The rate at which people change jobs is high, including in Sweden. Previous research has shown that work motivation and job satisfaction affect the performance and wellbeing of co-workers among other things. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine what motivates employees to stay at a company. The data were collected through semi structured interviews, which meant that the study was qualitative. The guide for the interviews contained 19 questions in total. The questions were categorized according to three different themes. Six employees from separate organizations were included in the study. Thematic analysis was used as a method to analyse the data, which showed that several factors affected the participant’s motivation to continue working at a specific company. The result was presented through four major themes and various sub-themes. These were opportunities for development, leadership, work tasks and work environment, topics that often were mentioned during the interviews. What characterized this study was that all the participants expressed that they were satisfied at their current workplace. Thus, further research can help increase the knowledge about what makes people stay at a company and why they might leave.  Keywords: Motivation, job satisfaction, employees, labour mobility / Rörligheten på arbetsmarknaden är idag mycket stor i Sverige. Tidigare forskning har visat att arbetsmotivation och arbetstillfredsställelse påverkar alltifrån prestation till välmående, varpå syftet i denna studie var att undersöka vad som motiverar yrkesverksamma personer att stanna kvar på en arbetsplats. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer, något som innebar att studien hade en kvalitativ ansats. Intervjuguiden bestod av 19 färdigformulerade frågor, vilka kategoriserades utifrån tre olika teman. Totalt sex yrkesverksamma personer från olika organisationer deltog i studien. Tematisk analys användes som metod för att bearbeta och analysera insamlat material, vilken visade att flera faktorer påverkade viljan att fortsätta inom en viss verksamhet. Resultatet presenterades genom fyra huvudteman med tillhörande underteman. Dessa var utvecklingsmöjligheter, ledarskap, arbetsuppgifter och arbetsmiljö, olika återkommande ämnen under intervjuerna. Utmärkande för aktuell studie var att samtliga deltagare uttryckte att de trivdes på sin nuvarande arbetsplats. Vidare forskning kan därför ge ännu större förståelse för vad som får människor att stanna kvar på respektive lämna en organisation.  Nyckelord: Motivation, arbetstillfredsställelse, medarbetare, rörlighet på arbetsmarknaden

There are many studies conducted on cognitive performance and of different aspects that can affect the performance. However, the literature review reveal that there is a knowledge gap in the area of measurements for bicycle stability and in how bicycle stability is affected during acute alcohol intoxication. The aim of this study is, therefore, to investigate if different group characteristics such as cycling experience, physical activity, sensation-seeking, or previous alcohol habits have an effect on bicycle performance or executive functions during acute alcohol intoxication. The method of the study was to measure stability while bicycling on a tread-mill and give participants doses of alcohol until a Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) level of approximately 0.8‰ was reached. The results showed that cognitive performance was almost unaffected for the different groups studied. The results of bicycle stability were almost equal in effect of time among the four different group characteristics in both Roll and YAW measurements. Three of the group characteristics showed a main effect or a tendency for interaction effect of group by time. The conclusion is that the measure of Roll, the vertical orientation on a bicycle, maybe is the most effective stability measurement for bicycles.

Challenges like adversity and traumatic experiences can be especially stressful for children since they may not have fully developed certain skills and are often dependent on the support and guidance of adults. The medium of play is a powerful tool and can be used to enhance children to meet challenges better. It is mostly their preferred medium of interaction and allows them to process experiences playfully.The aim of this systematic literature review was to examine existing play therapy interventions that promote intrinsic characteristics of resilience in children. A search for scholarly articles has been carried out in 7 databases, resulting in ten articles included in the analysis. Play therapy interventions explicitly targeting resilience could not be found, as well as play therapy interventions targeting problem-solving abilities and adaptability of children. Interventions that targeted intrinsic characteristics of resilience were Child-Centered-Play-Therapy, Sandplay therapy, and Theraplay. The play therapy interventions were mostly effective but varied in their effect sizes. Results indicate that children with disabilities need a more directed form of play therapy. The field of play therapy interventions supporting explicitly intrinsic characteristics of resilience is a multi-factorial, dynamic, and complex construct that stands in its beginnings of research. Limitations of the study and further research are discussed.

Studier visar att individer som bor på gruppboende är mer tillfredsställda med livet, eftersom de upplever ett större socialt liv genom aktiviteter som boendet erbjuder. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka bakomliggande faktorer som avgör att äldre känner välmående. En KASAM-enkät samt åtta demografiska frågor och en öppen kvalitativ fråga delades ut genom ett tillgänglighetsurval där 94 respondenter svarade. Resultatet visar att ensamstående som sällan träffade andra individer hade ett lägre välmående än de respondenter som hade en partner. Utbildningsnivån hade en signifikant skillnad där respondenter med grundskoleutbildning visade ett lägre KASAM än de med högskoleutbildning. Det visade att de som endast hade en grundskoleutbildning hade ett signifikant lägre KASAM än yrkesutbildning, gymnasieutbildning samt högskole- eller universitetsutbildning. I en kvalitativ fråga visade 45.8 % av respondenterna att det var familjen och endas 4.2% att det var deras aktiviteter som gjorde att de upplevde ett välmående.

Inledning: Depression är en av de vanligaste psykiatriska diagnoserna i Sverige (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2017). Depression leder till att livet känns meningslöst, vilket ger lidandet en existentiell dimension. Att studera psykoterapeuters syn på lidande utifrån existentiella och psykoanalytiska perspektiv motiveras eftersom forskning har visat att interventioner som adresserar dessa specifikt har varit framgångsrika. Syftet med studien var att undersöka denna fråga ytterligare. Frågeställningar: Hur föreställer sig psykodynamiska psykoterapeuter psykiskt lidande och hur arbetar de med det i terapin? Vilken betydelse tillskriver de, de existentiella dimensionerna för det psykiska lidandet? Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts. Sex terapeuter intervjuades med utgångspunkt från en semi-strukturerad intervjuguide, intervjuerna analyserades tematiskt. Resultat: Tre huvudteman om lidande framkom i intervjuerna: Att vara människa, skapar både möjlighet och hinder för mening och läkande, kärlekens betydelse. Diskussion: Analysen pekade på en mångfald av uppfattningar om lidandet och sättet att arbeta med det. Den visade dock på en samstämmighet vad gäller upplevelsen av kärlekens betydelse för lidandet och pekade på att psykodynamiska terapeuter, i diskussionen om konfidenters lidande i kärlek och religion, närmade sig existentiella perspektiv. / Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses in Sweden (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2017). Depression causes life to feel meaningless, which gives it an existential dimension. Studying psychotherapists’ views of suffering from an existential and psychoanalytic perspective is motivated since research has shown that interventions that address it have been successful. The purpose of the study was to investigate this question further. Research questions: How do psychotherapists envisage mental suffering and how do they work with it in therapy? What significance do psychotherapists attribute to the importance of the existential dimensions for mental suffering? Method: A qualitative has been used. Six therapists were interviewed based on a semi-structured interview guide, the interview responses were thematically analysed. Results: Three main themes on suffering emerged in the interview responses: To be human, suffering creates both opportunities and obstacles to meaning and healing, the importance of love. Discussion: The interviews indicated a variety of ideas about suffering and ways of working with it. However, they pointed to a consensus regarding the experience of the importance of love for suffering and showed that psychodynamic therapists, in the discussion of clients’ suffering in love and religion, approached existential perspectives.

This study explores whether hours listening to music of young adults with self-reported normal hearing is associated with auditory working memory and if hours listening to music and auditory working memory can predict speech-in-noise perception. Thirty native Swedish speaking university students with self-reported normal hearing in the ages ranging from 21 to 29 years old (M= 23.2) participated in filling out a self-reporting questionnaire concerning their listening habits, a listening span test and a speech-in-noise test. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was performed. The results did not suggest a significant correlation between hours listening to music and auditory working memory nor did it indicate that hours listening to music and auditory working memory could significantly predict speech-in-noise perception. These insignificant findings might be due to several reasons including methodological issues such as the sample size, communication difficulties due to poor internet connection and/or the use of self-reported answers. These results and the arguments presented in the discussion indicate that further research is needed to better answer the research questions of the current study.

Organisationer där personal delar förståelse av olika organisatoriska aspekter har visat sig få positiva organisatoriska utfall inom olika områden, till exempel inom områden som arbetsmiljö och inlärningsklimat. Forskning har efterfrågat studier av olika personalgruppers preferenser till ledarskap. Syftet med enkätstudien var att undersökahur medarbetare och chefer ser på ledarskap och specifikt om grupperna uppvisar skillnader. De tre aspekter av ledarskap för vilka skillnader i attityder undersöktes var ledarstil (transformativ, transaktionell), chefsutveckling (ledarutveckling, ledarskapsutveckling) och fortbildning (UGL, värdegrundsbaserad, shibboleth). Metoden var en kvantitativ enkätstudie med ett i huvudsak bekvämlighetspräglat urval bestående av 69 personer. Data samlades in genom en online enkät. Designen och analysen fokuserade på att identifiera vilka ledarskapsattribut i de tre olika aspekternasom var önskade samt att se om grupperna medarbetare och chef skiljde sig åt i sina skattningar. Resultatet visade att medarbetare och chefer på det valda företaget överlag var ganska överens. Båda grupperna ansåg att transformativt ledarskap var mer önskvärt än transaktionellt, samt att värdegrundsbaserade ledarskapsutbildningar var mer intressanta än andra fortbildninssalternativ. En skillnad fanns mellan grupperna och det var att cheferna uppskattade ett transformativt ledarskap mer än vad medarbetarna gjorde. / Research has shown that congruence in attitudes among an organization’s staff can give benefits to the organization. Research in leadership therefore tries to understand organizational congruence in leadership preferences. The purpose of this study was to investigate how staff members in an organization view different aspects of leadership and specifically if managers and employees portray differences or similarities in their attitudes. Three dimensions of leadership were considered; desired leadershipstyle; supervisor development, and leadership training. The method was quantitative with empirical testing carried out through an online survey. 69 respondents from a large healthcare company in Sweden responded. The results show that overall the respondents prefer transformative leadership over transactional, and that values based leadership courses are preferred over classical group oriented courses and more modern, arts based leadership trainings. The two groups thus view leadership across the three dimensions similarly but one difference was noted: Supervisors preferred transformative leadership more than the employees did.

Inledning: Sverige är ett mångkulturellt samhälle. Psykisk ohälsa är vanligare bland utrikes födda. För att kunna möta dessa patienter från andra kulturer på deras villkor finns ett behov av ökad kultur- och omvärldskunskap bland terapeuter. Studier inom ämnesområdet mångkultur och psykoterapi kan bidra med värdefull kunskap som ökar kulturkompetens och kulturell sensibilitet hos såväl terapeuter som tolkar och därmed leder till mer framgångsrik behandling av psykisk ohälsa bland utrikes födda. Frågeställningar: Syftet var att göra en explorativ studie av kulturmöte mellan terapeut och patient i terapirummet, med frågeställningen: Vilka upplevelser har psykologer/psykoterapeuter samt tolkar av mötet mellan svenska psykologer/psykoterapeuter och patienter från persiska och arabiska kulturer i psykoterapi? Metod: Fyra legitimerade psykologer/psykoterapeuter samt fyra auktoriserade tolkar ingick i två fokusgrupper. Data analyserades och tolkades utifrån induktiv tematisk analys. Resultat: De kulturella skillnaderna mellan svenska terapeuter och persiska och arabiska patienter som såväl psykologer/psykoterapeuter som tolkar hade erfarenhet av var: att psykisk ohälsa är stigmatiserat och att söka hjälp kan vara skambelagt; att kön har betydelse; att patienter mer ofta är multitraumatiserade och har andra känslouttryck; att tillit är avgörande; att terapeuter har begränsad kultursensibilitet och att psykoterapi är sammanlänkat med en västerländsk kultur. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån tidigare forskning och teoretikers tankar om mångkultur och psykoterapi – och stämde väl överens med dessa. Den terapeutiska alliansen diskuterades, både dess betydelse och de hinder som identifierades i studien. Förslag på att terapeuten öppet talar om kulturskillnader med patienten; att terapeut och tolk samarbetar och att ha separat ingång/väntrum var exempel på åtgärder som föreslogs för att minska kulturella skillnaders betydelse i psykoterapi. / Introduction: Sweden is a multicultural society. Mental illness is more common among foreign-born. In order to be able to meet these patients from other cultures on their terms, there is a need for increasing cultural and international knowledge among therapists. Studies in the field of multiculturalism and psychotherapy can contribute with valuable knowledge that increases cultural competence and cultural sensitivity of both therapists and interpreters and thus leads to more successful treatment of mental ill health among foreign born. Question formulation: The purpose was to do an explorative study of cultural meeting between therapist and patient in the therapy room, with the question: What experiences do psychologists/psychologists and interpreters of the meeting between Swedish psychologists/psychotherapists and patients from Persian and Arab cultures in psychotherapy Method: The study had a qualitative research approach. Four legitimate psychologists/psychotherapists as well as four authorized interpreters were included in two focus groups. Data were analyzed and interpreted based on inductive thematic analysis. Results: The cultural differences between Swedish therapists and Persian and Arab patients who both psychologists/psychotherapists and interpreters had experience of were: that mental illness is stigmatized and seeking help can be shameful; that gender is important; that patients are more often multi-traumatized and have other emotional expressions; trust is crucial; that therapists have limited cultural awareness and that psychotherapy is linked to a Western culture. Discussion: The results were discussed based on previous research and theorists' thoughts on multiculturalism and psychotherapy - and were in good agreement with these. The therapeutic alliance was discussed, both its significance and the barriers identified in the study. Suggestion that the therapist openly discuss cultural differences with the patient; that the therapist and interpreter cooperate and have separate entrance/waiting rooms were examples of measures that were proposed to reduce the importance of cultural differences in psychotherapy.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om tillståndsbaserad mindfulness kan överföras mellan personer genom rösten. Fyrtiotre försöksdeltagare i åldrarna 18–75 år varav 17 kvinnor och 26 män exponerades i randomiserad ordning för fyra inspelade ljudfiler: två med röster som tillhör personer med hög respektive låg tillståndsbaserad mindfulness, ett lugnt klassiskt musikstycke samt tystnad. Förändringen i tillståndsbaserad mindfulness mättes med välbefinnandeinstrumentet International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short-Form (I-PANAS-SF). Välbefinnandet mättes före och efter exponering för ljudfilerna och förändringarna analyserades med separata t-tester som inte visade på några signifikanta effekter. Skillnaderna i förändrat välbefinnande mellan ljudfilerna analyserades med en ANOVA som visade på en signifikant skillnad mellan musikstycket och rösten som tillhör en person med låg tillståndsbaserad mindfulness samt mellan musikstycket och tystnad. Förslag på förbättringar av experimentuppställningen för att höja validitet och reliabilitet i mätningen diskuteras. / The purpose of this study was to investigate if state mindfulness can be transferred between people through the voice. Forty three participants within the age span of 18-75; 17 women and 26 men; were exposed to four audio files in randomized order containing a voice belonging to a person at a high level of state mindfulness, a voice belonging to a person at a low level of state mindfulness, a calm piece of classical music and silence. The change in state mindfulness was measured with the wellbeing schedule International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short-Form (I-PANAS-SF). Wellbeing was measured before and after exposure to the audio files and the changes were analyzed with separate t-tests that revealed no significant effects. The differences in changes of wellbeing between the audio files were analyzed with an ANOVA resulting in av significant difference between the classical piece of music and the voice belonging to a person at a low level of state mindfulness as well as between the classical piece of music and silence. Improvements of the experimental design are discussed.

Traumatic experiences, such as natural disasters, do not only cause people to suffer from material and financial losses, but they can lead to a maladaptive regulation of the stress response and to the onset of stress-induced psychopathology. Traumatic stress has been shown to alter brain structures and functions involved in the stress response. It has also been linked to the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, an overactive sympathetic nervous system with elevated cortisol and norepinephrine levels. These neurobiological alterations can make some individuals more vulnerable to the development of depression and anxiety disorders. A dose-response relationship between trauma severity and psychopathology has been found in previous research. Research has also revealed that a person’s perceived ability to cope with hardship, coping self-efficacy (CSE), is related to decreased vulnerability or resilience to stress. In the study carried out in the framework of this thesis, associations between the severity of traumatic exposure and CSE with posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder were examined in a sample (N = 105) of Nepalese flood victims. Participants (18-90 years old) answered a questionnaire carried out via interview. Results showed that there were no significant correlations between flood related trauma severity and depression or anxiety. However, findings showed that higher CSE was associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Future studies in Nepal should directly investigate this association as well as possible interventions aimed at enhancing CSE and whether such interventions can reduce symptoms of depression.