Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T20:03:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luciene Maria Bastos - 2014.pdf: 1452154 bytes, checksum: 554f4c167c820fc4c6a5b6ba0f16d08b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T20:03:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luciene Maria Bastos - 2014.pdf: 1452154 bytes, checksum: 554f4c167c820fc4c6a5b6ba0f16d08b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-29T20:03:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Luciene Maria Bastos - 2014.pdf: 1452154 bytes, checksum: 554f4c167c820fc4c6a5b6ba0f16d08b (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis, developed in the research line Fundamentals of Educational Processes, interrogates the nature, direction, idea, the real soul of the man’s training school, issue that must precede and illuminate the discussion, the understanding and the action, the theory and the práksis in teaching, learning, in the teacher training and in the public policies. School and training, concerned primarily with technical professionalisation, the development of competencies, the logic of the economy and marketing deplete the human’s constitution in the human being, of its ethical dimension. This work thinks, with the philosophy, conceptions and specific practices of the school as an organization at the service of economic interests dominate in the current form of society. The effort to understand the meaning and the nature of education and the school, inseparable from collective life, the culture and the training, as well as of new horizons of thought and action, follows the Ancient Greece, especially in the V and IV centuries BC. Emphasizes the grandeur and the rigor of the Corpus Aristotelicum, particularly the Nicomachean Ethics and the Politics, its discussion of the práksis, of areté, excellence, moral virtue, of eudaimonía, happiness, the political nature of the human being, vital to think about what the education is, the training and the school. The text is structured in three chapters. The first seeks to understand the Greek roots of our conception of man, of politics, of collective life and education, which ones are essential to thinking and rebuild the school. The Greeks bequeath us the political reason, the primacy of life in common, joined by philía ties, friendship, confirmed by seeing from de other’s eye. The citizen feels part of a whole community, to participate effectively in public life, assuming responsibility for what belongs to all of us and guiding their choices and actions for the pursuit of the common good. This way of life only builds through education as paideía, cultural and ethical-politics training, seeing the areté, excellent way of life. The second chapter discusses the man as being the logos, the phrónesis as an act of thinking and deliberating about the customs, the laws and the values, guiding the decisions and choices towards excellence. The purpose of human life supposes the subsumption of desires and interests to the right, and the search for the good life, enlivened by the justice, for freedom, for the common good. Form the man, the citizen who truly participates in the collective life, always seeking the common good is not develop skills and competencies, enable him to perform functions and carry out tasks, unlike, is shaping, upgrade their autonomy and freedom, seeking the imposition of ethical life, morally virtuous. The third chapter examines human life as inseparable from the skholé, leisure, creative freedom, not pressed by the needs. This time is the ontological foundation of the school as an institution of formation of excellent man, autonomous and free, committed to the good life, the ethical life; and he does not let to reduce himself to a training and staging center for the work, giving contents supposedly useful to the world production. / Essa tese, desenvolvida na Linha de Pesquisa Fundamentos dos Processos Educativos, interroga a natureza, o sentido, a ideia, o ser mesmo da escola na formação do homem, questão que deve preceder e iluminar a discussão, a compreensão e a ação, a teoria e a práksis no ensino, na aprendizagem, na formação de professores e nas políticas públicas. Escola e formação, preocupadas sobretudo com a profissionalização técnica, o desenvolvimento de competências, a lógica da economia e do mercado, empobrecem a constituição do humano no homem, de sua dimensão ética. Este trabalho pensa, com a filosofia, as concepções e práticas próprias da escola como organização a serviço dos interesses econômicos dominantes na atual forma de sociedade. O esforço de compreender o sentido e a natureza da educação e da escola, inseparável da vida coletiva, da cultura e da formação, bem como de novos horizontes de pensamento e ação, segue as luzes da Grécia Antiga, em especial nos séculos V e IV a. C. Privilegia a grandeza e o rigor do Corpus Aristotelicum, em especial a Ética a Nicômaco e a Política, sua discussão da práksis, da areté, excelência, virtude moral, da eudaimonía, felicidade, da natureza política do ser humano, fundamental para se pensar o que é a educação, a formação e a escola. O texto está estruturado em três capítulos. O primeiro procura compreender as raízes gregas de nossa concepção de homem, de política, de vida coletiva e de educação, essenciais para se pensar e recriar a escola. Os gregos nos legam a razão política, o primado da vida em comum, consubstancializada pelos laços da philía, amizade, confirmados pelo olhar do outro. O cidadão se sente parte de um todo, ao participar efetivamente da vida pública, assumindo a responsabilidade pelo que é de todos e orientando suas escolhas e ações pela busca do bem comum. Esse modo de vida somente se edifica por meio da educação como paideía, formação cultural e ético-política com vistas na areté, modo excelente de vida. O segundo capítulo discute o homem como ser de lógos, a phrónesis como ato de pensar e deliberar