The aim of this paper is to investigate how strategies and plans for the transition to a fossil-free transport sector take environmental justice into account in these plans at a regional level. This is based on a theoretical framework of environmental justice and a legal geographical perspective. The empirical material that forms the basis of the study has been produced through qualitative content analysis of regional and municipal plans and strategies as well as semi-structured interviews with actors in the transition. In order to achieve the purpose, the strategies that emerged in the documents were examined, as well as how actors reasoned about these strategies with the help of environmental justice perspectives. The study has focused on an area where a knowledge gap has been identified in the literature. The result shows that there is no clear perspective of environmental justice in the plans and strategies in the Jönköping region and that the regional strategies needs to take more account of the just perspectives in the transition. This is achieved through different forms of justice: distributive, procedural, recognition and restorative. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur strategier och planer för omställningen till en fossilfri fordonssektor tar hänsyn till miljörättvisa i dessa planer på en regional nivå. Detta utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på miljörättvisa och ett juridisk geografiskt perspektiv. Det empiriska material som ligger till grund för studien har tagits fram genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys av regionala och kommunala planer och strategier samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer i omställningen. För att uppnå syftet undersöktes vilka strategier som framträdde i dokumenten, samt hur aktörer resonerade kring dessa strategier med hjälp av perspektiv av miljörättvisa. Studien har fokuserat på ett område där en kunskapslucka har kunnat konstaterats i tidigare forskning. Resultatet visar att det saknas ett tydligt perspektiv av miljörättvisa i planerna och strategierna i Jönköpings län och att det behövs tas större hänsyn till rättviseperspektiven i dessa. Detta uppnås genom olika former av rättvisa: fördelande, deltagande, erkännande och reperativ.

La siguiente investigación tiene como fin colocar al Perú en una posición competitiva a nivel internacional mediante la mejora de su infraestructura vial, esto se plantea al proponer un sistema constructivo eficiente de la base de pavimentos flexibles en suelos blandos saturados de manera que estos no sufran grandes deformaciones permanentes y se reduzca el número y costo de mantenimientos que se aplican al pavimento. La necesidad de un mejor sistema de vías se ve reflejada en la brecha de acceso básico a la infraestructura a corto plazo en el sector Transporte. Debido a esto, se seleccionó una vía – caso de estudio que presenta serias patologías. Se pretende demostrar que la propuesta presentada en esta investigación reduce de manera considerable las deformaciones permanentes en la estructura del pavimento mediante el uso combinado de la Base Macadam y Geotextiles No Tejidos. El uso de ambos fue simulado en tramos de prueba sobre los cuales se realizaron ensayos de Deflectometría, un tramo reforzado con Geotextiles No tejidos y otro tramo sin reforzar. Se evidenciará una disminución en los asentamientos en el tramo reforzado y se elaborará un adecuado proceso constructivo basado en la construcción de las muestras usadas en los ensayos / The following research aims to place Peru in a competitive position at the international level by improving its road infrastructure, this is proposed by proposing an efficient construction system of the base of flexible pavements in saturated soft soils so that they do not suffer large permanent deformations and reduce the number and cost of maintenance applied to the pavement. The need for a better road system is reflected in the short-term basic access gap to infrastructure in the Transportation sector. Due to this, an avenue with serious pathologies in the pavement was selected. It is intended to demonstrate that the proposal presented in this investigation considerably reduces permanent deformations in the pavement structure through the combined use of Macadam base and Non-Woven Geotextiles. The use of both was simulated in test sections on which deflectometry tests were carried out, a section reinforced with Nonwoven Geotextiles and another section without reinforcement. There will be evidence of a decrease in settlements in the reinforced section and an adequate construction process based in the construction of the trials will be developed for the proposal. / Tesis

