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<p>Att få en livshotande sjukdom kan vara en stor kris och är ett lidande. Tidigare forskning är till stor del fokuserad på patienters upplevelser i ett terminalt skede och visar vikten av en öppen kommunikation, att leva ett aktivt normalt liv och att människors uppfattning om döden är olika. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva hur det är att leva med en livshotande sjukdom i det vardagliga livet vilket har studerats med hjälp av självbiografier. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats, baserad på sex självbiografier. Resultatet beskrivs i form av fem teman, som illustreras och förtydligas med citat. Resultatet visar att upplevelsen av att leva med en livshotande sjukdom involverar ett behov av att leva ett så vardagligt liv som möjligt för att få ett större välbefinnande. Framtiden är oviss och personerna upplever en konstant oro och rädsla. Att ha någon att dela sina upplevelser med, ett bra stöd och förtroende från vårdpersonal är viktigt. I diskussionen diskuteras hur individens hela livssituation påverkas till följd av en livshotande sjukdom och hur viktigt det är att vårdpersonalen bekräftar patienternas känslor.</p> / <p>A life-threatening disease is a crisis and a suffering. Previous research are focused on terminally ill patients experiences and shows the importance of open communication, to live a active normal life and that peoples apprehension about death is different. The aim of this study was to describe how it is to live with a life-threatening disease in a every day life, based on autobiographies. The study is based on a qualitative approach and a analysis of six autobiographies. The results is presented in five themes. Each theme is described separately with help from quotation from the autobiographies. The results shows that the experiences of living with a life- threatening disease involves a need to live a every day life as it used to be, to get a increased well-being. It even includes a uncertainty future and a constant anxiety and fear. To have someone to share the experience with, a good support and to feel confidence from nursing staff is important. How peoples life situation are influenced by the life-threatening disease and how important it is that nursing staff confirm patients experience are discussed.</p>

Syfte: Undersöka sjuksköterskor inom ambulanssjukvårdens erfarenheter och upplevelser av hot och våld i arbetslivet. Metod: Empirisk studie med kvalitativ ansats. Sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes. Materialet analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Resultat:  Hot om våld och patienter med ett hotfullt beteende är en del av arbetet i ambulansen enligt informanterna. Med stöd av direktiv och riktlinjer från arbetsgivfaren prioriteras personalens säkerhet alltid först och vid varje patientkontakt görs en samlad analys av hotbilden. Ambulanssjuksköterskans bemötande är viktigt vid mötet av en hotfull patient. Studien ger en bild av att flera av informanterna beskriver att arbetet inom ambulanssjukvården kan upplevas otryggt eftersom man många gånger befinner sig i okända miljöer med begränsade resurser och vårdutrymmet i ambulansen upplevs som problematiskt då utrymmet är begränsat. På grund av en rädsla för att provocera patienten till ett våldsamt beteende görs endast de undersökningar som är mest nödvändiga. Undersökningar som gör ont eller som kan uppfattas provocerande av patienten eller andra närvarande utförs med försiktighet för att minska risken för att väcka agitation gentemot personalen. Kompletterande utbildning i hantering och bedömning av psykotiska och drogpåverkade ansågs relevant och efterfrågades. Några informanter påpekar även att larmcentralen bör bli bättre på att skicka med polis till misstänk hotfulla arbetsmiljöer. Slutsats: Prehospitalt arbete medför en stor risk att exponeras för hot och våld. Studien ger en bild av att ambulanssjuksköterskorna efterfrågar mer utbildning inom hantering och bemötande av hot och våld. / Objective: To study paramedics’ experiences and views of threats and violence in their daily work. Method: Empirical study with a qualitative approach. Six semi-structured interviews were performed. Results: Threats, violence and people with threatning behavior are a part of paramedics' daily work according to the participants in the study. With the support of directives and guidelines from the employer the safety of the staff is always to be prioritized first. At each patient contact, an overall threat assessment is performed. Ambulance staff attitude is important in the meeting of a threatening patient. The study provides a picture where several of the participants describe that working within the ambulance service may feel unsafe. This is due to the fact that they often find themselves in unfamiliar environments with limited resources. Fear of causing violent behaviour in the patient limits the staff to only adressing the most important vital parameters. Examinations that cause pain or might be percieved as provocative by the patient or others present on the scene are performed with caution to minimize the risk for aggression towards the staff. Also, the workspace in the ambulance is perceived as problematic as space is limited. Additional training in handling and assessment of psychotic and intoxicated patients is considered relevant and requested. Some patricipants also point out that the monitoring center should be better at sending the police to work environments that can be potentially threatening. Conclusion: Prehospital work involves a large risk of exposure to threats and violence. The study provides a picture of the ambulance personnel asking for more training in handling and addressing threats and violence.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in New Zealand men and the second highest cause of male deaths. This Heideggerian study explores the experience of six men, with prostate cancer: five of whom were approximately five months post a robotic prostatectomy and one man post brachytherapy. The purpose of the study is to understand and describe the meaning men attach to the disease using a hermeneutic existential phenomenological approach to research. Four themes emerged from the interviews: 1) Disappointment, 2) Being-a-man, 3) Sense of Control, and 4) Life-Threatening Disease. The findings of the study suggest men's identities changed due to the side effects of treatments, the need of a sense of control to deal with the disease, and the importance of understanding prostate cancer as a potentially life-threatening disease within the Heideggerian concept of "being-towards-death". Using this concept future research was also identified. The outcomes of the study suggest implications for health professionals in promoting existential care to the men by listening and taking into account their concerns.