sobre os costumes, as leis e os valores, orientando as decisões e escolhas no sentido da excelência. A finalidade da vida humana supõe a subsunção dos desejos e interesses à razão, e a busca da vida boa, animada pela justiça, pela liberdade, pelo bem comum. Formar o homem, o cidadão que verdadeiramente participa da vida coletiva, buscando sempre o bem comum não é desenvolver habilidades e competências, capacitá-lo para desempenhar funções e cumprir tarefas, ao contrário, é dar forma, atualizar sua autonomia e liberdade, visando à instituição da vida ética, moralmente virtuosa. O terceiro capítulo estuda a vida humana como inseparável da skholé, ócio, liberdade criativa, não premida pelas necessidades. Esse tempo é o fundamento ontológico da escola como instituição de formação do homem excelente, autônomo e livre, comprometido com a vida boa, a vida ética; e que não se deixa reduzir a centro de treinamento e de preparo para o trabalho, ministrando conteúdos supostamente úteis ao mundo da produção.

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Cette thèse est le résultat de l'observation des politiques de développement des pays africains depuis les indépendances dans les années 1960. Il ressort que le continent reste encore dépendant de l'extérieur. De là, les bailleurs de fonds et les institutions de développement internationales ont changé de stratégies en s'orientant vers « la coopération non-Gouvernementale », dont les associations et les O.N.G constituent les canaux d'acheminement de l'aide et des projets pour les institutions et les populations. Malgré ce changement de stratégies, la pauvreté persiste. Ce qui nous conduit à reprendre l'analyse du phénomène du développement en cherchant à expliquer le contraste entre la prolifération des O.N.G dans la lutte pour la réduction de la pauvreté et sa persistance. / The results of this study are based on observations made of the development policies of African countries, since the independence of these African countries in 1960. lt appears that the continent is still structurally dependent from outside entities. So, donors and international development institutions have decided to change their strategies and moved towards a new form of cooperation called « Non-Governmental cooperation » by using associations and NGOs as delivery channels to birth projects and aid for institutions as well as populations. With these changes in strategy, the poverty still persists. The subject matter of our research is what explains the contrast betvveen the proliferation of NGOs and non-Poverty reduction solutions and the Iack of actual results.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T19:25:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ângela Beatriz Cavalli Rodrigues.pdf: 16031509 bytes, checksum: 3fb3084288d1655fea8b0bcae25fe60a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ângela Beatriz Cavalli Rodrigues.pdf: 16031509 bytes, checksum: 3fb3084288d1655fea8b0bcae25fe60a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese é o resultado de uma pesquisa na área da Educação, especificamente no campo de conhecimento Trabalho e Educação. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, realizado com servidores públicos investidos no cargo de Operadores de Estação de Tratamento, lotados no Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgotos (DMAE). O estudo contou com a participação de 10 servidores que são responsáveis pelo tratamento de água na capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre. A pesquisa objetivou compreender a atividade de trabalho dos e das responsáveis pelo tratamento de água no contexto de intensificação de normas no setor público. Para atingir o proposto, a questão norteadora foi: "como os operadores de estação de tratamento fazem uso de si, mobilizam e criam valores e saberes para realizarem a atividade de trabalho, em tempos de intensificação de normas no setor público?". Os dados coletados em junho de 2011 foram analisados sob a ótica do referencial da Ergologia. Concluímos que os operadores e operadoras de estação de tratamento já conviviam com um processo de regulamentação e controle no trabalho de tratamento de água, estabelecido pela Portaria nº 2.914/2011, do Ministério da Saúde. Esta regula o trabalho dos profissionais da área e define que água potável é a que atende o padrão de potabilidade por ela estabelecido e que não oferece riscos à saúde. Os operadores e operadoras de estação de tratamento convivem, assim, com normas públicas, como a portaria do Ministério da Saúde, e privadas, como as normas ISO. Nesse contexto, enfrentam cotidianamente o debate entre essas duas normas. O trabalho dos operadores e operadoras está impregnado de valores que reforçam a importância de que a água seja mantida no polo do político, pois se trata de um bem comum que possui relação estreita com a vida, e esta não pode ser mensurada, portanto, não pode ser gerida no polo do mercado. / This dissertation is the result of a research in the field of Education, specifically in the area of knowledge about Labor and Education. It is a qualitative study done with civil servants of the water treatment plants from Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgotos (DMAE). The research was held with the collaboration of 10 servants who are responsible for the water treatment in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The aim of this study was to shed a light over the work of people involved in water treatment in a context where there is an increase of norms ruling the public sector. In order to do so, the main question was: How do operators of water treatment plants employ the use of self, mobilize and create values and knowledge in order to get their work done in times when there is an intensification of norms in the public sector? Data collected in June, 2011 was analyzed under the light of Ergology. Conclusions point out that operators of the water treatment plants have already dealt with a process of regulation and control in the process of water treatment as established in Portaria nº 2.914/2011 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This ordinance regulates the labor activity of professionals from the field and defines that drinking water is that which follows its established patterns and which does not offer health risks. The operators of water treatment stations deal with both public norms, such as this ordinance by the Ministry of Health, as well as private norms, such as ISO. Under these circumstances, they have to face the discussion between these norms daily. The work of these operators is soaked in values which state that water should be maintained in its political pole, for it is a common good strictly related to life and cannot be measured, therefore, it cannot be ruled by the market pole.

