Abstract Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems that rely directly or indirectly on groundwater (GW). Recent European and Finnish legislation requires better consideration of these systems in GW management. The main aim of this thesis was to develop new methods for GDE classification and management, by testing environmental tracer methods in different environments. New information about GW-surface water interactions was obtained and novel methods for GDE classification and management were developed for lakes, peatlands, streams, and springs. Stable water isotopes proved to be an efficient tool for determining the GW dependence of lakes. An iterative isotope mass balance method was applied for 67 lakes situated in the Rokua esker aquifer area. Stable water isotopes also showed potential in determining the GW dependence of a peatland surface horizon. A study conducted in peatlands adjacent to Viinivaara esker aquifer indicated that the GW dependence of peatlands can vary significantly and that GW-dependent areas can extend outside current GW protection areas. Thermal images proved useful in pinpointing clear GW seepage locations in peatlands. For streams, a novel stream tracer index method was developed to evaluate GW dependence based on GW volume in streams, thermal properties of streams, and stream water quality. The method was tested in three streams discharging from Viinivaara and Rokua aquifers and was found to efficiently capture spatial variations in GW dependence. In Oulanka region, hydrological and chemical characterization and statistical methods were used to classify springs into different types. Spring altitude and δ2H value were identified as useful proxies for spring water chemistry. The methods developed in this thesis can be helpful when classifying and studying GDEs and applying environmental tracer methods in various environments. Knowing the GW dependence of an ecosystem, the impacts of possible GW table decline caused by e.g., GW abstraction, drainage, and/or climate change can be evaluated. For large-scale applications, GDE classification methods have to be practical, effective, and low-cost. Combined use of stable water isotopes and other tracers can be especially effective for characterizing ecosystem hydrology on different temporal and spatial scales. / Tiivistelmä Pohjavedestä riippuvat ekosysteemit (GDE) ovat vesi- tai maaekosysteemejä, jotka ovat suoraan tai epäsuorasti riippuvaisia pohjavedestä. Euroopan Unionin ja Suomen lainsäädännön mukaan pohjavesien hallinnassa tulisi ottaa paremmin huomioon GDEt. Tämän työn tavoitteena oli kehittää uusia menetelmiä näiden ekosysteemien luokitteluun ja hallintaan. Luonnollisia merkkiainemenetelmiä soveltaen saatiin uutta tietoa pohjavesi-pintavesi vuorovaikutuksesta ja kehitettiin uusia menetelmiä GDE-luokitteluun järville, soille, puroille ja lähteille. Veden stabiilit isotoopit osoittautuivat tehokkaaksi työkaluksi järvien pohjavesiriippuvuuden määrittämisessä. Iteratiivista isotooppimassatase-menetelmää käytettiin 67 Rokuan järven pohjavesiriippuvuuden selvittämiseen. Veden stabiileilla isotoopeilla pystyttiin myös määrittämään suon pinnan pohjavesiriippuvuus. Viinivaaran harjun viereisen suoalueen tutkimus näytti, että suon pohjavesiriippuvuus voi vaihdella merkittävästi ja pohjavedestä riippuvia alueita löytyy myös nykyisten pohjavesirajojen ulkopuolelta. Lisäksi soilla havaittiin selkeitä pohjavedenpurkupaikkoja lämpökamerakuvauksen avulla. Puroille kehitettiin uusi menetelmä, jolla niiden pohjavesiriippuvuutta voidaan arvioida perustuen pohjaveden määrään puroissa, puroveden lämpötilaominaisuuksiin ja puroveden laatuun. Menetelmää testattiin Viinivaaran ja Rokuan harjuista purkautuville puroille ja sillä havaittiin pohjavesiriippuvuuden vaihtelevan purojen eri osissa. Oulangan lähteitä luokiteltiin eri tyyppeihin hydrologisen ja kemiallisen karakterisoinnin ja tilastollisten menetelmien avulla. Lähteiden altitudin ja δ2H-arvon havaittiin ennustavan lähdeveden kemiallista koostumusta. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitetyt menetelmät voivat olla hyödyllisiä GDE-luokittelussa, eri ekosysteemien tutkimisessa ja luonnollisten merkkiainemenetelmien soveltamisessa eri ympäristöissä. Kun ekosysteemin pohjavesiriippuvuus tiedetään, voidaan arvioida pohjavedenotosta, ojituksesta ja/tai ilmaston muutoksesta mahdollisesti aiheutuvan pohjavedenpinnan laskun vaikutuksia. Suuressa mittakaavassa, GDE-luokittelumenetelmien tulee olla käytännöllisiä, tehokkaita ja halpoja. Veden stabiilien isotooppien ja muiden merkkiaineiden yhdistetty käyttö vaikuttaa olevan tähän erityisen tehokas työkalu, jolla voidaan ymmärtää ekosysteemien hydrologiaa eri temporaalisissa ja spatiaalisissa mittakaavoissa.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire (Zone Atelier Bassin du Rhône – Agence de l’Eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse) portant sur la rivière Cèze, affluent du Rhône.Le terrain d’expérimentation se situe dans les formations karstiques du bassin de la Cèze (Gard, France). Cette zone touristique est exposée à une croissance démographique et de l’activité agricole, engendrant une augmentation de la demande en eau. La thèse se concentre sur la restitution des eaux karstiques à la rivière en période estivale pour en comprendre le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystème en période de basses eaux, quand la ressource est vulnérable.Ce travail a permis d’élaborer une méthodologie, pour analyser et quantifier les échanges entre la rivière et l’aquifère karstique, fondée sur : la géologie, l’hydrologie, la géochimie, la biologie, la radioactivité en radon, l’analyse d’images infrarouges thermiques et la modélisation. Les résultats obtenus avec ces approches sont confrontés pour interpréter les interactions karst/rivière d’un point de vue qualitatif et/ou quantitatif (localisation, périodicité, débits). La confrontation de ces résultats met en avant l’intérêt d’une méthodologie interdisciplinaire pour interpréter et quantifier les échanges karst/rivière. L’application de la méthode montre qu’en juin 2015, la Cèze est alimentée à 50 % par des eaux karstiques.L’analyse multi-métrique du système karstique a permis d’acquérir de nouvelles connaissances sur son fonctionnement nécessaires pour paramétrer le modèle par réseaux de neurones qui constitue la dernière étape de ce travail. / This work is part of an interdisciplinary research project (Rhone Basin Workshop Zone – the Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency) on the river Cèze, a tributary of the Rhône.The experimental field is located in the karstic formations of the Cèze basin (Gard, France). This tourist area is exposed to population growth and agricultural activity, causing an increase in water demand. The thesis focuses on the karstic water restitution to the river during summer, in order to understand the functioning of the hydrosystem in periods of low water levels, when the resource is vulnerable.This work led to the development of a methodology to analyze and quantify the exchanges between karstic aquifers and rivers. This methodology is based on geology, hydrology, geochemistry, biology, radon radioactivity, infrared thermal imaging analysis and modeling. The results obtained with these approaches are compared in order to understand the karst/river interactions from a qualitative and/or quantitative point of view (localization, frequency, flow rates). The comparison of these results highlights the advantages of an interdisciplinary methodology for understanding and quantifying the karst/river exchanges. The application of this method shows that in June 2015, 50 % of the river Cèze was fed by karstic waters.The multi-metric analysis of the karstic system has led to new knowledge about its functioning. This knowledge is necessary to set the model’s parameters using neural networks, which is the last stage of this work.

