L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle de la syllabe dans l’entrée dans l’écrit des élèves de grande section de maternelle par le biais d’une tâche d’écriture inventée. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’examiner les pratiques didactiques des enseignants de grande section à l’aide d’un questionnaire portant les unités de langues les plus employées dans la découverte de la langue (lettre/son, syllabe et mot) et dans les domaines d’activités de la lecture, de l’écriture et de l’oral. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’unité la plus employée en lecture et en écriture est le mot, alors que l’unité de l’oral est la syllabe. Partant de ce constat, nous avons cherché à connaître l’impact que pourrait avoir un travail oral basé sur la syllabe sur les productions écrites des élèves. L’ensemble des données obtenues est en faveur de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les élèves prennent en compte des éléments de l’oral (lettre, son, syllabe) pour coder des énoncés oraux à l’écrit. De plus, les résultats montrent l’usage de six traitements qui sous-tendent l’entrée dans l’écrit démontrant que ce n’est pas un processus unique et que de nombreux paramètres peuvent conduire l’élève à traiter un énoncé oral de diverses manières. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons mené une étude de didactique expérimentale basée sur la syllabe orale dans le but d’observer les effets d’un entraînement régulier à la syllabe orale sur les productions écrites des élèves. Les résultats ne permettent pas de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle la syllabe serait l’unité pivot de l’entrée dans l’écrit en grande section de maternelle, mais montrent néanmoins certains effets de l’intervention.L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle de la syllabe dans l’entrée dans l’écrit des élèves de grande section de maternelle par le biais d’une tâche d’écriture inventée. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’examiner les pratiques didactiques des enseignants de grande section à l’aide d’un questionnaire portant les unités de langues les plus employées dans la découverte de la langue (lettre/son, syllabe et mot) et dans les domaines d’activités de la lecture, de l’écriture et de l’oral. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’unité la plus employée en lecture et en écriture est le mot, alors que l’unité de l’oral est la syllabe. Partant de ce constat, nous avons cherché à connaître l’impact que pourrait avoir un travail oral basé sur la syllabe sur les productions écrites des élèves. L’ensemble des données obtenues est en faveur de l’hypothèse selon laquelle les élèves prennent en compte des éléments de l’oral (lettre, son, syllabe) pour coder des énoncés oraux à l’écrit. De plus, les résultats montrent l’usage de six traitements qui sous-tendent l’entrée dans l’écrit démontrant que ce n’est pas un processus unique et que de nombreux paramètres peuvent conduire l’élève à traiter un énoncé oral de diverses manières. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons mené une étude de didactique expérimentale basée sur la syllabe orale dans le but d’observer les effets d’un entraînement régulier à la syllabe orale sur les productions écrites des élèves. Les résultats ne permettent pas de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle la syllabe serait l’unité pivot de l’entrée dans l’écrit en grande section de maternelle, mais montrent néanmoins certains effets de l’intervention. / The aim of this thesis is to study the role of syllable at early learning of writing for kindergarten pupils by the means of an invented spelling task. First of all, in fields of activities such as reading, writing and oral examination, it is a matter of examining the didactic practices of kindergarten teachers thanks to a questionnaire carrying the most employed units used in the discovery of languages (letter/sound, syllable and word). The results show that the most employed unit in reading and writing activities is the word, whereas the unit of the oral examination is the syllable. On the basis of this report, we sought to know the impact of an oral work based on the syllable, upon pupils’ written productions. All obtained data is in favor of the assumption according to which, the pupils take into account elements of the oral examination (letter, sound, and syllable) to code oral statements in their writings. Moreover, results show the use of six treatments, which underlie the early learning of writing, and show that it is not a single process, and that many parameters can lead the pupil to treat an oral statement in various ways. Eventually, we conducted a study of experimental didactic work based on the oral syllable, aiming to observe the effects of a regular training for oral syllable upon the written productions of the pupils. The results do not make it possible to validate the assumption according to which, the syllable would be the pivot unit of the entrance in writing at kindergarten, but nevertheless show certain effects of the intervention.

