegory of a just society that is present in this world through the ages in coexistence with the earthly state / O objetivo desta dissertação é expor os pressupostos filosóficos centrais da teoria do filósofo Santo Agostinho sobre a natureza do Estado ético-jurídico. O pensamento é aqui compreendido como uma defesa do Estado justo e da concepção de lei natural contra as acusações de que o Cristianismo causa prejuízo à comunidade política. A concepção agostiniana de sociedade justa e feliz permite, ao contrário, aprimorar as virtudes cívicas como meio para alcançar o bem comum e a paz. A ontologia agostiniana permite que a verdade seja a referência das virtudes e dos vícios, como preceitos do agir capazes de formar a unidade de uma civilização. A Cidade de Deus é a alegoria de sociedade justa presente no mundo através dos tempos em convivência com o Estado terreno

A Freedom Charter statement regarding land is highlighted as follows: “The land shall be shared among those who work it, demands a redistribution of the land and state assistance for the peasantry, as well as the abolition of any restrictions on movements of people, access to land, and stock holdings.” The quest for inclusive and participatory governance enshrined in the South Africa’s Land Reform Programme resonates with efforts to develop and strengthen an active and critical rights based citizenship. The need to boost local community awareness of land reform challenges necessitates continuous evaluations of the lived realities of poor communities through participatory and collaborative methodologies in order to articulate their socio-economic problems. Land is regarded as a resource that gives people access to certain basic needs necessary for them to lead a dignified life. This research explores the participation of the Catholic Church on land reform programmes in South Africa between 1994 and 2014. It also looks at the Catholic Church’s land ownership policy and how it has been using its land in two decades of democracy (1994-2014). This research further explores the Catholic vision for land reform in South Africa. It also highlights some key theological criteria which may assist to achieve the intended objectives. In the light of this reality, the research shows that there is lack of meaningful progress in enabling those who are impoverished to assert their right to own land. Even the majority that have benefited from various land reform programmes and have become land owners have not received sufficient support to enable them to use and care for the land in such a way that benefits them. This leads to an unproductive and demeaning lifestyle. More emphasis needs to be placed on proper financial support from the government. Further emphasis needs to be placed on training for skills development as a condition for receiving Church assistance on the part of the beneficiaries. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Church History)

L’eau a longtemps été considérée comme une ressource commune non susceptible d’appropriation et accessible à tous. De nos jours, toutefois, face à l’inégale répartition de l’eau sur la planète, à l’augmentation constante de la population et à la multiplication des usages qui entraînent la surexploitation et la pollution des ressources hydriques, l’eau prend une valeur nouvelle. L’eau devient de plus en plus un enjeu stratégique, politique et commercial. En conséquence, la redéfinition du statut juridique de l’eau devient un objet de débat important. Ce débat est avant tout un débat rhétorique et une « bataille » idéologique entre des groupes qui soutiennent différentes approches et qui cherchent à obtenir le monopole de la nouvelle réalité et créer ainsi le nouveau droit. Deux grandes approches s’affrontent pour redéfinir la ressource. La première, celle qui envisage l’eau comme un bien économique, soutient que pour éviter les problèmes de gaspillage et de pollution, l’eau doit être soumise aux lois de l’offre et de la demande. La deuxième, celle qui considère l’eau comme une chose commune, non appropriable et hors commerce, soutient que la valeur d’une ressource aussi vitale que l’eau ne peut être établie par les lois du marché puisque cette alternative ne permet pas d’assurer l’accès à l’eau aux plus démunis de la société. Cette approche prône également la reconnaissance d’un droit humain à l’eau. Notre thèse tente de déterminer comment s’effectue le choix du statut juridique de l’eau, et ce, tant au Québec qu’au Mexique. Notre question de recherche est traitée selon une perspective constructiviste en vertu de laquelle le statut juridique de l’eau serait une réalité « construite » et le nouveau droit serait le résultat des luttes, des oppositions et des compromis entre les acteurs sociaux impliqués. Notre terrain d’étude est le Québec et le Mexique. En effet, ce sont des territoires intégrés économiquement par le biais de l’ALENA où l’on observe des variations importantes en termes de ressources, de prélèvements et de consommation. Au Québec, nous analysons le débat qui a eu lieu lors de la Consultation sur la gestion de l’eau au Québec (1999), notamment les discours concernant le statut de l’eau, la gestion publique/privée des services d’eau et l’exportation en vrac de la ressource. Au Mexique, nous analysons les représentations des acteurs sociaux à l’occasion de l’adoption de la Loi des eaux nationales de 1992, notamment les questions qui comportent un lien étroit avec la symbolique de l’eau. Or, nous avons remarqué que le résultat de ces constructions sociales au sein de ces territoires est