This master thesis project was based on the development and evaluation of an open learning material in thermal imaging for automation applications. The outsourcer – FLIR Systems – wanted a three-day course covering all necessary topics for infrared cameras in automation applications. These topics include thermography, optics, detectors, networks, protocols, and more. The open learning material was designed to function as a three-day, self-paced, distance course, and it was based on theories of andragogy, self-directed learning and transformative learning. The master thesis process was essentially divided into two phases: the development phase and the evaluation phase. The method for the development phase was based on a literature study. The literature on creating open learning material included ways of compensating for the lack of social interaction in distance courses, such as a friendly, warm narrator using the pronoun “I”, encouraging phrases, and self-assessment questions (SAQs). An SAQ is a framing of question intended to guide the learner towards self-assessment of his or her learning and knowledge. The vital part of the SAQ is the response, where not only the correct answer is given, but feedback on the wrong choices too. The development of the open learning material was an iterative process where discussion with supervisors at FLIR Systems and KTH Royal Institute of Technology led to improvements of the material. The evaluation phase consisted of two tests with test subjects. The first test was conducted by sending a sample unit of the material to test subjects around the world along with a questionnaire. The main objective was to test the tone and style of the material. There were variations in the result, but the majority found the material friendly and readable. The second test was an in-house test with three participants. Three sample units of the material was used, and the main objective was to test the usability of the material and the test subjects’ perceived learning process. The usability of the material varied with the three test subjects and depended on their technological prerequisites and reading comprehension in English. All test subjects responded positively to their perceived learning outcome. The following conclusions were drawn: the open learning material has the potential to promote autonomous and self-directed learners and can be used as a basis for further development – such as web-based courses and teacher-led classes. The open learning material as a whole and the results and analysis from the tests are included as appendices. / Detta examensarbete baserades på utveckling och utvärdering av ett öppet läromedel i termografi för automationstillämpningar. Uppdragsgivaren – FLIR Systems – hade uttryckt ett behov av en tredagarskurs som täckte alla nödvändiga ämnen för infraröda kameror för automationstillämpningar. Dessa ämnen var bland annat termografi, optik, detektorer, nätverk, protokoll med flera. Det öppna läromedlet var designat för att fungera som en tredagars distanskurs och det var baserat på teorier om andragogik, självstyrt lärande och transformativt lärande. Examensarbetets process bestod i huvudsak av två faser: utvecklingsfasen och utvärderingsfasen. Metoden för utvecklingsfasen baserades på en litteraturstudie. Litteraturen i skapande av öppet läromedel inkluderade tillvägagångssätt för att kompensera för bristen av social interaktion i distanskurser, så som en vänlig och varm berättarröst som använder pronomenet ”jag”, uppmuntrande fraser och självbedömningsfrågor (SAQ, Self-Assessment Question). En självbedömningsfråga är en frågeställning menad att leda den lärande mot självbedömning av hens lärande och kunskap. Den viktiga delen av självbedömningsfrågan är responsen, där inte bara det rätta svaret är givet, utan också feedback på de felaktiga svaren. Utvecklingen av det öppna läromedlet var en iterativ process där diskussion med handledare på FLIR Systems och Kungliga Tekniska högskolan ledde till förbättringar i materialet. Utvärderingsfasen bestod av två test med försökspersoner. Det första testet utfördes genom att skicka en provenhet av materialet till försökspersoner över hela världen tillsammans med en enkät. Huvudsyftet med testet var att testa tonen och stilen på materialet. Resultatet var varierande, men majoriteten av testpersonerna fann materialet vänskapligt och läsligt. Det andra testet var ett internt test med tre deltagare. Tre provenheter från materialet användes och huvudsyftet var att testa användbarheten av materialet och försökspersonernas upplevda läroprocess. Användbarheten av materialet varierade hos de tre försökspersonerna och berodde på deras tekniska förutsättningar och läsförståelse i engelska. Alla försökspersoner gav positiv respons om deras upplevda läranderesultat. Följande slutsatser drogs: det öppna läromedlet har potential att främja autonomt och självstyrt lärande, samt kan användas som en bas för fortsatt utveckling så som webbaserade kurser och lärarledda kurser. Det öppna läromedlet i sin helhet och resultat och analys av testen är inkluderade som bilagor.

Many individuals with severe motor impairments are cognitively capable, but because of their physical impairments, unable to express their intention through conventional means of communication. Access technologies are devices that attempt to translate the intention of these individuals into functional activity by harnessing their residual physical or physiological abilities. The primary objective of this thesis was to design and develop a novel non-invasive and non-contact access technology based on infrared thermal imaging. This access technology translates the local temperature change associated with voluntary mouth opening to activation of a binary switch such as a mouse click or key press. To this end, an algorithm based on motion and temperature analyses, and morphological and anthropometric filters was designed to detect mouth opening activity in thermal video in real-time. The secondary objective of this thesis was to introduce a mutual information measure for objective assessment of binary switch users’ performance. A model was suggested, in which combination of cognitive and physical abilities of the human user of a binary access switch constitute a communication channel. The proposed mutual information measure estimates the rate of information transmission in the ‘human communication channel’ during stimulus response tasks. Using this measure, in a study with ten able-bodied participants, the infrared thermal switch was validated against a conventional chin switch. Impairments in body functions and structures that may contraindicate the use of the infrared thermal switch were explored in a study with seven clients, with severe disabilities. Potential hard and soft technological solutions to mitigate the effect of these impairments on infrared thermal switch use were recommended. Finally the infrared thermal switch was tailored to meet the needs of a young man with severe spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, who had no other means of physical access.