Bakgrund: Barn kan av olika anledningar hamna i olika livshotande tillstånd. Inom hälso- och sjukvård har barn alltid rätt till att föräldrarna skall tillåtas vara närvarande. Sjuksköterskorna anser att föräldrar alltid bör vara hos sitt sjuka barn. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av föräldrars närvaro vid omhändertagande av barn med livshotande tillstånd. Metod: Intervjuer av kvalitativ design användes till studien. Datainsamlingen gjordes via semistrukturerade frågor som ställdes till sjuksköterskor arbetande på barnkliniker vid tre olika sjukhus i södra Sverige. I dataanalysprocessen användes en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i fyra kategorier: Föräldrarnas närvaro eftertraktas, Individuella egenskaper påverkar omhändertagandet, Närvarons inverkan på arbetssituationen samt Föräldrarnas närvaro fordrar ansvar. Slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerade på en koppling mellan föräldrars närvaro och ökade chanser till bättre samt tryggare vård för barnet som befinner sig i ett livshotande tillstånd. Framtida forskning beträffande övriga involverade personers perspektiv vid omhändertagande av barn med livshotande tillstånd erfordras, då författarna inte påträffade någon större mängd studier av nämnt syfte. / Background: For various reasons, the child may end up in life-threatening conditions. In health care, children shall always have the right to have their parents present. The nurses believe that parents always should be with their sick child. Aim: The aim was to illuminate nurses’ experiences of the parents’ presence at the disposal of children with life-threatening conditions. Method: Interviews of qualitative design was used for the study. The data collection was done using semi-structured questions addressed to nurses working at children’s clinics at three different hospitals in southern Sweden. The data analysis process consisted a qualitative content analysis. Results: The result is present in four categories: Parents’ presence is desired, Individual characteristics affect the disposal, The attendance’s impact on the work situation and The parents’ presence requires responsibility. Conclusion: The results of the study found a link between parents’ presence and increased chances to a better and safer care for the child who is in a life-threatening condition. Future researches of other involved people’s perspective on the care of children with life-threatening conditions are required, as the authors did not find a large amount of studies of the stated aim.

The title of this diploma thesis is knowledge and preparedness of the population to provide first aid in case of an extraordinary events. It is divided into two main parts, that is the theoretical part and the empirical part of the thesis. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis is contained in one main chapter named Current status that contains several subheads. In the consecutive successive subheads we define the definition of first aid and its history. Moreover they contain characteris-tics and division of the Slovakian Integrated rescue system and the activity of the IRS coordination center. Within first aid and its procedure, this diploma thesis contains cha-racterizations of the first approach to the befallen, the characteristics of the rescue chain and the appointment and detailed description of life-saving activities. The next subhead contains selection of dangerous accidents with the tendency of direct threat to life and their treatment in the means of first aid. Further away we created an individual subhead about the procedure at the casualty site with a large number of the befallen persons. A very important element of first aid is the psychological effect on the befallen. This is described in the subhead Providing of psychological first aid at the casualty site. The next subhead describes the most common myths, miscues and mistakes in providing of amateur first aid. Many amateur rescuers stand by inactively in situations when help is needed, they feel that their knowledge of providing first aid is not sufficient and they are afraid. All of these negative factors cost the befallen valuable seconds that are nee-ded for saving a life and that is why it´s important to increase the public awareness abo-ut providing first aid. The individual subhead about extraordinary events contains basic characteristics of this problem and the description of chosen, most commonly occurring extraordinary events that endanger the residents of Slovakia. Seeing that the chosen method of this diploma thesis is a questionnaire and subsequently statistical evaluation of acquired data, it was necessary to include the statistical methods in the theoretical part of the thesis. The last part of the theoretical part of this diploma thesis is the des-cription of basic descriptive statistics methods and the description of the mathematical statistics methods, that are applied in the empirical part of the thesis. The empirical part of this diploma thesis begins with an assessment of aims and two hypothesis, that focus on ascertaining of the degree of theoretical knowledge of civilians about the providing of first aid in different kinds of extraordinary events. The methodical part of the thesis describes the way of collecting the data using a questionna-ire, it closely describes the characteristics of object file, inquiry progression and results processing. The results describe individual questions and their evaluation and subsequ-ently course of statistical inquiry and comparing its results using the methods of des-criptive and mathematical statistics. The last chapter of this diploma thesis is focused on the discussion about acquired results from the individual questions inquiries and subse-quently the description of the results of statistical inquiry. This part of the thesis further away contains practical recommendations that emerge from acquired results and their application.