complètement différent. Au Québec, on a confirmé le statut de l’eau en tant que chose commune, tandis qu’au Mexique, c’est plutôt la symbolique de l’eau en tant que bien économique qui a été adoptée dans la nouvelle législation portant sur l’eau. / Water has been considered for a long time as a common good not susceptible to appropriation and accessible to all. Nowadays, however, in front of the uneven distribution of water on the planet, the constant increase of the population and the increase of water uses which pulls the overexploitation and the pollution of water resources, water takes a new value. Indeed, it becomes more and more a strategic, political and commercial issue. Consequently, the redefining of legal status of water becomes an important object of debate. This is above all a rhetoric debate and an ideological "battle" between groups who support different approaches. Indeed, these ideologies are the fruit of different speeches conceived by social actors who have contrary interests and ideologies and that aim at having the monopoly of the new reality and creating the new law. There are two important approaches which are in confrontation. The first one, conceive water as an economic good, and considers that to avoid problems of wasting and pollution, water must be subjected to the laws of supply and demand. The second conceive water as a common good and supports that the value of a resource so vital as water cannot be established by the laws of the market, because this alternative does not allow to assure access to water to the most deprived of the society. This approach advocates the recognition of water as a human right. Our thesis aims at finding how the choice of the legal status of water is made in Quebec and in Mexico. This question will be treated according to a constructivist perspective according to which the legal status of water would be a "constructed" reality and, thus, the new law would be the result of fights, oppositions and also, compromises between the involved social actors. Our analysis covers Quebec and Mexico. In fact, those are territories economically integrated by NAFTA where we observe important variations in terms of resources, uses and consumption of water. In Quebec, we analyze the representations of different actors during the Consultation on Water Management held in 1999, and more particularly the speeches concerning the status of water, the privatization of water services and the bulk water exports. In Mexico, we analyze the representations of social actors surrounding the adoption of the National Water Law of 1992, and more particularly the questions concerning the symbolism of water. Now, we found that the result of these constructions within these territories is completely different. In Quebec, the status of water as a common good has been confirmed, whereas in Mexico, it is rather the symbolism of water as an economic good which was adopted in the new Mexican legislation. / El agua ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como un bien común inapropiable y de libre acceso. No obstante, frente al aumento constante de la población, a la multiplicación de los diversos usos que provocan la sobreexplotación y a la contaminación de los recursos hídricos, el agua retoma un valor nuevo. Ésta es considerada cada vez más como un recurso estratégico, político y comercial. El tema de la redefinición del estatus jurídico del agua o su calificación jurídica es cada vez más importante en los debates que conciernen al manejo del agua. Al respecto, hay dos grandes enfoques que se enfrentan: el primero considera el agua como un bien económico y sostiene que para evitar los problemas de despilfarro y de contaminación, el agua debe estar sometida a las leyes de la oferta y la demanda. El segundo considera el agua como un bien común, inapropiable y fuera de comercio, este enfoque sostiene que el valor de un recurso tan vital como el agua, no puede ser establecido por las leyes del mercado ya que esta alternativa no permite asegurar el acceso al agua a los menos favorecidos de la sociedad. Este enfoque también preconiza el reconocimiento de un derecho humano al agua. Nuestra tesis pretende identificar cómo se efectúa la elección del estatus jurídico del agua, tanto en Québec como en México. Nuestra investigación tomara una perspectiva constructivista en virtud de la cual consideramos que la calificación jurídica del agua es una realidad "construida". El nuevo derecho corresponderá a las luchas, oposiciones y compromisos entre los actores sociales implicados. Tomamos como campo de investigación Québec (Canada) y México, territorios integrados económicamente por el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) donde se observa variaciones importantes en términos de recursos, de usos y de consumos. En Quebec, analizamos las representaciones de los actores sociales que participaron a la consulta pública sobre la gestión del agua que tuvo lugar en (1999), más particularmente los discursos que hacen referencia a la calificación jurídica del agua, al manejo público o privado de los servicios de agua y a la exportación del recurso a grande escala. En México, analizamos los discursos de los actores sociales que hubieran podido tener alguna incidencia en el contenido de la Ley de aguas nacionales de 1992. Observaremos que el resultado de estas construcciones sociales, al interior de estos Estados es completamente diferente: en Québec, se confirmará que el agua es un bien común, mientras que en México la Ley de aguas nacionales hace de ella un bien económico.