In this study I analyse the performance of a democratic decision-making rule: the weighted majority rule. It assigns to each voter a number of votes that is proportional to her stakes in the decision. It has been shown that, for collective decisions with two options, the weighted majority rule in combination with self-interested voters maximises the common good when the latter is understood in terms of either the sum-total or prioritarian sum of the voters’ well-being. The main result of my study is that this argument for the weighted majority rule — that it maximises the common good — can be improved along the following three main lines. (1) The argument can be adapted to other criteria of the common good, such as sufficientarian, maximin, leximin or non-welfarist criteria. I propose a generic argument for the collective optimality of the weighted majority rule that works for all of these criteria. (2) The assumption of self-interested voters can be relaxed. First, common-interest voters can be accommodated. Second, even if voters are less than fully competent in judging their self-interest or the common interest, the weighted majority rule is weakly collectively optimal, that is, it almost certainly maximises the common good given a large numbers of voters. Third, even for smaller groups of voters, the weighted majority rule still has some attractive features. (3) The scope of the argument can be extended to decisions with more than two options. I state the conditions under which the weighted majority rule maximises the common good even in multi-option contexts. I also analyse the possibility and the detrimental effects of strategic voting. Furthermore, I argue that self-interested voters have reason to accept the weighted majority rule.

La raison d’État, concept clé de la modernité politique et de la pensée étatique du XVIIe siècle, est approchée à rebours dans cette étude, afin de mieux en saisir les origines, et de comprendre les conditions qui en permettent l’émergence. Par l’adoption d’une méthode généalogique, ce travail vise aussi à concilier l’école historique française des Annales et la tradition anglo-américaine de l’histoire des idées, et à traiter les théories politiques comme un objet historique à part entière. Chaque texte et chaque auteur est donc intégré dans un enchaînement d’influences et de relations sans dénier à chacun son individualité intellectuelle. Parmi les notions principales qui structurent toutes les définitions de la raison d’État, la nécessité, l’utilité publique, l’exception à la loi connaissent des évolutions profondes dès le XIIe siècle, sous l’effet de la redécouverte des Anciens par Jean de Salisbury et plus encore Thomas d’Aquin, du travail des juristes, tant en droit canonique que romain, ainsi que dans la pratique fiscale des XIIIe et XIVe siècles. Les progrès de l’idéologie royale, l’affirmation d’une nécessité spécifique à l’action politique chez Guillaume d’Ockham, et l’essor du concept d’État souverain sous l’influence particulière de Marsile de Padoue, participent aussi de cette élaboration à l’œuvre, notamment dans l’Italie des cités-États. Le parcours s’achève par l’exposition de trois différentes définitions de la raison d’État qui, d’abord chez Machiavel et Guichardin, puis chez Botero, puis enfin chez les juristes dont Ammirato et Canonhiero, ouvrent la voie au triomphe de l’étatisme et au renouvellement des questionnements politiques, à l’aube des Lumières. / This survey attempts to draw a new understanding of reason of State, as a key concept in modern politics and in 17th century State-centered thought. It is therefore studied backwards, in order to better describe its origins, and to understand what conditions enabled its formulation. The genealogic method is chosen as a way to conciliate the French school of the Annales and the anglo-american tradition of history of ideas, and to handle political ideas as historical artefacts. Every text and author is therefore apprehended as a part of a chain of influences and relationships, while intellectual singularities are preserved. Among the main concepts that participate in defining reason of State, necessity, public utility and legal exception evolve deeply from the 12th century, as a result of the rediscovery of ancient authors by John of Salisbury and still more by Thomas Aquinas, of recent developments in canon and roman law, and of new fiscal policies during the 13th and 14th centuries. The improvements of royal ideology, the new necessity specifically applied to political action in William of Ockham’s thought, and the rise of the concept of a sovereign State under the primary influence of Marsilius of Padua, also participate in this preparation, now centered on Italian city-states. The account ends with a view on three different definitions of reason of State, that correspond first to Machiavelli and Guicciardini, then to Botero, and finally to the legal thought of Ammirato and Canonhiero. This outcome paves the way to the triumph of Statism, and to the new developments of political theory during the Enlightenment.