L’étude présentée explore les modulations du contrôle émotionnel dans les interactions du langage et des émotions, chez 23 sujets atteints de schizophrénie en état de stabilisation et 21 sujets atteints de troubles bipolaires en phase euthymique. Les interactions ont été envisagées d’une part dans le sens des émotions via le langage avec une tâche expérimentale de Stroop émotionnel conditionné, puis en contraste dans le sens du langage via les émotions avec une tâche expérimentale de décision lexicale avec des voisins orthographiques à connotation émotionnelle. Les résultats mettent en évidence une hyper‐réactivité émotionnelle positive dans les troubles bipolaires et des troubles du contrôle cognitif émotionnel dans la schizophrénie. Ces deux maladies présentent des chevauchements dans les altérations cognitives qui ne permettent pasencore de distinguer des marqueurs cognitifs. Cependant, les résultats de cette étude indiquent que les processus impliqués dans les perturbations du traitement des mots à connotation émotionnelle sont de natures différentes entre ces deux pathologies. Dès ors, le présent dispositif pourrait s’avérer utile pour différencier la schizophrénie des troubles bipolaires. / The present study explores the modulations of the emotional control in the interactions of the language and the emotions, to 23 affected subjects of schizophrenia in state of stabilization and 21 affected subjects of bipolar disorders in euthymic phase. The interactions were envisaged on one hand in the sense of the feelings via the language with an experimental taskof conditioned emotional Stroop, then in contrast in the sense of the language via the feelings with an experimental task of lexical decision with orthographic neighbors with emotional connotation. The results highlight an emotional positive hyper-reactivity in bipolar disorders and disorders of the emotional cognitive control in the schizophrenia. These two diseasespresent overlappings in the cognitive changes which do not still allow to distinguish cognitive markers. However, the results of this study indicate that the processes involved in the disturbances of the processing of the words with emotional connotation are of different natures between these two pathologies. From then on, the present study could turn out usefulto differentiate the schizophrenia of bipolar disorders.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angela.pdf: 1006436 bytes, checksum: 89df1cb29eab2df6e427a7d5917fa15c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-09 / The goal of the present work was to test a procedure where training word reading was followed by the exposure to the word and word writing. Participants were 3 children with developmental deficits. An initial assessment of the children reading and writing repertoires was conducted by asking them to read and writer 36 dictated words (12 of them were training words and the other 24 words were formed by recombination of the syllables of the training words). Training words were assigned to 3 sets and reading each set of words was tested, trained and tested again. During training correct reading responses were followed by praise and small gifts. Two consecutive correct reading responses of a word led to the training of a new word. Wrong reading responses were followed by the experimenter reading of the word and the repetition of the same trial. When training of a set of 4 words was completed, the word exposure followed: each word was shown to the participant who was asked not to read them allowed. Finally each word was dictated and the participant was asked to write it. After training of each set of words a test was conducted: participants were asked to read and to write the 36 words .Results showed that training had an effect on word reading, bur not necessarily over writing, although the number or correct writing responses increased with word exposure. Error analysis showed that training led to an increase of correct syllable reading and writing, but not to correct reading and writing of new words, comprised of the trained syllables / Três crianças que freqüentavam uma sala especial participaram de um procedimento que teve como objetivo investigar o efeito do treino de leitura, seguido de exposição da palavra, na leitura e escrita recombinativas. Foi realizada uma avaliação inicial para verificar a leitura e escrita de 12 palavras (de treino) e de outras 24 palavras formadas da recombinação das sílabas das palavras do treino. As 12 palavras foram agrupadas em três conjuntos contendo 4 palavras cada um. As crianças, em cada um dos conjuntos de palavras, passaram por pré-teste, treino de leitura e pós-teste. No treino, o participante foi ensinado a ler as palavras de cada um dos 3 conjuntos; cada resposta correta de leitura do participante era reforçada com elogios e brindes e, a cada duas respostas corretas de leitura consecutivas, passava-se para o treino de outra palavra. As respostas incorretas de leitura eram seguidas da leitura da palavra pela pesquisadora e não eram reforçadas qualquer tentativa de leitura que se seguia logo após a correção. Após o treino de um conjunto seguia-se a fase de exposição da palavra (estímulo visual), sem sua oralização pelo participante e/ou pela pesquisadora. Depois que todas as palavras do conjunto foram expostas ao participante, eram ditadas para que as escrevesse. Ao final, foi incluída uma fase contendo 36 palavras as 12 do treino e 24 novas palavras para verificar a possibilidade de ocorrência de leitura e escrita recombinativas. Os resultados indicaram