The offence of dangerous threatening pursuant to Section 353 of the Criminal Code Abstract This master thesis focuses on the detailed analysis and description of the criminal offence of dangerous threatening with the goal to evaluate the current legal regulation of this criminal offence. For this purpose, Czech and foreign sources were used. This master thesis is divided into five parts. The first part describes individual regulations which amended the criminal offence of dangerous threatening up to the present. In the second part, the misdemeanour of dangerous threatening is categorised from the point of view of seriousness and systematic nature of the Criminal Code. In addition, the specific features of the merits of the criminal offence are described with the focus on the possibility to raise legitimate concern. Last but not least, the individual terms which are included into the basic and qualified merit of the criminal offence are described. The third part is dedicated to the description of individual types of criminal penalties which can be imposed for the misdemeanour of dangerous threatening on adults, minors and legal entities. The main focus of this part is on the evaluation of the effectiveness of imposing individual penalties. In addition, the specific ways of expiration of the criminal...

The chief aim of this study is to investigate the impact of context on written peer response. A second aim is to explore students’ attitudes towards peer response. The investigation has taken place at an upper secondary school in the south-east of Sweden, involving 20 students in grade 2 and 3 in the course Swedish C. The investigation is based on the students’ comments on their peers’ speech drafts and six qualitative interviews. The material embraces 211 comments, all of which are analysed by use of methods from SFL. The theoretical frame is founded on Grice’s (1975) principle of communication and Brown &amp; Levinson’s (1987) principle of politeness. The investigation shows, among other things, that in the choice between giving effective response (according to the principle of communication), or giving response that maintain the social balance (according to the principle of politeness), the students in general choose the latter. This is reflected in the results of the linguistic analysis and confirmed in the six interviews.

Title of the Bachelor Thesis: Level of first aid knowledge of paragliding pilots in the Czech Republic and comparison of education in this area with selected foreign countries The Aim of the Thesis: The goal of the study was to research theoretical knowledge of Czech paragliding pilots in fist aid and comparing their education in this field to chosen foreign countries. Another goal was to find out the amount of accidents and types of injuries in motorless paragliding in the years 2012 - 2016 where first aid would have been helpful. Method: We acquired our data from Jan Hájek, the main inspector of PG. We transfered them from written form into digital form and processed with Microsoft Excel and Word. For comparation, we gathered info on whether the pilots are educated in first aid of paragliding courses, an electronic questionare was made and distributed into 13 different countries. The answers to 3 questions were processed by the software already mentioned. The answers were given by 103 respondents, 85 men and 18 women. The acquired data were imported into STATA software, which produced basic statistical inforomation. Results and Discussion: We found out, that in between years 2012 and 2016, there were 64 paragliding accidents, from those 3 were fatal. Even though the amount of active paragliders...

Une communication menaçante est une stratégie persuasive se caractérisant par l’exposition à une menace (i.e., une conséquence négative causée par l’adoption d’un comportement risqué) en vue d’inciter à l’application d’une recommandation (i.e., une action permettant la protection face à la menace). Si de nombreux travaux ont été réalisés afin de comprendre les effets de la menace sur la persuasion, peu d’entre eux se sont néanmoins intéressés au format de présentation de la menace et à l’influence qu’il exerce dans une communication menaçante. La présente thèse vise à pallier cette lacune et évalue l’effet de la vividité de la menace (i.e., le degré avec lequel une menace est claire et concrète). Notre programme de recherche se décline en huit expérimentations : quatre expérimentations testent l’effet de la vividité sur la persuasion (i.e., élaboration, attitude, intention), quatre autres testent l’effet de la vividité sur l’attention (i.e., évitement, vigilance). Nos principaux résultats montrent qu’une communication menaçante produit un impact différencié selon la vividité de la menace. Si la vividité est forte, la menace est en mesure d’améliorer l’acceptation du message via l’expression d’une plus grande vigilance attentionnelle sur la recommandation. A l’inverse, si la vividité est faible, la menace ne produit aucun impact, aussi forte soit-elle. Ainsi, l’influence d’une communication menaçante est-elle dépendante du format de présentation de la menace. Les implications théoriques et pratiques auxquelles conduisent ces résultats, ainsi que des perspectives de recherches, seront finalement discutées. / A threatening communication is a persuasive strategy including the presence of a threat (i.e., a negative consequence due to the adoption of maladaptive behaviors) to incite the use of an action recommendation (i.e., a protective solution to cope with the threat). Despite a large body of research, few of them were interested in the presentation format of the threat and the influence that it is likely to exert in a threatening communication. The present thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of threatening communications by focusing on the effects of the vividness of the threat (i.e., the extent to which a threat is clear and concrete). Our research program is divided into eight independants experiments: four experiments assessing the effect of vividness on persuasion (i.e., elaboration, attitude, and intention), four others experiments assessing the effect of vividness on attention (i.e., avoidance, vigilance). Our main results showed that a threatening communication differentially impacts persuasion depending on how much the threat is vivid. If vividness is high, a threat is actually likely to increase the acceptance of the message and greater attentionnal vigilance toward the recommendation. Conversely, if vividness is low, the threat has no impact, no matter how threatening. Therefore, the influence of a threatening communication is function of the presentation format of the threat. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings, as well as research perspectives, will finally be discussed.