There has been an increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the last 3 decades. A large share of these emissions is produced by the transport sector. In 2010 alone, global transport accounted for 7 GtCO2 eq and approximately 23% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. In order for the decarbonisation of the transport sector, one of the most important strategies is to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced by rolling out more battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on public roads. This is one of the methods by which the concept of electromobility is promoted. In order to increase the share of EVs, many countries have implemented different policies that promote the electrification of the transport sector. With respect to freight transport, electric commercial vans are one of the feasible choices.  This Master thesis involves a quantitative study which focus on the “total cost of ownership” (TCO) of light commercial vehicles (LCVs). Two diesel vans currently used in Curitiba, Brazil were selected - the Sprinter van by Mercedes-Benz and the Master van by Renault. In addition, their electric counterparts were also chosen; in conjunction, a sensitivity analysis with respect to fuel prices and annual distance driven was conducted. The results showed that the TCO of the electric LCVs is around 1.6 to 1.7 times higher than their diesel versions. As far as the two van model types were concerned, the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter had a higher TCO than the Renault Master over the chosen vehicle lifetime for both the diesel and electric versions, with the difference around 7.5% for the diesel versions and approximately 13% for the electric versions.  Based on the results of the TCO study, possible economic policies and fiscal instruments were recommended with regards to light commercial freight transport for Curitiba. / Det har skett en ökning av koldioxidutsläppen (CO2) under de senaste 3 decennierna. En stor del av dessa utsläpp produceras av transportsektorn. Bara 2010 svarade, global transport för 7 GtCO2 ekvivalenter och cirka 23% av de totala energirelaterade koldioxidutsläppen. För att avkolning av transportsektorn är en av de viktigaste strategierna att minska användningen av fossila bränslen. Fossil bränsleförbrukning kan minskas genom att rulla ut fler elektriska fordon (EF) på allmänna vägar när det gäller transportsektorn i allmänhet. Detta är en av metoderna som begreppet elektromobilitet främjas. För att öka andelen elbilar har många länder genomfört olika policyer som främjar elektrifiering av transportsektorn. När det gäller godstransport, är elektriska kommersiella lastbilar och skåpbilar två av de möjliga valen.  Detta examensarbete involverar en kvantitativ studie som fokuserar på “totala ägandekostnaderna” (TÄK) för lätta nyttofordon. Två dieselbilar som för närvarande används i Curitiba, Brasilien valdes - Sprinter-skåpbilen från Mercedes-Benz och Master-skåpbilen av Renault. Dessutom valdes deras elektriska motsvarigheter; i samband med detta genomfördes en känslighetsanalys avseende bränslepriser och årlig körd distans. Resultaten visade att T för elektriska LCV är cirka 1.6 till 1.7 gånger högre än deras dieselversioner. När det gäller de två typerna av skåpbilar hade Mercedes-Benz Sprinter en högre TCO än Renault Master under den valda fordonstiden för både diesel - och elektriska versioner, med skillnaden cirka 7.5% för dieselversionerna och cirka 13% för de elektriska versionerna.  Baserat på resultaten av TCO-studien rekommenderades möjlig ekonomisk politik och finanspolitiska instrument när det gäller lätt kommersiell godstransport för Curitiba.

How do management control systems function when under pressure to mainstream gender equality into a core business? This question is being discussed with an interpretive approach from both the institutional and the gender perspective. Empirical evidence stems from two longitudinal case studies within the Swedish public sector where management by objectives (MBO) is the current model for governmental control. The analysis is based on four aspects: management by objectives, gender mainstreaming, the concept of loose coupling from organization studies and institutional change as translation. The gender perspective highlights constructions that tend to enable or to hamper gender equality. The sociological institutional perspective sheds light over rules, norms and culture. In the empirical cases, it becomes evident that formal goals within MBO proved unable to overrule prevailing norms that have grounded a well established gendered (malestream) culture.  Control systems are designed to handle new issues; however, in the cases studied, this took place merely normatively and in line with the core business, not by changing the grounds on which the control system stands. The MBO model consequently lacks the ability to integrate gender in a transformative mode.

The transport sector accounts for a third of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions where cars and heavy trucks dominate the use of fossil fuels. The Swedish government is now intensifying the work for an electrified transport sector where electric roads could be an important part. Electric roads enable heavy vehicles to charge their batteries while driving, which is expected to contribute to environmentally friendly and time-efficient freight transports. To implement electric roads, availability of electric power along the electric roads will be required. This study presents a plan for connecting an electric road to the electricity grid in the electricity network area of Vattenfall Eldistribution. From the results, the idea was to present general conclusions from the experiences of the study, that could contribute in further implementation of electric roads.  The road that has been selected for the study was the E4 between Gävle and Stockholm. A model for calculating the power demand along the electric road has been modeled and connection possibilities to transformer stations has been investigated. The analysis was based on three scenarios where different degrees of strengthening of the existing electricity network were assumed. In addition, a forecast for 2030 and a cost estimation for each scenario has been carried out. The result of the study indicates that for road sections close to larger cities, there are a larger number of connection options in comparison to rural areas. Furthermore, the designed solution in the study required strengthening of the electricity grid and the investment cost was 362 million Swedish crowns.

The transport sector accounts for a third of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions where cars and heavy trucks dominate the use of fossil fuels. The Swedish government is now intensifying the work for an electrified transport sector where electric roads could be an important part. Electric roads enable heavy vehicles to charge their batteries while driving, which is expected to contribute to environmentally friendly and time-efficient freight transports. To implement electric roads, availability of electric power along the electric roads will be required. This study presents a plan for connecting an electric road to the electricity grid in the electricity network area of Vattenfall Eldistribution. From the results, the idea was to present general conclusions from the experiences of the study, that could contribute in further implementation of electric roads. The road that has been selected for the study was the E4 between Gävle and Stockholm. A model for calculating the power demand along the electric road has been modeled and connection possibilities to transformer stations has been investigated. The analysis was based on three scenarios where different degrees of strengthening of the existing electricity network were assumed. In addition, a forecast for 2030 and a cost estimation for each scenario has been carried out. The result of the study indicates that for road sections close to larger cities, there are a larger number of connection options in comparison to rural areas. Furthermore, the designed solution in the study required strengthening of the electricity grid and the investment cost was 362 million Swedish crowns.