Title: The ability of the future elementary school teachers to provide the first aid to pupils at live-threatening conditions Summary: This thesis is focused on the ability of future elementary school teachers in providing first aid to pupils in a life-threatening conditions. The introduction describes the motivation that has led to this topic and follows the objectives set for this thesis. The theoretical part is dedicated to defining first aid, inclusion of this topic into the school documents and programs, as well as a brief specifics of a child of a younger school age from the perspective of providing first aid, describes how to contact emergency services and focuses on prevention. It describes the universal process of providing first aid in three steps and complements it with practical knowledge gained from experience with pupils of younger school age. The practical part deals with the ability of future teachers in first aid in life-threatening condition, verified by the survey. Further analyzes whether future teachers are able to react correctly in life- threatening situations of their pupils. In conclusion, there is a brief assessment of achieved goals and recommendations for further development in providing first aid. Keywords: first aid, teacher, pupil, elementary school, live-threatening conditions

The thesis focuses on posttraumatic growth in adolescents and young adults. The subject of the research is finding and tracking reactions and changes that emerge after a specific stimulus - an existentially experienced trauma, where at the core is realizing the threat of life and afterwards thinking about one's own death. The theoretical part deals with psychological and philosophical sources of current concepts of post-traumatic growth. These sources support our assumption that for the specific course of post-traumatic reactions and changes the subject category or objective severity of events is not relevant. It is the respondents own perception of a life threat. We also deal with a particular PTG model by Tedeschi and Calhoun, whose concept of changes after a major life event was chosen as the starting point for our research and whose PTGI questionnaire is used in the quantitative part. In the empirical part we chose mixed research design. First, a quantitative part of the research was carried out, involving 407 respondents aged 17-25. The aim of this part was to determine the rate of post-traumatic growth and to demonstrate that perceived life threats occur among respondents across all event categories. The personal perception of a life threat will result into a higher score achieved in both...

This thesis investigates the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) toperform semantic segmentation of feet during endovascular surgery in patientswith Critical Limb Threatening Ischemia (CLTI). It is currently being investigatedwhether objective assessment of perfusion can aid surgeons during endovascularsurgery. By segmenting feet, it is possible to perform automatic analysis of perfusion data which could give information about the impact of the surgery in specificRegions of Interest (ROIs). The CNN was developed in Python with a U-net architecture which has shownto be state of the art when it comes to medical image segmentation. An imageset containing approximately 78 000 images of feet and their ground truth segmentation was manually created from 11 videos taken during surgery, and onevideo taken on three healthy test subjects. All videos were captured with a MultiExposure Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (MELSCI) camera developed by Hultman et al. [1]. The best performing CNN was an ensemble model consisting of10 sub-models, each trained with different sets of training data. An ROI tracking algorithm was developed based on the Unet output, by takingadvantage of the simplicity of edge detection in binary images. The algorithmconverts images into point clouds and calculates a transformation between twopoint clouds with the use of the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. The resultis a system that perform automatic tracking of manually selected ROIs whichenables continuous measurement of perfusion in the ROIs during endovascularsurgery.

This study examined how racism and racial tensions potentially threatened the face needs of Black and White interracial couples. Specifically, this study investigated the benefit of family approval of one's interracial relationship. Couples use of corrective face work in response to prejudice was also examined. This research used a qualitative, interpretive method to gather and analyze data from 14 personal interviews. The interview schedule enabled interviewees to use storytelling to share their experience of being in a Black and White interracial relationship. Interviewees were asked questions surrounding their experience as the partner in an interracial relationship. Couples shared how they told their family that their romantic partner was a different race and shared how they encountered prejudice when they are out in public. Further, they spoke about how people stare at them and make comments about their interracial relationship. The data underwent a thematic analysis (Owen, 1984) where I reviewed the data and searched for themes that were recurrent and repeated by interviewees. There were several themes that emerged. First, the very presence of racial tensions and racism affects interracial couples. Second, family support seemed to mitigate threats to couples' positive and negative faces and enabled couples to engage in open and honest dialogue with their family and their significant other. Finally, even couples with family support, engaged in corrective face work to respond to the face threats posed by racism and racial tensions.