Bioethics and law for what and whom? Discussions about the Regulation of assisted reproductive techniques in ColombiaThe recent concern for the normative regulation of assisted reproduction techniques (ART), raises discussions about how to manage the embryos, how many times to use a sample, how to define parenthood, and other issues. However, it has not been questioned who would be favouredwith these regulations and what is their contribution to social equity and development for an entire country. Considering that the urgency to guarantee the sexual and reproductive rights —theoretical framework invoked to require ART— should be aimed at reaching a fair society.The proposed analysis will be undertaken considering the case of applying the ART for surrogate mothers in Colombia. The paper presents the context in which it is intended to apply the normative regulation, alongside the review of some conceptual and empirical contributions by Michael Sandel concerning trends in surrogate motherhood among «developed» and «third world» countries. This should allow considering the profiles of fertility in Colombia as a sign of inequality in our country.Subsequently, we will approach the current legal discussion in Colombia concerning surrogate motherhood, from the only case of surrogate motherhood resolved by the Colombian Constitutional Court and the bill projects presented in the Colombian Congress to regulate this issue. Finally,we will present some reflections and discussion on the normative regulation of the ART and surrogate gestation, and the law as a transmission belt of varied interests, that is, that it ought to lead to common good, solidarity and cooperation, and not simply function as a regulator that ensures the fulfilment of contracts. / Las recientes preocupaciones por la regulación normativa de las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (TRHA) suscitan especialmente discusiones sobre cómo administrar los embriones, cuántas veces usar una muestra, cómo definir la filiación, entre otros. Sin embargo, no se ha cuestionado directamente a quienes estaría amparándose con estas regulaciones y cuál sería su contribución a la equidad social y al desarrollo de todo un país, pues la urgencia de salvaguardar los derechos sexuales y reproductivos —marco teórico invocado para exigir la regulación de las TRHA— debe apuntar necesariamente a la consecución de una sociedad menos desigual.El análisis propuesto será abordado a partir del caso de la aplicación de las TRHA para la maternidad subrogada en Colombia. En el artículo se presenta inicialmente el contexto en el cual se pretende la regulación de la maternidad sustitutiva, revisando algunos aportes conceptuales y empíricos de Michael Sandel sobre las tendencias de la maternidad subrogada entre los países «desarrollados» y los del «tercer mundo», para luego ver los perfiles de fecundidad en Colombia, como una muestra de la inequidad existente en el país.Posteriormente, se hará una aproximación al debate jurídico existente en el país, a partir del único caso de maternidad sustitutiva resuelto por la Corte Constitucional Colombiana y los proyectos de ley que han sido presentados en el país como intentos de regulación de esta materia. Finalmente, se llevarán a cabo algunas reflexiones y discusiones sobre la regulación normativa de las TRHA y la gestación sustitutiva, para que el derecho opere como verdadera correa de transmisión de variados intereses sociales1, es decir, que conduzca más bien hacia el bien común, la solidaridad y la cooperación, y no actúe como un simple regulador que asegure el cumplimiento de los contratos.

