Esta tese tem como intuito realizar uma abordagem teórico-conceitual da paisagem, a partir de uma proposta de ampliação epistemológica deste conceito. Para tanto, pretende-se alargar a concepção moderna da paisagem pautada na dicotomia entre cultura e natureza, por meio da abordagem trajetiva deste conceito, que engendra o conceito de paisagem trajetiva. Esta perspectiva não se pauta mais nos paradigmas de cisão entre sujeito e objeto, natureza e cultura, mas sim, na imbricação e interrelação representadas pelo termo cultura-natureza. Este debate é fundamentado por uma articulação interdisciplinar entre geografia, teoria do conhecimento, filosofia da paisagem, antropologia e, especialmente, por um debate teórico contemporâneo que permeia estes campos e procura dissolver os dualismos da modernidade. / This thesis intends to conduct a theoretical and conceptual approach to landscape, proposing an epistemological extension of this concept. Therefore, by approaching the concept of the trajectivity of landscape, it proposes to expand the modern conception of landscape based on the dichotomy culture and nature. This perspective does not rely anymore on the paradigms of the disconnection between subject and object, nature and culture, but in the interrelation represented by the term culture-nature. This debate is based on an interdisciplinary narrative involving geography, theory of knowledge, landscape philosophy, anthropology, and especially, a contemporary theoretical debate that permeates these fields, in an effort to dissolve the dualisms of modernity.

Theater of Enigma in Shakespeare’s England demonstrates the cognitive, affective, and social import of enigmatic theatrical moments. While the presence of other playgoers obviously shapes the experience of attending a play, I argue that deliberately induced moments of audience ignorance are occasions for audience members to be especially aware of their relations to others who may or may not share their bafflement. I explore the character of states of knowing and not-knowing among audience members and the relations that obtain among playgoers who inhabit these states. Further, I trace the range of performance techniques whereby playgoers are positioned in a cognitive no-man's land, lying somewhere between full understanding and utter ignorance—techniques that I collectively term “enigmatic theater.” I argue that moments of enigmatic theater were a dynamic agent in the formation of collectives in early modern playhouses. I use here the term “collective” to denote the temporary, occasional, and fleeting quality of these groupings, which occur during performance but are dissipated afterwards. Sometimes, this collective resembles what Victor Turner terms communitas, in which the normal societal divisions are suspended and the playgoers become a unified collectivity. At other times, however, plays solicit the formation of multiple collectives defined by their differing degrees of knowledge about a seeming enigma. In either case, I show that a core achievement of early modern theater of enigma was to link issues of knowledge with issues of belonging—even when that pleasurable sense of belonging is as transient as the occasion of performance.

R. G. Collingwood (1889-1943) representa, para a cena intelectual inglesa da primeira metade do século XX, a retomada da reflexão sobre os problemas epistemológicos suscitados pela História. Collingwood enquanto estudante de graduação em Oxford absorveu elementos importantes do debate realismo-idealismo do século XIX. Figuras importantes como Cook Wilson, E. F. Carritt, T. H. Green e F. H. Bradley despertaram a consciência de Collingwood sobre a importância das questões em Teoria do Conhecimento e, sobretudo, sobre a importância da Teoria da História. Para Collingwood, a principal tarefa da Filosofia do século XX era reconciliar-se com os francos desenvolvimentos da História. Seguindo o exemplo dos efeitos da Revolução Copernicana, que forçaram um deslocamento da própria Filosofia em direção às ciências físicas, a História, para Collingwood, no século XX, impõe um sismo ao terreno da Filosofia. Collingwood arquiteta sua proposta sobre a Teoria da História sobre três pontos fundamentais: a lógica de pergunta e resposta, a doutrina das pressuposições absolutas e o conceito de re-enactment. Nossa proposta aqui é a de oferecer um relato sobre a formação das ideias de Collingwood, avaliar seu impacto original e mais recente e, após isto, comentar a natureza filosófica de seus conceitos fundamentais em Teoria da História. / R. G. Collingwoods (1889-1943) work represents, within the British intellectual scene in the 20th Century, an increase of breath to the thinking and discussion over epistemological questions about historical knowledge. While an undergrad student in Oxford, Collingwood could absorb both realistic and idealistic elementary directions developed from the 19th Century. Ideas from important intellectuals within that context, such as Cook Wilson, T. H. Green, F. H. Bradley and E. F. Carritt, certainly had their effects over the running of Collingwoods ideas shaping. Collingwood would defend later on that the main task for the Philosophy of the 20th Century was to reconcile itself with the methodological advances identifiable in historical research. As the Scientific Revolution did have a major impact in Philosophy in the 17th Century, History, at Collingwoods own time, imposed to Philosophy a change of directions. Collingwood structures his account for a rapprochement between History and Philosophy over three main points: the method of question and answer, the doctrine of absolute and relative presuppositions and the concept of re-enactment. My goal here is to evaluate his formation period tracing, also, the main characteristics to the reception to his thought. After that I try to present and discuss the philosophical nature as well as the criticism to his most acknowledged arguments about Theory of History.