Esta dissertação tem por tema o conceito de “bem comum”, tal como é compreendido por Tomás de Aquino em sua obra magna, a Suma Teológica. Teve-se por objetivo analisar as relações deste conceito tanto com a teologia quanto com o direito canônico do séc. XIII, saberes que embasam e legitimam as discussões sobre o bem comum na sociedade medieval. Também objetivou-se articular as reflexões de Tomás de Aquino ao desenvolvimento da Inquisição na Idade Média central. No primeiro capítulo, foi analisado como este conceito é entendido pelo teólogo e como está localizado na Suma, em outras palavras, quais são as outras reflexões que orbitam ao redor da questão do “bem comum” para Tomás. Nesse sentido, para entender as reflexões teológicas e jurídicas que embasam a concepção tomista de bem comum no séc. XIII, com o auxílio da metodologia da história intelectual, foi possível fazer um mapeamento na obra para verificar quais são as referências de autoridade (auctoritas) para o teólogo, sendo possível questionar: quem Tomás de Aquino cita ao falar sobre este conceito? Assim, filiando o Aquinate a uma tradição intelectual que remonta tanto a Agostinho quanto a Aristóteles, foi possível verificar qual é a inovação deste teólogo no debate em relação aos seus antecessores. No segundo capítulo, foi possível compreender que o conceito de bem comum está intimamente ligado às discussões de Tomás a respeito do pecado, da heresia, do lugar do herege na sociedade e sobre como e porquê ele deve ser exterminado da civitas. Situando a posição de Tomás a respeito do bem comum ao estabelecimento progressivo da Inquisição na Idade Média central, foi possível perguntar: Tomás de Aquino representa a Igreja na segunda metade do séc. XIII? Tal questionamento revelou que Tomás não é um representante unilateral da reforma que a Cristandade empreende no período. No último capítulo, o conceito de bem comum, conforme Tomás de Aquino, também foi associado ao desenvolvimento de uma sociedade perseguidora no séc. XIII, o que permitiu tanto refletir sobre uma “nova” espiritualidade que entra em vigor com a atuação dos mendicantes na civitas quanto, a partir de um exercício de antropologia escolástica, ver como Tomás, a exemplo dos seus pares, enxergava a comunidade cristã na qual estava inserido. Através da criação de uma categoria conceitual, a civitas christiana, foi possível entender que – pelo menos para Tomás de Aquino –, apesar da perseguição institucional empreendida, o lugar do herege na Idade Média não é fora da sociedade cristã, mas ao contrário, tendo funções a desempenhar nessa communitas, seu lugar é dentro dela. / The subject of this dissertation is the concept of “common good”, as understood by Thomas Aquinas in his magna opera, the Summa Theologica. One goal was to analyze the relationship of this concept with both the theology and in canon law of the XIIIth, knowledge that support and legitimize discussions of the common good in medieval society. Also aimed to articulate the thoughts of Thomas Aquinas to the development of the Inquisition in the Central Middle Ages. In the first chapter, was intended to analyze how this concept is understood by the theologian and as it is located in the document, in another way, what are the other reflections that orbiting the question of “common good” for Aquinas. In this sense, in order to understand the theological and juridical considerations underpinning the Thomist conception of the common good in XIIIth century with the help of the methodology of intellectual history, it was possible to map the work in order to verify what are the authority of references (auctoritas) to the theologian and, therefore, to question: who Aquinas quotes when talking about this concept? Wherefore, affiliating Aquinas to an intellectual tradition that dates back as far as Aristotle to Augustine, it was possible to find what is the innovation of this theologian in the debate over its predecessors. In the second chapter, from these issues, it was possible to understand that the concept of common good is closely linked to Aquinas’s discussions about sin, heresy, heretic’s place in society and how and why it should be destroyer from the civitas. Situating Aquinas’s position on the common good to the progressive establishment of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages central, it was questioned: Is Thomas Aquinas representative of Church in the second half of XIIIth century? Such questioning illustrated that Thomas is not an unilateral