This thesis examines the role of analogy in the development of reading and spelling. Analogy is defined as using the spelling-sound pattern of one word (e.g. 'beak') to read or spell a word which shares a common orthographic sequence (e.g. 'bean' or 'peak'). Experiment 1 shows that 6-7 year old children can use analogies when required to select the correct spellings of words which are read to them. Experiment 2 shows that children aged 5-7 years can also use analogies to read new words aloud. Experiment 3 shows that analogy is used in the same way by children at three different reading levels (non-readers, 6 years and 7 years). Experiment 4 shows that 5-7 year old children can also use analogies to spell new words. It is concluded that the use of analogy does not develop, as it is available from the very beginning of learning to read and spell. Experiments 5, 6 and 7 examine the effect of varying spelling-sound consistency on analogies. Children taught pairs of words consistent in spelling and sound (e.g. 'peak-leak') make more analogies in reading than children taught pairs of words consistent in spelling but inconsistent in sound (e.g. 'peak-steak'). This difference does not occur in spelling. It is concluded that spelling-sound consistency only affects children's use of analogies in reading. Experiment 8 shows that children also use analogies to read new words which they encounter in reading prose. This shows that analogy is not restricted to single word reading. Experiment 9 compares analogies between words written in the same case and in mixed case. It shows that analogy relies on orthographic rather than visual information. These results suggest that children should be taught to use analogies to read and spell new words. The broader educational implications of analogy are also discussed. Note. This thesis contains approximately 91,000 words.

Thesis (Ed.D.)--University of Tulsa, 1984. / Bibliography: leaves 104-105.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [106]-112).

Thesis (D.Ed.)--University of Delaware, 2009. / Principal faculty advisor: Charles MacArthur, School of Education. Includes bibliographical references.

Theses (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 2000. / Thesis advisor: Margaret Ferrara. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Elementary Education." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 61-63).

Thesis (M. Sc.), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1998. / Bibliography: leaves p. 42-44.

This research is concerned with an investigation into the development of a formal diagnostic assessment tool for spelling in the foundation phase. A literature study and information acquired from educators provided information to compile a suitable spelling list that could be used as a diagnostic tool in the foundation phase. A self-designed questionnaire was administered to fifty educators Who provided their expert opinion regard the spelling list. This was followed up by second questionnaire that was based on the analysis and interpretation of the first. The Delphi-technique was applied to this investigation. The study was complete when consensus was reached among the educators with regard to which words should be included in the final spelling list. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-29T12:21:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana_Sella2017.pdf: 2771685 bytes, checksum: fc772bd3a666c2ce3102ee922fbe9308 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T12:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana_Sella2017.pdf: 2771685 bytes, checksum: fc772bd3a666c2ce3102ee922fbe9308 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / The teaching of written language in our schools has shown inefficiency in managing with the spelling difficulties of the students. Teachers engage themselves in teaching spelling rules to their students; however, the errors have been perpetuated until university, in other words, in all the levels of education. Spelling, created to nullify the representation of language varieties and improve the stabilization of the writting, represents a large difficulty to many speakers. It is due to the phonetic-graphic character of the Portuguese language, which is based on various phonetic and phonological factors, spelling code, etymology of the words, patterns, and some special cases. Besides the difficulties with the linguistic code mastery and spelling conventions, many pupils encounter difficulties to realize the sounds of the speech and the phonetic principles that determine their representation in writing, which makes high the incidence of spelling errors originated by the transposition of speech for writing. Based on this assertion, the question we intend to answer with this research is: Which are the origins of the most common spelling errors in textual productions of students in 10th and 11th grades? From the classification of the errors, our purpose is to explore the role of phonetics, and, mainly phonology in the comprehension and apprehension of the spelling rules, in the studied group. Our main objective is reflect about spelling errors of students of the first and second years of high school (10th and 11th grades) of a public school in Southwest Paraná State. This research is based on theoretical assumptions of Applied Linguistics (AL), supported by authors like Bortoni-Ricardo (2005, 2006), Mollica (2003), Cagliari (1999), Oliveira (2005) and Tenani (2011, 2013). This study is framed as an interpretative, qualitative and quantitative research, besides being an ethnographic study too. The data collect occurred in two school classes, one first years and one second year of high school of a public school in a town in the Southwest of Paraná State. Almost all the students from the first year class researched form the second year class, because the intention is to evaluate the development, or not, after working phonetics and phonology with the students. We selected a production per student in each class, taken in the first term of the school year in 2015, and in the last term of the school year in 2016, reaching 55 productions. We applied a questionnaire too, with words and pseudowords, in the last term of 2016. The results indicate that spelling errors related to phonetic-phonological principles and phonological processes outweigh the errors arising from the exclusive spelling convention breaks, suggesting the need to develop greater phonetic-phonological awareness besides the reflection about the language and the patterns it has. / O ensino da escrita em nossas escolas tem demonstrado ineficiência em lidar com as dificuldades ortográficas dos alunos. Professores empenham-se em ensinar regras ortográficas aos seus alunos, porém, os erros têm se perpetuado até a universidade, isto é, em todos os níveis do ensino. A ortografia, criada com o intuito de anular a representação das variações linguísticas e aumentar a estabilidade na escrita, evidencia-se como grande dificuldade a muitos falantes. Isso se deve ao caráter grafo-fonêmico do português, que se baseia em vários fatores: fonético-fonológicos, código ortográfico, etimologia das palavras, regularidades e em alguns casos especiais. Além das dificuldades de domínio do código linguístico e das convenções ortográficas, muitos estudantes apresentam dificuldades em perceber os sons da fala e os princípios fonéticos que determinam sua representação na escrita, sendo alta a incidência de erros ortográficos originados pela transposição da fala para a escrita. Partindo dessas afirmações, a pergunta que pretendemos responder com este estudo é: Quais as origens dos erros de grafia mais recorrentes em produções textuais de alunos do 1º e 2º Anos do Ensino Médio (EM)? A partir da classificação dos erros encontrados, buscamos explorar o papel da fonética e, principalmente, da fonologia na compreensão e apreensão da ortografia, no grupo pesquisado. Nosso objetivo geral é refletir sobre os erros de grafia de alunos do 1º e 2º Anos do EM de uma instituição pública de ensino no Sudoeste do Paraná. Este estudo apoia-se nos pressupostos teóricos da Linguística Aplicada, sustentando-se em autores como Bortoni-Ricardo (2005, 2006), Mollica (2003), Cagliari (1999), Oliveira (2005) e Tenani (2011, 2013). Esta pesquisa enquadra-se como pesquisa quali-quantitativa de base interpretativista, além de ser também uma pesquisa etnográfica, mais precisamente, pesquisa-ação. A coleta de dados ocorreu em duas turmas, uma de 1º Ano e outra de 2º Ano, ambas do EM de uma escola pública em um município da região Sudoeste do Paraná. A turma de 2º Ano era constituída da maioria dos alunos do 1º Ano pesquisado, pois pretendíamos avaliar se houve evolução, ou não, após abordagem pedagógica a partir da fonética e da fonologia. Foi selecionada uma produção por aluno em cada uma das turmas, colhidas no primeiro bimestre do ano letivo de 2015 e quarto bimestre do ano letivo de 2016, totalizando 55 produções. Foi também aplicado um ditado com palavras e pseudopalavras, no quarto bimestre de 2016. Os resultados indicam que os erros ortográficos relacionados à transgressão/desconhecimento de princípios fonético-fonológicos e processos fonológicos superam os advindos da quebra da exclusiva da convenção ortográfica, sugerindo a necessidade de desenvolvimento de maior conscientização fonético-fonológica, além da reflexão acerca da língua e de suas regularidades.