Many individuals with severe motor impairments are cognitively capable, but because of their physical impairments, unable to express their intention through conventional means of communication. Access technologies are devices that attempt to translate the intention of these individuals into functional activity by harnessing their residual physical or physiological abilities. The primary objective of this thesis was to design and develop a novel non-invasive and non-contact access technology based on infrared thermal imaging. This access technology translates the local temperature change associated with voluntary mouth opening to activation of a binary switch such as a mouse click or key press. To this end, an algorithm based on motion and temperature analyses, and morphological and anthropometric filters was designed to detect mouth opening activity in thermal video in real-time. The secondary objective of this thesis was to introduce a mutual information measure for objective assessment of binary switch users’ performance. A model was suggested, in which combination of cognitive and physical abilities of the human user of a binary access switch constitute a communication channel. The proposed mutual information measure estimates the rate of information transmission in the ‘human communication channel’ during stimulus response tasks. Using this measure, in a study with ten able-bodied participants, the infrared thermal switch was validated against a conventional chin switch. Impairments in body functions and structures that may contraindicate the use of the infrared thermal switch were explored in a study with seven clients, with severe disabilities. Potential hard and soft technological solutions to mitigate the effect of these impairments on infrared thermal switch use were recommended. Finally the infrared thermal switch was tailored to meet the needs of a young man with severe spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy, who had no other means of physical access.

Der Vortrag stellt Idee und Grundlagen der Berechnung von Schockantwortspektren dar. Er zeigt, wie man exemplarisch für einen Halbsinusstoß das Schockantwortspektrum in der PTC FEM-Software Creo Elements / Pro Mechanica berechnen kann. Die Schockantworten eines Ein- und Zweimassenschwingers werden sowohl zeitaufgelöst als auch über die dynamische Stoßanalyse berechnet. Die modalen Superpositionsmethoden "Absolute Summe" und "SRSS" (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares - geometrischer Mittelwert) werden vorgestellt. Als reales Beispiel werden Schockanalysen für verschiedene Halbsinusimpulse mit einem Wärmebildgerät der Firma Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH durchgeführt und mit einer zeitaufgelösten Analyse verglichen. Abschließend wird auf die Erzeugung von Antwortspektren für die Substrukturauslegung eingegangen. / The presentation explains idea and fundamentals of shock response spectra analysis. With help of the PTC FEM-software Creo Elements / Pro Mechanica the shock response spectra (SRS) for an exemplary half sine shock is calculated. The shock response of a one-mass and a two-mass oscillator are analyzed per dynamic time as well as per dynamic shock analysis. The modal superposition methods "absolute sum" and "SRSS" (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares) are explained. The method is applied for different half sine shocks on a realistic example: A thermal imaging system of the company Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH. Finally, the creation of response spectra for global-local analysis is explained.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to design austerity measures of an apartment building in the form of an energy card. The theoretical part deals with heat pumps. The computational part solves the evaluation of the current state of the building, the proposal of two variants, the assessment in terms of energy and economic and recommendations of the selected variant. There is also an experimental measurement specializing in thermovision imaging. The project contains energy certificates of individual states of the solved object.

Der Vortrag stellt Idee und Grundlagen der Berechnung von Schockantwortspektren dar. Er zeigt, wie man exemplarisch für einen Halbsinusstoß das Schockantwortspektrum in der PTC FEM-Software Creo Elements / Pro Mechanica berechnen kann. Die Schockantworten eines Ein- und Zweimassenschwingers werden sowohl zeitaufgelöst als auch über die dynamische Stoßanalyse berechnet. Die modalen Superpositionsmethoden "Absolute Summe" und "SRSS" (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares - geometrischer Mittelwert) werden vorgestellt. Als reales Beispiel werden Schockanalysen für verschiedene Halbsinusimpulse mit einem Wärmebildgerät der Firma Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH durchgeführt und mit einer zeitaufgelösten Analyse verglichen. Abschließend wird auf die Erzeugung von Antwortspektren für die Substrukturauslegung eingegangen. / The presentation explains idea and fundamentals of shock response spectra analysis. With help of the PTC FEM-software Creo Elements / Pro Mechanica the shock response spectra (SRS) for an exemplary half sine shock is calculated. The shock response of a one-mass and a two-mass oscillator are analyzed per dynamic time as well as per dynamic shock analysis. The modal superposition methods "absolute sum" and "SRSS" (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares) are explained. The method is applied for different half sine shocks on a realistic example: A thermal imaging system of the company Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH. Finally, the creation of response spectra for global-local analysis is explained.