Thesis. 1977. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Vita. / Includes bibliographies. / Ph.D.

A teoria moral platônica ganha uma nova abordagem muito mais concisa e de acordo com a realidade da prática humana. Após o período socrático, quando ele desenvolve suas teses na República, a novidade é uma teoria da alma tripartite central para a psicologia, ética e política do pensamento platônico. Descobrir o fundamento que compreenda a raison dêtre desta tripartição é crucial para se entender não apenas a psicologia, ética e política platônica, mas também a ligação com o restante de sua filosofia. Nosso objetivo é exatamente encontrar esse fundamento que julgamos tem sua explicação pela relação alma e corpo desde o momento de sua união, que tem como consequência uma economia da ação humana guiada para três tipos de objetos de desejo: o prazeroso, o belo e o bem. / The Platonic moral theory gains a new approach much more concisely and in accordance with the reality of human practice. After the Socratic period, when he develops his theses in the Republic, the novelty is a tripartite souls theory central to psychology, ethics and politics of Platonic thought. To discover the foundation that understands the raison d\'être of this tripartite partition is crucial to understand not just the psychology, the ethics and the politics of Plato, but also the link with the other fields of his philosophy. Our goal is exactly to find this foundation that we believe has its explanation by the relation between soul and body from the moment of their union, which has resulted in an economic explanation of the human action, guided to three types of objects of desire: the pleasurable, the beautiful and good.

R. G. Collingwood (1889-1943) representa, para a cena intelectual inglesa da primeira metade do século XX, a retomada da reflexão sobre os problemas epistemológicos suscitados pela História. Collingwood enquanto estudante de graduação em Oxford absorveu elementos importantes do debate realismo-idealismo do século XIX. Figuras importantes como Cook Wilson, E. F. Carritt, T. H. Green e F. H. Bradley despertaram a consciência de Collingwood sobre a importância das questões em Teoria do Conhecimento e, sobretudo, sobre a importância da Teoria da História. Para Collingwood, a principal tarefa da Filosofia do século XX era reconciliar-se com os francos desenvolvimentos da História. Seguindo o exemplo dos efeitos da Revolução Copernicana, que forçaram um deslocamento da própria Filosofia em direção às ciências físicas, a História, para Collingwood, no século XX, impõe um sismo ao terreno da Filosofia. Collingwood arquiteta sua proposta sobre a Teoria da História sobre três pontos fundamentais: a lógica de pergunta e resposta, a doutrina das pressuposições absolutas e o conceito de re-enactment. Nossa proposta aqui é a de oferecer um relato sobre a formação das ideias de Collingwood, avaliar seu impacto original e mais recente e, após isto, comentar a natureza filosófica de seus conceitos fundamentais em Teoria da História. / R. G. Collingwoods (1889-1943) work represents, within the British intellectual scene in the 20th Century, an increase of breath to the thinking and discussion over epistemological questions about historical knowledge. While an undergrad student in Oxford, Collingwood could absorb both realistic and idealistic elementary directions developed from the 19th Century. Ideas from important intellectuals within that context, such as Cook Wilson, T. H. Green, F. H. Bradley and E. F. Carritt, certainly had their effects over the running of Collingwoods ideas shaping. Collingwood would defend later on that the main task for the Philosophy of the 20th Century was to reconcile itself with the methodological advances identifiable in historical research. As the Scientific Revolution did have a major impact in Philosophy in the 17th Century, History, at Collingwoods own time, imposed to Philosophy a change of directions. Collingwood structures his account for a rapprochement between History and Philosophy over three main points: the method of question and answer, the doctrine of absolute and relative presuppositions and the concept of re-enactment. My goal here is to evaluate his formation period tracing, also, the main characteristics to the reception to his thought. After that I try to present and discuss the philosophical nature as well as the criticism to his most acknowledged arguments about Theory of History.