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長期以來，有關新聞訪問中的模糊語言實際運用並無具體化分析成果，本研究藉由現任總統馬英九接受國際媒體CNN專訪之研究，以論述分析法逐一分析問句及答句，具體歸納出了模糊語言之運用方式。 本研究在文獻回顧章節透過面子威脅、雙避衝突及組織框架等理論來探討官方消息來源如何使用模糊語言，再以論述分析法逐一探討提問者問句與受訪者答句間之對應情形，並納入語境因素，試圖尋找出官方消息來源常見之模糊語言形式。 本研究結果顯示，國內官方消息來源在衝突性提問中確實經常引用模糊語言作為回應媒體提問之方式，不論國內或是國外消息來源均偏愛採取「製造政策重點」之模糊語言方式回應，國內官方消息來源尤其青睞採取「製造政策重點」中之「提出新的論點」、「自我肯定」及「未來作法及期待」等項目，主要是基因於模糊語言類型的運用具有「看似言之有物」、「轉移焦點」、「離開情境」、「不冷場」及「較不容易出錯」等優點，至於負面效應則是引發媒體的「追問」，但由於問答劇本之設定及訪問時間等有利因素，消息來源之模糊語言並無礙於專訪之進行。 / This study focuses on the concept of equivocal communication, especially on the effect of equivocal language and source credibility, ininterviews between the press and its official sources. An unedited version of CNN interview with President Ma Ying-jeou on April 30, 2011, was used in this study in order to find out how equivocal language, if any, was involved. After going through the literature of face-threatening theory, avoidance- avoidance conflict and frame analysis, this research centers on two levels: first, how the officials choose/manipulate the wording of answers in interviews; and second, what the syntax differences are between questions and answers. The results of the study show that official sources, when facing harsh questions, usually turn to equivocal language and intend to induce avoidance towards certain questions. The technique that an official frequently adopted is “making political points,” i.e., to divert attention by “presenting policies,” “talking up one’s own side,” and “making pie in the sky.” The negative effects of equivocal language, therefore, are mainly resulted from the fact that it might trigger more aggressive follow-up questions from the press. Nevertheless, officials still maintain an upper hand over the pres in the wake of Q&A time restraints and the constant stress to beat deadline.

<p>Nydebuterad svår sjukdom kan ta tid att ta till sig och patienten kan till en början känna sorg och oro. En av flera sådana sjukdomar är Reumatoid artrit (RA) där vården på senare år insett vikten av tidiga insatser för att sjukdomen ska kunna bromsas upp. Ofta får nyinsjuknade patienter, oavsett vilken sjukdomsgrupp de tillhör, mycket information på kort tid och ska därefter klara av att ta sina mediciner och sköta sin hälsa själva hemma. När mycket information ges vid ett och samma tillfälle kan det vara svårt att minnas och uppfatta allt. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur patienterna upplever informationen i ett tidigt och akut skede när de drabbas av kronisk eller livshotande sjukdom. En litteraturstudie har gjorts av elva kvalitativa artiklar som granskats och analyserats med hjälp av Evans (2003) modell för innehållsanalys. Tre teman och ett subtema utkristalliserades genom analysen: Tema 1: <em>Avsaknad av dialog </em>med subtema; <em>Inte förmögen att ta emot information, </em>upplevelse av opersonlig och generell information som var svår att identifiera sig med och krisreaktioner blockerade förmågan att ta in det som sades. Tema 2: <em>Vetskap ger trygghet, </em>upplevelser av att informationen gav styrka, kontroll och trygghet. Tema 3: <em>Avsaknad av stöd</em>, upplevelser av att behovet av emotionellt stöd inte tillgodosågs och informationen efterlämnade en känsla av isolering och ensamhet.</p> / <p>Diagnosis of a serious disease can be difficult to accept and patients can initially experience sadness and concern. One such disease is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and recent evidence has proven the importance of early treatment in slowing down its progress. Newly diagnosed patients, despite which group they fall into, are often given a large amount of information in a short time and are expected to take medication and look after their own wellbeing at home. When lots of information is passed on at once it can be very difficult to understand and remember. The aim of this study is to describe how patients experience information in an early and acute stage when they are diagnosed with a life-threatening or chronic disease. A literature study was made of eleven qualitative articles which were explored and analysed using Evans (2003) model for content analysis. Three themes and a sub-theme crystallized through this analysis: Theme 1: <em>Missing dialog</em>, sub-theme: <em>Non-ability to absorb information</em>, experience of impersonal and generalized information which was difficult to identify with and crisis-reactions which blocked the ability to absorb the information. Theme 2: <em>Knowledge is comfort</em>, the feeling that information gave strength, control and comfort. Theme 3: <em>Lack of Support</em>, the requirement for emotional support was not fulfilled and the information left a feeling of isolation and loneliness.</p>