The commons is a concept increasingly used by practitioners and social activists with the promise of creating new collective wealth (Bollier & Helfrich, 2014; De Angelis, 2003; Hardt & Negri, 2009; Klein, 2001). In recent years, a variety of scholarly research explained the different ways of organizing commons (Van Laerhoven & Ostrom, 2007). To that end, many streams of inquiry have emerged in various areas: organization theory (Ansari et al. 2013; Fournier, 2013; Tedmanson et al. 2015), institutional economics (Hess, C. & Ostrom, 2011; Ostrom, 1990, 2005, 2010), political philosophy and legal studies (Dardot & Laval, 2014; Holder and Flessas, 2008; Hardt & Negri, 2009), nonprofit studies (Aligica, 2016; Bushouse et al. 2016; Lohmann, 2014, 2016) and business ethics (Argandoña, 1998; Melé, 2009, 2012; O’Brien, 2009; Sison & Fontrodona, 2012; Solomon, 2004). However, these different theories are usually conceived and used separately. Empirical research on commons has mainly focused on natural resources at local and global levels (Ansari et al. 2013; Cody et al. 2015; Cox & Ross, 2011; Galaz et al. 2012; Ostrom, 1990, 2010; Poteete et al. 2010), and also on digital and scientific resources (Benkler, 2006; Boyle, 2008; Cook‐Deegan & Dedeurwaerdere, 2006; Coriat, 2015; Hess & Ostrom, 2011). Despite a long research tradition in local community organizations, there is little empirical scientific knowledge that uses the lens of the commons to study shared resources that are neither natural nor informational in nature. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps by analyzing social finance services and organizations from an interdisciplinary perspective. The aim is to understand whether communities can create financial commons. By analyzing the processes involved, the dissertation sheds light on the social and institutional components enabling the creation of human-made commons. We focus on community organizations linked to the solidarity economy movement in Brazil. Such movement aims to promote socio-economic alternative organizations, especially for poverty alleviation and inequality reduction.More specifically, the dissertation identifies the nature of two kinds of shared financial resources––microcredit services and complementary currencies––and looks at the functioning of community arrangements that provide them, the community components mobilized for creating commons organizations, and the institutional work strategies developed by intermediary organizations to adjust the scale of these social finance services.The dissertation is structured in four chapters, each of which addresses different research questions and uses different methods and units of analysis. The first chapter is conceptual and based on a literature review on complementary currencies in order to identify the commons dimensions of seven complementary currency systems. The second chapter is an in-depth single case study of Banco Palmas, a Brazilian community bank. This chapter analyzes the transformative power of governance on private goods when managed by self-governed grassroots organizations. Chapter three is a comparative case study of five community banks that focuses on the community components involved in creating commons as a grassroots response to contested market and state institutions. The final chapter focuses on the diffusion and institutionalization of social finance in Brazil and the role played by five intermediary organizations in this process.Starting from the observation that there is no definition of financial commons, Chapter 1 – Money and the Commons: Lessons from Complementary Currencies – proposes to assess the commons dimensions of monetary systems created and managed by local organizations. Specifically, we investigate the organizational features of seven complementary currency systems by making use of two main theoretical frameworks that are usually separate: the new commons in organization studies and the common good in business ethics. The findings show that these alternative monetary systems and organizations promote the common interest through the creation of new communities and can therefore be considered as commons according to the common good framework. Nevertheless, only systems relying on collective action and self-management fulfill the new commons framework. This allows us to suggest two new categories of commons: “social commons”, which fulfills both the new commons and the common good frameworks, and the “commercial commons”, which that fulfill the common good but not the new commons framework. Building on this, we define an ethos of the commons as a principle that consists in organizing commons practices through both collective organization and ethical concern for human flourishing.Chapter 2 - A Case Study of Microfinance and Community Development Banks (CDBs) in Brazil: Private or Common Goods? - looks at how governance mechanisms of self-managed community organizations affect the characteristics of microcredit services. Based on field research in Brazil, this chapter uses Elinor Ostrom’s design principles of successful self-governing common-pool resource organizations to analyze community banks’ microcredit systems. Our results suggest that private goods could be altered when governed by community self-managed enterprises. They become hybrid goods because they mix the characteristics of private and common goods. This change is facilitated by specific organizational arrangements, such as self-governance, that emerge from grassroots dynamics and the creation of collective-choice arenas. These arrangements help strengthen the inclusion properties of nonprofit microcredit services.In order to identify what components enable commons creation, we conduct a comparative case