Depuis une trentaine d’années, des recherches en linguistique et en psycholinguistique ont permis de mieux comprendre l’appropriation de la langue écrite par le jeune enfant. De façon complémentaire, des travaux, à visée didactique, ont questionné les pratiques d’enseignement afin de mettre au jour celles qui sont le plus favorables à l’appropriation de l’écriture. Plusieurs études concluent que les activités d’écriture approchée, par la résolution de problèmes graphiques, suivie d’un entretien métagraphique et accompagnée d’un étayage serré de l’enseignant, facilitent la conceptualisation de la langue écrite dans les premières années de l’apprentissage. Notre recherche s’inscrit dans ces différents paradigmes. Ainsi, notre analyse met en regard l’évolution des compétences scripturales et métalinguistiques des élèves et les pratiques observées d’enseignement de l’écriture mises en œuvre par leurs enseignants. A cette fin, deux classes, de 23 élèves, âgés de 5 à 8 ans, ont été suivis du milieu de la dernière année de maternelle à la fin de la 2ème primaire et régulièrement soumis à des épreuves évaluant leurs compétences d’écriture, de lecture et leurs compétences métagraphiques. Nous nous appuyons plus particulièrement sur les résultats obtenus par 15 élèves, issus des deux groupes, qui ont participé à l’ensemble des évaluations, menées aux 7 moments de la recherche. L’analyse de deux pratiques d’enseignement de l’écriture, observées en début, milieu et fin de 1ère primaire, est croisée avec les résultats longitudinaux obtenus par les 15 élèves de notre échantillon. L’étude de cas confirme les bénéfices de la pratique régulière d’écriture approchée sur le développement des compétences évaluées chez les élèves. Moyennant certains aménagements, les grilles d'analyse élaborées pour cette étude (analyse des compétences de scripteur, des verbalisations métagraphiques et des actions d’enseignement de l’écriture) pourront être utilisées en formation d'enseignants. / The researches led in linguistics and in psycholinguistics since thirty years enabled to understand better the appropriation of written language by young children. In a complementary way, works, with didactic aims, questioned teaching practices to bring to light those who are the most favorable to the appropriation of spelling. Several studies conclude that invented spelling activities, including the resolution of orthographic problems, followed by a metagraphic interview and along with a tight feedback of the teacher, facilitate the conceptualization of written language in the first years of the learning. Our research joins in these various paradigms. To understand the essence of young writers’ written productions, our analysis looks simultaneously at the evolution of the students’ scriptural and metalinguistic skills and at the observed practices of teaching to spell implemented by their teachers. To this aim, two groups of 23 pupils, from 5 to 8 years old, were followed from the middle of the last year of kindergarten to the end of the 2nd year of primary school. The pupils were regularly submitted to tests to assess their spelling and reading skills and their metagraphic skills. We lean more particularly on the results of 15 students, from both groups, which participated in all the assessments, led at the 7 moments of the research. The analysis of two practices of teaching to spell, observed at three moments (at the beginning, middle and at the end) of the 1st year of primary school, is crossed with the longitudinal results obtained by the 15 students of our sample. The case study confirms the benefits of the regular practice of invented spellings on the development of the assessed skills. The methodological tools of analysis developed for this study (analysis grid of writer’s skills, of metagraphic verbalizations and of actions of teaching to spell) can be used in teachers' training, under some adjustments.

Spelling is one of the most important components of writing at single-word level and is regarded as a vital part of written communication. Also spelling is seen as an important tool in writing. Without the ability to spell as a broader aspect of writing, a person could not be called literate in the conventional sense of the word. Although the spelling is so important, learners in the foundation phase especially in grade three commit interlingual spelling errors. This means that at this stage learners transfer patterns of the mother tongue to the second language. By so doing that they write English words as the way they are pronounced in their mother tongue. Hence this study investigated grade three teachers’ strategies to help English second language learners overcome interlingual spelling errors. In exploring these strategies this study adopted a qualitative approach in order to ensure reliability and validity of the study. The data gathering instruments used included semi-structured interviews, classroom observations and document analysis. One primary school in Mdantsane a township in East London District was purposively selected to form the context of the study. The medium of instruction in this school is isiXhosa in the foundation phase and English is taught as a subject. Two teachers and their classes participated in this study. The findings of the study revealed that different factors contribute to interlingual spelling errors. These factors are status of the parent (they were illiterate), pronunciation, language borrowing and language transfer. It is also revealed that teachers have a limited number of strategies to teach learners overcome interlingual spelling errors instead they use strategies to teach spelling generally.