Nydebuterad svår sjukdom kan ta tid att ta till sig och patienten kan till en början känna sorg och oro. En av flera sådana sjukdomar är Reumatoid artrit (RA) där vården på senare år insett vikten av tidiga insatser för att sjukdomen ska kunna bromsas upp. Ofta får nyinsjuknade patienter, oavsett vilken sjukdomsgrupp de tillhör, mycket information på kort tid och ska därefter klara av att ta sina mediciner och sköta sin hälsa själva hemma. När mycket information ges vid ett och samma tillfälle kan det vara svårt att minnas och uppfatta allt. Syftet med studien är att beskriva hur patienterna upplever informationen i ett tidigt och akut skede när de drabbas av kronisk eller livshotande sjukdom. En litteraturstudie har gjorts av elva kvalitativa artiklar som granskats och analyserats med hjälp av Evans (2003) modell för innehållsanalys. Tre teman och ett subtema utkristalliserades genom analysen: Tema 1: Avsaknad av dialog med subtema; Inte förmögen att ta emot information, upplevelse av opersonlig och generell information som var svår att identifiera sig med och krisreaktioner blockerade förmågan att ta in det som sades. Tema 2: Vetskap ger trygghet, upplevelser av att informationen gav styrka, kontroll och trygghet. Tema 3: Avsaknad av stöd, upplevelser av att behovet av emotionellt stöd inte tillgodosågs och informationen efterlämnade en känsla av isolering och ensamhet. / Diagnosis of a serious disease can be difficult to accept and patients can initially experience sadness and concern. One such disease is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and recent evidence has proven the importance of early treatment in slowing down its progress. Newly diagnosed patients, despite which group they fall into, are often given a large amount of information in a short time and are expected to take medication and look after their own wellbeing at home. When lots of information is passed on at once it can be very difficult to understand and remember. The aim of this study is to describe how patients experience information in an early and acute stage when they are diagnosed with a life-threatening or chronic disease. A literature study was made of eleven qualitative articles which were explored and analysed using Evans (2003) model for content analysis. Three themes and a sub-theme crystallized through this analysis: Theme 1: Missing dialog, sub-theme: Non-ability to absorb information, experience of impersonal and generalized information which was difficult to identify with and crisis-reactions which blocked the ability to absorb the information. Theme 2: Knowledge is comfort, the feeling that information gave strength, control and comfort. Theme 3: Lack of Support, the requirement for emotional support was not fulfilled and the information left a feeling of isolation and loneliness.

本研究旨在討論新聞記者如何運用語用學之「前提」概念來引導受訪者回答，藉由「丟面子問題」質疑並挑戰受訪者「答非所問」之迴避回應。個案研究以一則平面政經新聞報導為言說分析之例，從主張與前提兩個語言單位來探究前提在訪談問答間扮演何種角色與功能。 相關語言學文獻討論曾指出記者前提影響受訪者之回應面向。本文進一步認為，記者訪談前提往往誘導受訪者針對該前提回應(而非針對問題本身)，並藉助記者的背景知識與訪談對話以預設前提並挑戰受訪者。 歸納個案文本的言說分析與個案記者訪談後，本研究發現，記者前提所產生的命題確實影響並誘導受訪者回應，並以記者的前設知識來探討前提技巧如何獲得受訪者更多、更深入的回應。整理上述提問、回應模式，本研究擬出語用前提作為「問好問題」之言談方法及雙方互動的橋樑，盼能提供訪談者一套語言策略。 / The goal of this research aims to explore how pragmatic presuppositions in news interviews influence the interaction of interlocutors, conducted by discourse analysis on assertions and presuppositions within each pair of questioning. By identifying the face-threatening questions which ends up leading the interviewee to non-reply responses, the case study concentrates on one public-figure interview in attempts to unveiling the tactics of placing presuppositions, added by the in-depth interview with the journalist of the case to take the speaker’s meaning into account. The result of this research enabled the author to discover the interaction of presupposition in the form of propositions between the interlocutors that leads the interviewee’s response to challenge the journalist’s presuppostions. The researcher also found evidences indicating the presumption of the journalist produces presuppostion as well as the response, which enables this research to develop a pragmatic strategy of news interview based on the use of presuppositions.

This essay aim to examine face-threatening acts (FTA) during two lessons with a group of students in class 9 in Sweden. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze sharp face-threatening acts, how they emerge in the classroom and whatkind of strategies the teacher uses to maintain classroom management. The material is based on sound recordings from October 2021 which have been transcribed and analyzed based on Brown &amp; Levinsons politeness theory. Two participants, one student and one teacher, act as front figures to illustrate examples. Results show that sharp face-threatening acts occur during classes due to possible reasons such as impatience, fewer present adults and the structure of the lesson. The teacher is using a variety of strategies to handle the FTA, among which the strategy of ignoring and continue with the lesson seems to be the most successful to assuage the conflicts. Although it is plausible to assume that a variation of strategies is necessary to maintain authority. / Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka ansiktshotande handlingar under två lektioner i en klass i årskurs 9. Syftet med studien är att identifiera och analysera skarpa ansiktshotande handlingar, hur de uppstår i klassrummet och vilken typ av strategier läraren använder för att upprätthålla klassrumsordning. Materialet är baserat på ljudinspelningar från oktober 2021 som har transkriberats och analyserats utifrån Brown &amp; Levinsons artighetsteori. Två deltagare, en elev och en lärare, fungerar som frontfigurer för att illustrera exempel. Resultaten visar att skarpa ansiktshotande handlingar förekommer under lektionerna på grund av möjliga orsaker som otålighet, färre närvarande vuxna och lektionens struktur. Läraren använder olika strategier för att hantera ansiktshoten, varav strategin att ignorera och fortsätta med lektionen verkar vara den mest framgångsrika för att lindra konflikterna. Det är dock rimligt att anta att en variation av strategier är nödvändig för att behålla auktoritet.