Uppsatsen behandlar skillnader i lagstiftning om tredimensionell fastighetsbildning i Sverige och Finland. Först sker en generell beskrivning av olika sorters tredimensionell fastighetsindelning för att sedan gå över till bildandeprocessen i Sverige samt i Finland. Uppsatsen har utförts som fallstudie där en litteraturstudie gjorts genom att studera lagstiftning och propositioner i länderna. Tredimensionell fastighetsindelning infördes i Sverige 2004. Då infördes även specifik lagstiftning kring bildandeprocessen av tredimensionella fastigheter. Denna lagstiftning går att finna i 3 kap. fastighetsbildningslag (1970:998). Alla typer av fastigheter ska, enligt 3 kap 1 § bildas så att de är varaktigt lämpade för sitt ändamål, har en lämplig utformning, tillgång till vägar samt att det finns godtagbara anordningar för vatten och avlopp om fastigheten är avsedd för bebyggelse. Fastighetsbildning får endast ske om fastigheten kan anses ha varaktig användning för ändamålet inom överskådlig tid och om ändamålet inte kan tillgodoses på något annat sätt än fastighetsbildning. Specifikt för tredimensionella fastigheter gäller även att den åtgärden ska anses lämpligare än andra åtgärder för att tillgodose ändamålet. Krav på tredimensionell fastighetsbildning beskrivs vidare i 3 kap. 1 a § FBL. I Sverige finns också möjlighet att bilda tredimensionella fastigheter avsedda för bostadsändamål, så kallade ägarlägenheter. Dessa kan endast bildas i ny bebyggelse eller fastigheter som inte varit bostäder de senaste åtta åren samt endast bildas i enheter om minst tre lägenheter. Finland införde tredimensionell fastighetsbildning 2018. I Finland finns krav på att tredimensionell fastighetsbildning endast får ske inom detaljplanelagt område samt med en bindande tomtindelning. Tredimensionell fastighetsbildning sker i Finland främst genom avstyckning. I båda länderna krävs en fastighetsförrättning för att få bilda fastigheter av alla slag. Ägarlägenhetsfastigheter har inte införts som ett alternativ i Finland. Den största skillnaden mellan lagstiftningen om tredimensionella fastigheter i Sverige och Finland är möjligheten att bilda tredimensionella fastigheter inom detaljplaneområde. Finland har inte heller någon lagstiftning gällande ägarlägenheter. / The thesis discusses differences in legislation about three-dimensional property in Sweden and Finland. The structure of the thesis follows a more general description of different types of three-dimensional property rights to in the next chapter be narrowed down to three-dimensional property formation in Sweden and Finland. The thesis has been written by studying Swedish and Finnish legislation and propositions and by studying literature on the subject. Sweden introduced independent three-dimensional property in 2004 and with it came new legislation that can be found in the third chapter of the Real Property Formation Act (1970:998). According to the legislation, all property, two- and three-dimensional, should be formed so that their purpose is long-lasting, has an appropriate shape, access to road and has proper sewage and water systems if the property is to be settlements. Property formation can only happen if the purpose of the formation cannot be fulfilled any other way. For three-dimensional property there is, as mentioned, specific regulations. For a three-dimensional property to be formed the measure needs to be the most appropriate to fulfil the purpose. Other legislation is further described in the third chapter 1 a § FBL. Sweden also has special legislation regarding condominiums, they can only be formed in pairs of three and only in buildings that has not been used for living purposes the last eight years. Finland introduced independent three-dimensional property in 2018 which also brought new legislation. In Finland is it only possible to form independent three-dimensional property within a detailed development plan and with a binding site layout plan. The formation of three-dimensional property is often done with subdivision. Finland has not passed legislation regarding condominiums. In both countries one must carry out a property formation procedure that looks very much alike in both countries. The biggest difference between the legislation regarding forming three-dimensional property of Finland and Sweden is the possibility to form three-dimensional property within an area with a detailed development plan. Another big difference is that Sweden has condominiums and Finland do not. Despite some differences in the legislation both countries end up with the same results, forming independent three-dimensional property.

Technological developments in digital Jacquard weaving, as well as material research, have a strong influence on today‘s possibilities of textile production. These advancements enable to shift the perspective of textile as a flat surface to textile as a three-dimensional form and push two-dimensional weaving into the third dimension. Utilizing recent technologies in the form of applying multi-layering weaving techniques and embedding heat-reactive shrinking material, the research of Woven Forms aims to explore the forming method of construction through weaving to create abstract forms transformed from flat and to investigate its textile-form properties of shape, texture, color, and scale. The developed method of Embedded Form Weaving is set within experimental design research and structures a systematical approach to generate three-dimensional forms activated from flat surfaces. The outcome in form of abstract, self-supporting textile-forms showcases the multitude of form expressions and variety of formal variables within two construction-form-thinking families. This research contributes to the field of 3D weaving, demonstrates the potential for further research and application possibilities in other disciplines and fields, and evaluates the potential of seeing the weaving loom as a forming tool. While the fundamental base is the interlacement of warp and weft, technology, material science, and textile engineering shift the perception of woven textiles: from a rectangular piece of cloth to the opportunity to construct textile-forms.

The three-body bound state problem is considered using configuration-space Faddeev equations within the framework of the total-angular-momentum representation. Different three-body systems are considered, the main concern of the investigation being the i) calculation of binding energies for weakly bounded trimers, ii) handling of systems with a plethora of states, iii) importance of three-body forces in trimers, and iv) the development of a numerical technique for reliably handling three-dimensional integrodifferential equations. In this respect we considered the three-body nuclear problem, the 4He trimer, and the Ozone (16 0 3 3) system. In practice, we solve the three-dimensional equations using the orthogonal collocation method with triquintic Hermite splines. The resulting eigenvalue equation is handled using the explicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method in conjunction with the Chebyshev polynomials to improve convergence. To further facilitate convergence, the grid knots are distributed quadratically, such that there are more grid points in regions where the potential is stronger. The so-called tensor-trick technique is also employed to handle the large matrices involved. The computation of the many and dense states for the Ozone case is best implemented using the global minimization program PANMIN based on the well known MERLIN optimization program. Stable results comparable to those of other methods were obtained for both nucleonic and molecular systems considered. / Physics / D.Phil. (Physics)

The major achievements of this work are based on two categories: (A) introduction of an advanced simulation technique in both time domain and frequency domain, and (B) realistic and reliable models for converters applicable to analysis of alternative transmission systems. The proposed modeling-methodology using a combination of model quadratization and quadratic integration (QMQI) is demonstrated as a more robust, stable, and accurate method than previous modeling methodologies for power system analyses. The quadratic-integration method is free of artificial numerical-oscillations exhibited by trapezoidal integration (which is the most popularly used method in power system analyses). Artificial numerical oscillations can be the direct reason for switching malfunction of switching systems. However, the quadratic-integration method has a natural characteristic to eliminate fictitious oscillations with great simulation accuracy. Also, model quadratization permits nonlinear equations to be solved without simplification or approximation, leading to realistic models of nonlinearities. Therefore, the QMQI method is suitable for simulations of network systems with nonlinear components and switching subsystems. Realistic and reliable converter models by the application of the QMQI method can be used for advanced designs and optimization studies for alternative transmission systems; they can also be used to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the technical performance and economics of alternative transmission systems. For example, the converters can be used for comprehensive methodology for determining the optimal topology, kV-levels, etc. of alternative transmission systems for wind farms, for given distances of wind farms from major power grid substations. In this case, a comprehensive evaluation may help make more-informed decisions for the type of transmission (HVAC, HVDC, and LFAC) for wind farms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCSG_DISSERT.pdf: 1707836 bytes, checksum: f3a5558058650f68e08a82541000dc7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-05 / In power distribution systems are the major causes of voltage imbalances, variations in single-phase loads cause the currents in the conductors of the three phases is different, resulting in different voltage drops, causing imbalance. The study of voltage imbalances in the distribution of energy is very important, since the proper functioning of equipment connected to the system is directly related to the mains imbalance factor. When it comes to stress profiles, has become one of the biggest challenges of electric utilities, which is to serve consumers and customers with adequate voltage levels to those required in current legislation in Brazil has the 2001 resolution no. 505 ANEEL (National Electric Energy Agency) stating that the voltage to be contracted with the utility or the ONS should be between 95% (0.95 pu) and 105% (1.05 pu) of the nominal operating voltage system at the delivery point. In relation to electrical losses, although not established limits by law, these are an important economic factor for electric utilities, seeking to reduce them to maximize their profits. When it comes to connecting wind turbines to the distribution systems is not aware of scholarly conducting parallel operating conditions of the various components that operate in this plan when they are working together with the different configurations of wind generators. The objective of this study is to analyze the imbalances problem, tensions profiles and electrical losses in distribution systems by various operating situations, especially with the inclusion of wind turbines type I, II and IV, based on the system 13 bars IEEE. Also, are proposed and simulated some ways to reduce imbalances and losses through the use of engineering techniques: as promoting the balancing system loads, connecting wind farms to the distribution feeder, installing banks of single-phase voltage regulators at substations and correcting the power factor of the generator turbines. Technical proposals to reduce the levels of network imbalance are effective and also influenced the reduction of overall system losses and improve the levels of stress profiles and are therefore measures that may contribute to the proper functioning of a power system / Nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica se encontram as maiores causas dos desequilíbrios de tensão, variações nas cargas monofásicas fazem com que as correntes nos condutores das três fases sejam diferentes, o que resulta em quedas de tensões diferentes, provocando desequilíbrio. O estudo de desequilíbrios de tensão na distribuição de energia é muito importante, uma vez que o bom funcionamento de equipamentos ligados ao sistema está diretamente relacionado ao fator de desequilíbrio da rede elétrica. Quando se trata de perfis de tensões, tem-se um dos maiores desafios das concessionárias de energia elétrica, que é atender os consumidores e clientes com níveis de tensão adequados aos exigidos na legislação vigente, no Brasil tem-se a resolução de 2001 nº 505 da ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica) estabelecendo que a tensão a ser contratada com a concessionária ou com o ONS deve situar-se entre 95% (0,95 p.u) e 105% (1,05 p.u) da tensão nominal de operação do sistema no ponto de entrega. Já com relação às perdas elétricas, apesar de não serem estabelecidos limites pela legislação vigente, estas são um importante fator econômico para as concessionárias de energia elétrica, que buscam diminuí-las para maximizar seus lucros. Quando se trata de conexão de turbinas eólicas nos sistemas de distribuição não se tem conhecimento de trabalhos acadêmicos que realizam um paralelo das condições de operação dos diversos componentes que atuam nesse plano quando os mesmos estão atuando juntamente com as diferentes configurações de geradores eólicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o problema de desequilíbrios, perfis de tensões e das perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição mediante diversas situações de operação, principalmente com a inserção de turbinas eólicas tipo I, II e IV, tomando como base o sistema 13 barras do orgão IEEE. Além disso, são propostas e simuladas algumas maneiras de reduzir os desequilíbrios e perdas através do uso de técnicas de engenharia: como promovendo o balanceamento de cargas do sistema, conectando parques eólicos ao alimentador de distribuição, instalando bancos de reguladores de tensão monofásicos em subestações e corrigindo o fator de potência dos geradores das turbinas. As técnicas propostas para reduzir os graus de desequilíbrio da rede se mostraram eficazes e influenciaram também na redução das perdas globais do sistema e melhora dos níveis de perfis de tensões, sendo portanto medidas que podem contribuir para o bom funcionamento de um sistema de energia elétrica

The three-body bound state problem is considered using configuration-space Faddeev equations within the framework of the total-angular-momentum representation. Different three-body systems are considered, the main concern of the investigation being the i) calculation of binding energies for weakly bounded trimers, ii) handling of systems with a plethora of states, iii) importance of three-body forces in trimers, and iv) the development of a numerical technique for reliably handling three-dimensional integrodifferential equations. In this respect we considered the three-body nuclear problem, the 4He trimer, and the Ozone (16 0 3 3) system. In practice, we solve the three-dimensional equations using the orthogonal collocation method with triquintic Hermite splines. The resulting eigenvalue equation is handled using the explicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method in conjunction with the Chebyshev polynomials to improve convergence. To further facilitate convergence, the grid knots are distributed quadratically, such that there are more grid points in regions where the potential is stronger. The so-called tensor-trick technique is also employed to handle the large matrices involved. The computation of the many and dense states for the Ozone case is best implemented using the global minimization program PANMIN based on the well known MERLIN optimization program. Stable results comparable to those of other methods were obtained for both nucleonic and molecular systems considered. / Physics / D.Phil. (Physics)

Bound state systems consisting of three nonrelativistic particles are numerically studied. Calculations are performed employing two-body and three-body forces as input in the Hamiltonian in order to study the role or contribution of three-body forces to the binding in these systems. The resulting differential Faddeev equations are solved as three-dimensional equations in the two Jacobi coordinates and the angle between them, as opposed to the usual partial wave expansion approach. By expanding the wave function as a sum of the products of spline functions in each of the three coordinates, and using the orthogonal collocation procedure, the equations are transformed into an eigenvalue problem. The matrices in the aforementioned eigenvalue equations are generally of large order. In order to solve these matrix equations with modest and optimal computer memory and storage, we employ the iterative Restarted Arnoldi Algorithm in conjunction with the so-called tensor trick method. Furthermore, we incorporate a polynomial accelerator in the algorithm to obtain rapid convergence. We applied the method to obtain the binding energies of Triton, Carbon-12, and Ozone molecule. / Physics / M.Sc (Physics)

The Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ) is an established instrument to assess eating behaviour. Analysis of the TFEQ-factor structure was based on selected, convenient and clinical samples so far. Aims of this study were (I) to analyse the factor structure of the German version of the TFEQ and (II)—based on the refined factor structure—to examine the association between eating behaviour and the body mass index (BMI) in a general population sample of 3,144 middle-aged and older participants (40–79 years) of the ongoing population based cohort study of the Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE Health Study). The factor structure was examined in a split-half analysis with both explorative and confirmatory factor analysis. Associations between TFEQ-scores and BMI values were tested with multiple regression analyses controlled for age, gender, and education. We found a three factor solution for the TFEQ with an ‘uncontrolled eating’, a ‘cognitive restraint’ and an ‘emotional eating’ domain including 29 of the original 51 TFEQ-items. Scores of the ‘uncontrolled eating domain’ showed the strongest correlation with BMI values (partial r = 0.26). Subjects with scores above the median in both ‘uncontrolled eating’ and ‘emotional eating’ showed the highest BMI values (mean = 29.41 kg/m²), subjects with scores below the median in all three domains showed the lowest BMI values (mean = 25.68 kg/m²; F = 72.074, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that the TFEQ is suitable to identify subjects with specific patterns of eating behaviour that are associated with higher BMI values.

Darbe yra siekiama išanalizuoti trimačio kartografinio vaizdo (žemėlapio) informatyvumo galimybes autoriaus sukurtų trimačių žemėlapių (modelių) pagrindu. Darbe apžvelgiami trimačio kartografinio vaizdo kūrimo metodai ir priemonės. Svarbų indelį trimačių kartografinių kūrinių sudaryme šiandien vaidina atskira grafinio dizaino kryptis – infografika. Tačiau trimatį kartografavimą palaikančių kompiuterinių programų nėra daug, pagrindinės iš jų leidžiančios sudarinėti erdvinius modelius yra ArcGIS ir AutoCAD. ArcGIS grafinio trimačio vizualizavimo ir Google SketchUp programinės įrangos pagrindu sukurti 4 trimačiai įvairių teminių sričių žemėlapiai. Informatyvumo nustatymo tikslui pasiekti yra vykdomas trimačių kartografinių ženklų informatyvumo, informacijos talpumo (kartografuojamų rodiklių kiekio atžvilgiu) bei panaudojimo tyrimas. Taip pat atliekama kartografijos profesionalų bei teminių sričių specialistų apklausa. Rezultatuose išryškėja pradinių kartografuojamų duomenų analizės svarba. Tinkamai parinkus kartografinį metodą leidžiantį atskleisti trečios dimensijos papildomas galimybes trimatis žemėlapis tampa informatyvesnis lyginant su įprastu planiniu kartografiniu vaizdu. Santykinių – hipotetinių paviršių žemėlapiai, kuriuose naudojami struktūriniai ženklai tinkamiausi socialinių rodiklių, o kombinuojant su tolydžiu paviršiumi – ir fiziniams reiškiniams kartografuoti. / The author is seeking to analize three-dimensional cartographical view informative opportunities created by the author 3D maps (models) basis. The paper gives an overview of 3D cartographic display methods and instruments. Important role in nowadays 3D mapping plays a separate graphic design trend – infographics. However 3D mapping computer programs are not many, the main ones allowing a spatial model are ArcGIS and AutoCAD. Basis of 3D graphics and imaging software ArcGIS together with Google SketchUp were created 4 different 3D thematic maps. Informative purpose is atchieved by research of 3D cartographic signs informative-capacity and uses potential. Also were done a poll of mapping professionals and thematic cartography specialists. Initial results revealed the importance of mapping data analysis. Properly selected mapping method allows to reveal additional opportunities of third dimension, in this way the map becomes more informative comparing it with two-dimensional map. Relative – hyphotethical surfaces maps in which are used structural cartographic signs is most appropriate for mapping of social indicators. And in the combination with continual surface (terrain model) – is appropriate for mapping of natural phenomena.

D. Tech. (Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology) --Vaal University of Technology / Opening up local markets for worldwide competition has led to the fundamental change in the development of new products. In order for the manufacturers to stay globally competitive, they should be able to attain and sustain themselves as ‘World Class Manufacturers’. These ‘World Class Manufacturers’ should be able to:  Deliver products in fulfilling the total satisfaction of customers.  Provide high quality products.  Offer short delivery time.  Charge reasonable cost.  Comply with all environmental concern and safety requirements. When a design is created for a new product there is great uncertainty as to whether the new design will actually do what it is desired for. New designs often have unexpected problems, hence prototypes are part of the designing process. The prototype enables the engineers and designers to explore design alternatives, test theories and confirm performance prior to standing production of new products. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies enable the manufacturers to produce prototypes and products which meet the requirements mentioned above. However the disadvantage of AM technologies, is that the printing material which is required is limited to that of the supplier. When uncommon printing materials must be used to manufacture a prototype or product, the 3D printing process stood out above the rest owing to its printing method. However the printing heads used in current commercially available 3D printers are limited to specific fluid properties, which limits new and unique powder binder combinations. Owing to the problem mentioned, the need arose to develop a more ‘rugged’ printing head (RPH) which will be able to print with different fluid properties. The RPH could then be used to print using unique and new powderbinder combinations. The RPH was designed and constructed using the solenoid inkjet technology as reference. In order to determine the effect which the fluid properties have on the droplet formation, fourteen different glycerol-water test solutions were prepared. The fluid properties were different for each of the glycerol-water solutions. The fluid properties included the viscosity, density and surface tension of the solution. The control parameters of the RPH were theoretically calculated for each of the glycerol-water solutions and nozzle orifice diameter sizes. The control parameters of the RPH included the critical pressure and time. Using an experimental setup, droplets ejected from the RPH could be photographed in order to be analysed. It was determined that the theoretically calculated critical times could not be used in the RPH, as the pulse widths were much lower than the recommended minimum valve pulse width of the solenoid valve used. The control parameters were then determined practically for each of the different glycerol-water solutions as well as for each nozzle orifice diameter size. The practically determined control parameters were also compared to that of the theoretically determined parameters. A mathematical model was formulated for each of the practically determined critical pressure and time parameters. Non-glycerol-water solutions were also prepared in order to determine whether the control parameters could be calculated using the practically determined mathematical models. It was found that the practically determined mathematical models, used to calculate the control parameters, could not be used with non-glycerol-water solutions. Using the practically determined mathematical models, the drop formation process of the non-glycerol-water solutions was not optimized and satellite droplets occurred. Although the practically determined models did not work for non-glycerol-water solutions, the methods used to determine the control parameters for the glycerol-water solutions could still be used to determine the practical critical pressure and time for Newtonian solutions.