study of five Brazilian community banks in Chapter 3 – Building Commons in Community Enterprise: The Case of Self-Managed Microfinance Organizations. We analyze how community enterprises create commons whereas market and state institutions reproduce exclusion and inequalities. Our results suggest that four components are required to establish a new organization of commons: collective decision-making, community social control, servant leadership, and desire for social change. Building on this, we develop a model of commons organization and explain why these organizations are substitutes for existing marginalizing institutions. This study contributes to the literature by examining new elements for commons creation and shedding light on the emergence of new institutional arrangements for social change. Finally, after looking at commons institutional arrangements at local level in communities, we examine how commons organizations diffuse, institutionalize and organize in networks for consolidating their activities. Chapter 4 - Institutional Change and Diffusion in Institutional Plurality: The Case of Brazil’s Solidarity Finance Sector – explains how intermediary organizations help in this process. More precisely, we analyze the institutional work strategies deployed by five intermediary organizations in the Brazilian plural institutional context, where autonomous local state agencies and banks influence community banks' activities. We show how intermediary organizations support the institutionalization of community development banks (CDBs) through diffusing these organizations in different communities, performing external institutional work with governments and public banks at national and local levels, and accomplishing internal institutional work through structuring CDBs and CDB networks. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Notre recherche a pour objet le processus de légalisation des écoles créées par des travailleurs paysans en ville pour scolariser leurs enfants. Contrairement aux chercheurs qui essayent jusqu’à présent de donner une explication factuelle du phénomène, nous avons souhaité en faire un laboratoire pour éclairer la question suivante : comment des initiatives privées émergent pour devenir des projets porteurs de bien commun et comment le bien commun évolue pour devenir un bien public et réformer la gouvernance de la Cité ? Plus brièvement, nous souhaitons clarifier le rôle de la personne dans les changements sociaux. Cette recherche s’est attachée à montrer ce qui se passe effectivement en Chine, notamment le rôle dynamique des initiatives privées dans les évolutions politiques et institutionnelles du pays, à travers l’exemple des directeurs d’écoles d’enfants migrants. Sur le plan théorique, la recherche a été conduite à mettre à l’épreuve une théorie socioanthropologique de la personne, dépassant l’habituelle dichotomie entre l’individuel et le collectif, et à vérifier comment celle-ci, avec ses capacités instituante et éthique, participe à l’émergence et à la construction du bien publicet à l’évolution de la Cité / This study focuses on the legalization process of schools created by migrant workers of rural origin in order to educate their children. Unlike researchers who have tried so far to give a factual explanation of the phenomenon, we aim to take this case as a laboratory to shed a light on the following question: how do private initiatives emerge to become projects embodying a common good and how does the common good evolve into a public good and reform the governance of the City? Morebriefly, we want to clarify the role of the person in social change. Our research seeks to demonstrate what is actually happening in China, in particular the dynamic role of private initiatives in the political and institutional evolutions of this country, taking as example directors of schools for migrant children. On the theoretical side, the study was conducted to test a socioanthropological theory of the person, beyond the usual dichotomy between the individual and the collectivity, and see how the person, with his or her instituant and ethical capacities, participate in the emergence and construction of the public good and the evolution of the City

John Finnis is one of the seminal contemporary jurisprudential thinkers working within the natural law tradition. His Natural Law and Natural Rights, first published in 1980, has had a significant impact and stands as a centerpiece of modern natural law theory. It is at once a work of ethics, political philosophy as well as jurisprudence. The starting point of his theory of natural law con­sists in concepts such as basic human goods, practical reasonableness and the common good. These concepts provide the foundation for his analysis of communities and society as well as the legal system. This thesis sets out to expound on his theory of natural law by exploring Finnis’ understanding of the basic human goods, practical reasonableness and the common good and the way they interact with his ideas of law and justice. Some of the more controversial or contentious aspects of his theory will also be addressed; such as the supposed self-evident nature of the basic goods and their incommensurable status. Some critics allege that his theory is lacking some of the defining characteristics of a natural law theory and that it thus fails as a theory of natural law, while others have claimed that his theory lends itself to the justification of an authoritarian society. Some of these criticisms carry more strength than others and I conclude by granting that Finnis’ theory contains some weaknesses. However, these should not weaken our appreciation of his vision of the good that law can do and the interrelatedness of law and morality.