A teoria moral platônica ganha uma nova abordagem muito mais concisa e de acordo com a realidade da prática humana. Após o período socrático, quando ele desenvolve suas teses na República, a novidade é uma teoria da alma tripartite central para a psicologia, ética e política do pensamento platônico. Descobrir o fundamento que compreenda a raison dêtre desta tripartição é crucial para se entender não apenas a psicologia, ética e política platônica, mas também a ligação com o restante de sua filosofia. Nosso objetivo é exatamente encontrar esse fundamento que julgamos tem sua explicação pela relação alma e corpo desde o momento de sua união, que tem como consequência uma economia da ação humana guiada para três tipos de objetos de desejo: o prazeroso, o belo e o bem. / The Platonic moral theory gains a new approach much more concisely and in accordance with the reality of human practice. After the Socratic period, when he develops his theses in the Republic, the novelty is a tripartite souls theory central to psychology, ethics and politics of Platonic thought. To discover the foundation that understands the raison d\'être of this tripartite partition is crucial to understand not just the psychology, the ethics and the politics of Plato, but also the link with the other fields of his philosophy. Our goal is exactly to find this foundation that we believe has its explanation by the relation between soul and body from the moment of their union, which has resulted in an economic explanation of the human action, guided to three types of objects of desire: the pleasurable, the beautiful and good.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-130).

This study concentrates on the disease and treatment cases of women in the Hippocratic texts, to identify and describe the Hippocratic medical style as one that, through its mode of practice, represents a significant departure in making the human body observable. As an antidote to a bias in the literature that has always made the male more visible, we chose to view Hippocrates&rsquo / s novel way of making the woman visible since, producing a new entity for observation, this style of practice led to the emergence of a new profession of medicine, gynecology. In this way, the &ldquo / white-armed&rdquo / women of ancient times were brought into the realm of the visible. Examination of the case histories in the corpus revealed that the observational style was used in light of two principles, that of nature as an active force, generally for healing, and water as a function and humor / both the nature and water concepts uniting the analytical and the metaphorical in a holistic way. The nature inspiration enables an ecological view of Hippocratic practice in such a way that later categories described by Kuhn as incommensurable are seen to function in interrelation. The theoretical trajectory therefore, involves a short survey which starts with Popper and follows through Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, and finally Crombie, with the latter&rsquo / s concept of &ldquo / styles of thinking&rdquo / which accounts for how habits of thought inform specific practices like Hippocratic gynecology.

This study concentrates on the disease and treatment cases of women in the Hippocratic texts, to identify and describe the Hippocratic medical style as one that, through its mode of practice, represents a significant departure in making the human body observable. As an antidote to a bias in the literature that has always made the male more visible, we chose to view Hippocrates&rsquo / s novel way of making the woman visible since, producing a new entity for observation, this style of practice led to the emergence of a new profession of medicine, gynecology. In this way, the &ldquo / white-armed&rdquo / women of ancient times were brought into the realm of the visible. Examination of the case histories in the corpus revealed that the observational style was used in light of two principles, that of nature as an active force, generally for healing, and water as a function and humor / both the nature and water concepts uniting the analytical and the metaphorical in a holistic way. The nature inspiration enables an ecological view of Hippocratic practice in such a way that later categories described by Kuhn as incommensurable are seen to function in interrelation. The theoretical trajectory therefore, involves a short survey which starts with Popper and follows through Kuhn, Lakatos, Feyerabend, and finally Crombie, with the latter&rsquo / s concept of &ldquo / styles of thinking&rdquo / which accounts for how habits of thought inform specific practices like Hippocratic gynecology.