<p>  We utilize thermoreflectance (TR) thermal imaging to experimentally study heat transport and reliability of micro to nano-scale devices. TR imaging provides 2D thermal maps with sub-micron spatial resolution. Fast thermal transients down to 50 ns resolution can be captured. In addition, finite element modeling is carried out to better understand the underlying physics of the experiment. We describe four main applications; 1) Development of a full-field thermoreflectance imaging setup with a variable optical (laser) heating source as a general characterization tool. We demonstrate the setup’s sensitivity to extract anisotropic<br> thermal conductivity of thin flms and evaluate its sensitivity for detecting buried (below the surface) defects in 3D integrated circuits. This method provides a low-cost noncontact alternative to destructive defect localization methods. It also doesn’t require any special sample<br> preparations. 2) Physics of localized electromigration-failures in metallic interconnects is investigated. One can distinguish two separate mechanisms responsible for electromigration depending on the current density and temperature gradient. 3) Thermal transport in silicon near sub-micron electrical heaters is studied. Quasiballistic and hydrodynamic (fluid-like) behavior is observed at room temperature for different device sizes and geometries. 4) Temperature-dependent thermoreflectance coefcient of phase-change materials is characterized. We focus on tungsten (W) doped VO₂ (W_0.02V_0.98O₂) compound, which experiences an insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) at ≈33 °C. Strong TR-signal non-linearity is observed at the IMT temperature. This non-linearity is used to localize the phase-change boundary with resolutions down to ≈0.2 µm. TR full-feld imaging enables a simple and fast characterization complementing near-feld microscopy techniques. <br>  </p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung eines UAV-basierten Systems und der zugehörigen Methodenentwicklung zur automatisierten Rehkitzsuche in Feldern. Jedes Jahr sterben sehr viele Wildtiere -- vor allem Rehkitze -- während dem Mähen von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Wiesen. Mit herkömmlichen Methoden ist es unter vertretbarem Aufwand bisher nicht gelungen, die Zahl der Mähopfer auf ein erträgliches Maß zu reduzieren. Mit der Entwicklung des in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen "Fliegenden Wildretters" könnte sich das in Zukunft ändern. Mit Hilfe einer Wärmebildkamera aus der Vogelperspektive lässt sich ein warmes Tier, wie ein Rehkitz, wesentlich leichter aufspüren, als mit herkömmlichen Methoden. Auslegung und Aufbau des Systems orientieren sich speziell an dem Aspekt, wie eine möglichst hohe Flächenleistung erreicht werden kann, ohne dabei Tiere zu übersehen. Drei Faktoren sind besonders wichtig, um dieses Ziel zu erreichen: Eine hohe Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Suchprozesses, eine zuverlässige Detektion und eine präzise Lokalisierung der Tiere. Durch Automatisierung lassen sich viele Teilaspekte dieser Aufgabe beschleunigen. Deshalb werden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit verschiedene Methoden entwickelt und validiert, unter anderem zur Flugplanung, Flugsteuerung, Bilddaten-Auswertung, Objekt-Detektion und Georeferenzierung. Die Kenntnis der Rehkitz-Merkmale und der Einflussgrößen bei der Thermalbilderfassung helfen, die Qualität der Detektion zu erhöhen, weshalb sie in dieser Arbeit besondere Berücksichtigung finden. Auch die Präzision der Lokalisierung lässt sich durch Kenntnis der Einflussgrößen auf die Positions- und Lagemessung des UAVs erhöhen. Anhand von umfangreichen Messkampagnen wird die Funktion und Qualität des Systems unter realen Bedingungen belegt.