que o treino de leitura foi importante para a melhora da leitura das palavras, mas não necessariamente da escrita, e que o número de respostas corretas de escrita aumentou com a exposição da palavra. A análise de acertos e erros de sílabas indicou que o treino de leitura seguido de exposição das palavras, produziu aumento do número de sílabas lidas e escritas corretamente, no entanto, não foi suficiente para que os participantes apresentassem leitura e escrita recombinativas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucilene Rezende Alcanfor.pdf: 6273025 bytes, checksum: 5fcb62257d7da6a27b070d983a29045b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study investigates the historiographical production and circulation of Thomaz Galhardo s (1852-1904) school books, as well as literacy instruction and reading practices proposed by him. He was a primary education teacher who made from his production a political action in the public education scene of Sao Paulo state, during the end of the Empire and the first decades of Republic. As an intellectual, he held a privileged social position in strategic roles on public education and took part on the foundation of the first teacher associations of that state. He was actively involved on the organization of boards of education, and bills for the education amendment on this state. The study focused, however, on his activities as a school book author for primary education. Thomaz Galhardo was part of a new generation of didactic books authors, that from primary education started to produce a graduated series of reading books. He was known for this type of didactic material, especially as the author of Cartilha da Infância, a book which is part of the series Na escola e no Lar. Based on theoretical and methodological framework of Alain Choppin, this study intends to create an inventory of the production and circulation of this author, with particular attention to the peculiarities of the market for school books on that period. The analysis of the method proposed by Thomaz Galhardo allows us to place his works within the discussion of literacy and reading practices of the end of XIX century to the beginning of XX century, analyzing his production from the permanence of successive editions. This evidence proves the importance of school tradition, since the books used for literacy and reading, through their production and extent of use, have left deep marks on the thoughts concerning the knowledge of primary education on historical formation of literate societies / Este trabalho é um estudo historiográfico da produção e circulação dos livros escolares de Thomaz Galhardo (1852-1904), bem como das práticas de alfabetização e leitura propostas por este autor. Professor de instrução primária que fez da sua produção uma ação política no cenário público educacional paulista no final do Império e nas primeiras décadas da República. Como intelectual, ocupou lugar privilegiado em cargos estratégicos na instrução pública e participou da fundação das primeiras associações de professores de São Paulo. Envolveu-se ativamente na organização dos conselhos de educação e nos projetos de lei para a reforma da educação deste estado. Thomaz Galhardo fez parte de uma nova geração de autores de livros didáticos, originários do ensino primário, que passaram a produzir séries graduadas de livros de leitura. Conhecido por esse tipo de material didático, principalmente como autor da Cartilha da Infância, livro pertencente à série Na escola e no lar. A pesquisa dedicou-se especificamente à análise de suas atividades como autor de livros escolares para o ensino primário. Com base no arcabouço teórico e metodológico de Alain Choppin, procuramos inventariar a produção e circulação dos livros de Thomaz Galhardo, atentando para as peculiaridades do mercado de materiais didáticos do período. A análise do método empregado pelo autor permitiu-nos situar suas obras no debate acerca das práticas de alfabetização e leitura do final do século XIX para o XX, analisando sua produção a partir da permanência de sucessivas edições. Seus indícios comprovam a importância da tradição escolar, uma vez que os livros de alfabetização e leitura, por sua produção e pela amplitude de seu uso, deixam marcas profundas para se pensar os saberes da escola primária na formação histórica das sociedades letradas

This field study examines the comparative effectiveness of traditional and humanistic teaching methods. In part I the origins of humanistic teaching and their relationship to Gestalt therapy are considered. The influence of Humanistic education adult learning theory is also discussed. Part I concludes with an assessment of humanistic teaching. Part II: To measure the comparative effectiveness of the humanistic and traditional teaching methods, three groups of first year students in General English classess in a College of Technical and Further Education were selected. The effectiveness was measured in terms of differences in 1. Self-esteem. 2. Spelling Ability. 3. Attrition rates. 4 Academic Results. It can be concluded that there is: No difference in measures of self-esteem between groups, on the basis of the teaching method used. A large increase in the measure of self-esteem was observed in one of the groups that was taught with humanistic teaching strategies. Spelling measures showed no significant changes in any of the groups. Attrition rates were significantly reduced in groups that received humanistic teaching. Academic results of students completing the course showed no significant differences.