representative of reform that Christianity undertakes the period. In the last chapter, the concept of the common good, according Thomas Aquinas, was also associated with the development of a persecuting society in the XIIIth, which allowed both reflect about a “new” spirituality which takes effect with the activities of mendicants in the civitas as well as an exercise in scholastic anthropology, see how Aquinas, like its peers, understand the Christian community in which he was inserted. By creating a conceptual category, the civitas christiana, was possible to understand that – at least for Aquinas –, despite the undertaken institutional persecution, the place of the heretic in the Middle Ages is not “out” of Christian society, it’s the opposite, having duties in this communitas, their place is in it.

Anglican dioceses established by The Church Mission Society and other Western founded Christian denominations in East Africa were envisaged to grow and become self-governing, self-propagating and self-supporting. The first two goals(to be self governing and self-propagating) have more or less been achieved. The third goal (the pursuit of self-support) is at a critical stage, especially considering that resources, in terms of funding and personnel, are in decline. This research sought to document the factors that contribute to, or hinder, the role that lay people (business people in particular) can play in sustaining the ministry and mission of Anglican dioceses. The research methods chosen for data collection consisted of interactive fieldwork. In this, formal and informal interviews were conducted. The interviewees were selected mainly from Anglican dioceses, with their input being corroborated by Methodists, Evangelical Lutheran and Presbyterian Church leaders from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Interviews were conducted, first, with church leaders who were in office at the time when John Gatu declared a moratorium on Western missionaries in 1974. Next came interviews with leaders of the 1990s and 2000s. For each leader, a corroborative project was documented. A limited quantitative questionnaire was administered for triangulation purposes.The data were analysed to identify the themes and patterns that emerged. This phase was followed by an extensive literature review. The research methodology utilised the Praxis Cycle, developed by Cochrane, De Gruchy and Peterson (1990) in their book, In Word and Deed,which has its roots in the “see, judge, act” method of the Belgian Cardinal, Joseph Cardijn,founder of the Young Christian Workers movement. The analysis allowed me to examine the interplay between business and mission, using the seven-point Praxis Cycle, modified by JNJ Kritzinger (2008:771) to assess the spirituality of BAM and its contribution to Christian mission. Other movements of the Praxis Cycle are practical projects, theological reflection, contextual analysis, ecclesial analysis, agency and reflexivity. The literature review was analysed in terms of four primary dimensions: Business as Business (profit maximisation), Mission as Business(profit from philanthropy),Mission as Mission(philanthropy from profits), and Business as Mission (profit for the common good). The fourth dimension was explored as an overarching vision for churches seeking to grow towards financial sustainability. Also considered was how such sustainability could be implemented in the East African context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

L’ « éducation tout au long de la vie », y compris dès la petite enfance, le primaire, le secondaire, la formation professionnelle, l’éducation supérieure et des adultes est devenue une priorité pour l’ONU (ODD 2030 numéro 4) et pour l’UE (moteur de la Stratégie 2020). La Commission envisage un Espace Européen d´Éducation, auprès le succès de l´Espace Européen d´Éducation Supérieur et l´Espace Européen de la Recherche. L´UE a fait de la mobilité son objectif et le programme Erasmus +, après trente ans, a bénéficié à plus de 9 millions de personnes. Pour autant, quels sont les droits dans le domaine de l’éducation des étudiants, parents, apprentis, directeurs d’établissements éducatifs publics et privés, professeurs, et des autres parties prenantes de la société civile (associations, fondations, entreprises) ? D’un point de vue juridique, les États de l’UE doivent suivre les obligations découlant de la DUDH, des Pactes, CDE, l’UNESCO, l’OIT, OMC, UNICEF, entre autres. Les États doivent répondre à ces obligations parmi les Examens Périodiques Universels, et suivre les recommandations du rapporteur spécial sur le droit à l’éducation. « L’acquis communautaire » a modelé le droit à l’éducation. Parmi les droits analysés se trouvent : le droit à la libre circulation des personnes, le droit à la libre prestation des services et d’établissement, des travailleurs, le principe de non-discrimination en raison de la nationalité, de l’égalité des genres, entre autres. Au regard de l’analyse de l’aspect international, de l’aspect européen et de l’aspect des droits de l’homme (application de la Charte des droits de l´homme et de la CEDH et sa jurisprudence), les citoyens de l’UE ont un droit à l’éducation au sein de l’UE comme droit de l’homme « sui generis » original et spécifique de l’UE. / Lifelong learning including early childhood, primary, secondary, vocational training, higher education and adult education has become a priority for the UN (ODD 2030, number 4) and for the EU (the driving force behind the 2020 Strategy). The Commission is considering a European Area of Education, with the success of the European Higher Education Area and the European Research Area. The EU has made mobility its goal and the Erasmus + program for thirty years has benefited more than 9 million people. However, what are the rights in the field of education for: students, parents, trainees, and directors of public and private educational institutions, teachers, and other stakeholders of civil society (associations, foundations, companies)? From a legal point of view, EU States must follow the obligations following from the UDHR, the Covenants, the CRC, UNESCO, ILO, WTO, UNICEF, among others. States must meet these obligations among the Universal Periodic Review, and follow the recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education. The « acquis communautaire » is shaping the right to education. Among the rights analyzed we find: rights of free movement of persons, services and establishment, workers, non-discrimination on grounds of nationality, and gender equality among others. After the analysis of the international aspect, the European aspect and the human rights aspect (application of the EU Charter of fundamental rights and the ECHR and its jurisprudence), EU citizens have a right to education in the EU as human right «sui generis» .

Esta dissertação tem por tema o conceito de “bem comum”, tal como é compreendido por Tomás de Aquino em sua obra magna, a Suma Teológica. Teve-se por objetivo analisar as relações deste conceito tanto com a teologia quanto com o direito canônico do séc. XIII, saberes que embasam e legitimam as discussões sobre o bem comum na sociedade medieval. Também objetivou-se articular as reflexões de Tomás de Aquino ao desenvolvimento da Inquisição na Idade Média central. No primeiro capítulo, foi analisado como este conceito é entendido pelo teólogo e como está localizado na Suma, em outras palavras, quais são as outras reflexões que orbitam ao redor da questão do “bem comum” para Tomás. Nesse sentido, para entender as reflexões teológicas e jurídicas que embasam a concepção tomista de bem comum no séc. XIII, com o auxílio da metodologia da história intelectual, foi possível fazer um mapeamento na obra para verificar quais são as referências de autoridade (auctoritas) para o teólogo, sendo possível questionar: quem Tomás de Aquino cita ao falar sobre este conceito? Assim, filiando o Aquinate a uma tradição intelectual que remonta tanto a Agostinho quanto a Aristóteles, foi possível verificar qual é a inovação deste teólogo no debate em relação aos seus antecessores. No segundo capítulo, foi possível compreender que o conceito de bem comum está intimamente ligado às discussões de Tomás a respeito do pecado, da heresia, do lugar do herege na sociedade e sobre como e porquê ele deve ser exterminado da civitas. Situando a posição de Tomás a respeito do bem comum ao estabelecimento progressivo da Inquisição na Idade Média central, foi possível perguntar: Tomás de Aquino representa a Igreja na segunda metade do séc. XIII? Tal questionamento revelou que Tomás não é um representante unilateral da reforma que a Cristandade empreende no período. No último capítulo, o conceito de bem comum, conforme Tomás de Aquino, também foi associado ao desenvolvimento de uma sociedade perseguidora no séc. XIII, o que permitiu tanto refletir sobre uma “nova” espiritualidade que entra em vigor com a atuação dos mendicantes na civitas quanto, a partir de um exercício de antropologia escolástica, ver como Tomás, a exemplo dos seus pares, enxergava a comunidade cristã na qual estava inserido. Através da criação de uma categoria conceitual, a civitas christiana, foi possível entender que – pelo menos para Tomás de Aquino –, apesar da perseguição institucional empreendida, o lugar do herege na Idade Média não é fora da sociedade cristã, mas ao contrário, tendo funções a desempenhar nessa communitas, seu lugar é dentro dela. / The subject of this dissertation is the concept of “common good”, as understood by Thomas Aquinas in his magna opera, the Summa Theologica. One goal was to analyze the relationship of this concept with both the theology and in canon law of the XIIIth, knowledge that support and legitimize discussions of the common good in medieval society. Also aimed to articulate the thoughts of Thomas Aquinas to the development of the Inquisition in the Central Middle Ages. In the first chapter, was intended to analyze how this concept is understood by the theologian and as it is located in the document, in another way, what are the other reflections that orbiting the question of “common good” for Aquinas. In this sense, in order to understand the theological and juridical considerations underpinning the Thomist conception of the common good in XIIIth century with the help of the methodology of intellectual history, it was possible to map the work in order to verify what are the authority of references (auctoritas) to the theologian and, therefore, to question: who Aquinas quotes when talking about this concept? Wherefore, affiliating Aquinas to an intellectual tradition that dates back as far as Aristotle to Augustine, it was possible to find what is the innovation of this theologian in the debate over its predecessors. In the second chapter, from these issues, it was possible to understand that the concept of common good is closely linked to Aquinas’s discussions about sin, heresy, heretic’s place in society and how and why it should be destroyer from the civitas. Situating Aquinas’s position on the common good to the progressive establishment of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages central, it was questioned: Is Thomas Aquinas representative of Church in the second half of XIIIth century? Such questioning illustrated that Thomas is not an unilateral representative of reform that Christianity undertakes the period. In the last chapter, the concept of the common good, according Thomas Aquinas, was also associated with the development of a persecuting society in the XIIIth, which allowed both reflect about a “new” spirituality which takes effect with the activities of mendicants in the civitas as well as an exercise in scholastic anthropology, see how Aquinas, like its peers, understand the Christian community in which he was inserted. By creating a conceptual category, the civitas christiana, was possible to understand that – at least for Aquinas –, despite the undertaken institutional persecution, the place of the heretic in the Middle Ages is not “out” of Christian society, it’s the opposite, having duties in this communitas, their place is in it.

As the main research interest of this study one is able to highlight the issue of early- modern political thought, whose patterns have been analysed as protomodern grounds within the formative process of national identity. The thesis is based on the assumption that the political discourse of Polish aristocracy can be read as a specific part of European republicanism. Republican attributes are thus supposed to have stood for an essential core of Polish political culture at that time; core that was widely accepted by different political writers irrespective of their ideological distinctions. Hence, the study aims to prove that one is able to find the grounds of Polish "national" self-identification neither in ethnical nor in strict class traits, because concerning the question of identity, there was a crucial concept of a republic, closely linked to the peculiar values of liberty, equality and common good, which played a decisive role. In this regard, the thesis contradicts the traditional categories of Sarmatism or Sonderweg and instead of them, it introduces the concept of republican triangle as the hypothesis that is able to identify interdependence between political thought of that time and the image of Polish noble identity. Regarding methodological approaches, the study is based on the...