In this study, a P300 based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) system design is realized by the implementation of the Spelling Paradigm. The main challenge in these systems is to improve the speed of the prediction mechanisms by the application of different signal processing and pattern classification techniques in BCI problems. The thesis study includes the design and implementation of a 10 channel Electroencephalographic (EEG) data acquisition system to be practically used in BCI applications. The electrical measurements are realized with active electrodes for continuous EEG recording. The data is transferred via USB so that the device can be operated by any computer. v Wiener filtering is applied to P300 Speller as a signal enhancement tool for the first time in the literature. With this method, the optimum temporal frequency bands for user specific P300 responses are determined. The classification of the responses is performed by using Support Vector Machines (SVM&rsquo / s) and Bayesian decision. These methods are independently applied to the row-column intensification groups of P300 speller to observe the differences in human perception to these two visual stimulation types. It is observed from the investigated datasets that the prediction accuracies in these two groups are different for each subject even for optimum classification parameters. Furthermore, in these datasets, the classification accuracy was improved when the signals are preprocessed with Wiener filtering. With this method, the test characters are predicted with 100% accuracy in 4 trial repetitions in P300 Speller dataset of BCI Competition II. Besides, only 8 trials are needed to predict the target character with the designed BCI system.

Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems developed in order to control devices by using only brain signals. In BCI systems, different mental activities to be performed by the users are associated with different actions on the device to be controlled. Spelling Paradigm is a BCI application which aims to construct the words by finding letters using P300 signals recorded via channel electrodes attached to the diverse points of the scalp. Reducing the letter detection error rates and increasing the speed of letter detection are crucial for Spelling Paradigm. By this way, disabled people can express their needs more easily using this application. In this thesis, two different methods, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and AdaBoost, are used for classification in the analysis. Classification and Regression Trees is used as the weak classifier of the AdaBoost. Time-frequency domain characteristics of P300 evoked potentials are analyzed in addition to time domain characteristics. Wigner-Ville Distribution is used for transforming time domain signals into time-frequency domain. It is observed that classification results are better in time domain. Furthermore, optimum subset of channels that models P300 signals with minimum error rate is searched. A method that uses both SVM and AdaBoost is proposed to select channels. 12 channels are selected in time domain with this method. Also, effect of dimension reduction is analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and AdaBoost methods.

Die Dissertation untersucht die Entwicklung der Rechtschreibfertigkeiten von Schülern mit Deutsch als Zweitsprache im Vergleich zu ihren Mitschülern mit Deutsch als Muttersprache in der Sekundarstufe I. Kern der Untersuchung bildet die Methode der Fehleranalyse. Mittels quer- und längsschnittlicher Analysen werden spezifische Vergleiche zwischen den Rechtschreibleistungen von 236 Schülern italienischer und deutscher Herkunft vorgenommen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung präzisieren die empirisch bislang nur lückenhaft dokumentierten Rechtschreiberwerbsverläufe von ein- und zweisprachigen Schülern der Sekundarstufe I. Die Daten geben Auskunft über bestehende Leistungsrückstände der zweisprachigen Schüler und dokumentieren charakteristische Entwicklungsverläufe und Fehlerschwerpunkte. Für die Unterrichtspraxis geben die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse folglich konkrete Hinweise. Aufgezeigt werden nicht nur die Lerninhalte, für die vertiefende Instruktionen und Übungen im Unterricht der Sekundarstufe I nötig sind, sondern ebenfalls die Zeiträume, in denen sich die Schüler sichere Schreibfertigkeiten in den einzelnen orthographischen Problembereichen aneignen.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts