The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer is a planetary exploration mission that aims to study the moons of Jupiter in the planet’s vast magnetosphere. Among the various instruments on board is the Particle Environment Package (PEP), that is led by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics (IRF) in Kiruna. The Jovian plasma Dynamics and Composition analyzer (JDC) is one of six sensors within PEP and focuses on the characterization of positive ions. To be able to measure their three-dimensional distribution and composition, in-situ and in high time resolution, JDC has to cover a large field of view of 2π sr, for the desired energy range, in just a couple of seconds. An electrostatic analyzer within the sensor determines the energy per charge of such particles and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer measures their mass per charge. Constraints on weight and the radiation environment of Jupiter drive the design of the sensor: small and lightweight to allow extra shielding, but still large enough to accomplish measurements in the harsh radiation environment of Jupiter. This work focuses on a new type of compact, electrostatic analyzer using spherical wedges and the start signal generation for the time-of-flight measurement using new venetian blind-type surfaces. Simulations on the electrostatic analyzer showed that the most promising design is a hybrid variant, using an inner shell with spherical wedges and a spheroidal outer shell. A prototype sensor was built and tested with successful results. A reflectron-type time-of-flight cell measures the time it takes for a particle to pass a linear electric field. The time measurement has to be very accurate and requires that all ions enter the reflectron from the same start position. Commonly this is achieved with thin carbon foils of some nanometer thickness to provide a very accurate start position. Upon impact and after leaving a foil, ions generate secondary electrons that act as start signals for the time measurement. Foils require a substantial pre-acceleration of several kilovolts for the ions to penetrate the foil, thus increasing the size and mass of the instrument. When incident ions are reflected at grazing angles from a surface, secondary electrons are released in the same way as with foils. To increase position accuracy during this reflection process, venetian blind-type start surfaces are investigated, where many smaller surfaces replace a large flat surface. The most promising sample was found to be micro pore optics, that were initially designed to focus gamma rays. In several experiments it could be shown that micro pore optics show good reflection properties when used as start surfaces in the time-of-flight measurement. Both improvements allow a more compact and lightweight sensor that can be better shielded against the harsh radiation environment in Jupiter’s system. Jupiter hosts the strongest radiation environment in the solar system, that could kill an unprotected human thousand times over. / JUICE, PEP

A large area time of flight (TOF) detector based on multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) technology has been developed for the STAR (Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC) experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York. The TOF detector replaces STAR's Central Trigger Barrel detector with 120 trays, each with 32 MRPCs. Each MRPC has 6 channels. The TOF detector improves by a factor of about 2 STAR's particle identification reach in transverse momenta and enhances STARs physics research program.

No description available.

The International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) is designed to demonstrate the currently untested technique of ionization cooling. Theoretically, this process can condition the high quality muon beams required to build a neutrino factory or muon collider which will be the next generation of machines for the study of Particle Physics. The beam line to transport muons into the MICE cooling channel lattice cell was installed in December 2009. Step I of the experimental programme, whose goal was to demonstrate that the beam line can generate beams similar to those expected in a neutrino factory cooling channel, was completed in August 2010. Methods were developed to use time difference measurements in the MICE time of flight counters (TOFs) to obtain a transverse spatial resolution of approximately 10 mm and to track muons through the focusing elements of the beam line, thus allowing the trace space vectors of individual muons to be reconstructed and their integrated path length to be calculated. The TOFs were used to make an absolute measurement of the momentum of muons with zero bias and a systematic error of less than 3 MeV/c. The measured trace space vectors of single muons were used to estimate the emittances and approximate optical parameters of eighteen muon beams. The results of beam line simulations were compared with the measurements and, once the effects of experimental resolution had had been included, found to be in good agreement. A sample of individual muons whose phase space vectors had been measured was injected into a simulation of the full MICE cooling channel; the beam was found to be suitable for demonstrating muon cooling, although some fine tuning of the cooling channel optics will eventually be required.

Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans l'essor important que connaît actuellement le domaine des énergies renouvelables en terme de recherche et de nouvelles technologies de l'énergie. Il est consacré à l'étude de nouveaux matériaux hybrides "nanoparticules ZnO - cristaux liquides" en vue d'applications aux cellules solaires de type hétérojonctions en volume. La motivation est d'utiliser les propriétés d'auto-organisation et de transport de charges des cristaux liquides et d'augmenter les interfaces donneur-accepteur afin d'améliorer leurs performances. Pour la mesures des mobilités des porteurs de charge, un banc de mesure "temps de vol" entièrement automatisé a été développé. Deux cristaux liquides calamitiques ont été caractérisés (DSC, microscopie optique polarisée, UV et "temps de vol"). Deux types de transports de charge, l'un ionique, l'autre électronique sont mis en évidence pour des charges positives et négatives avec des mobilités indépendantes du champ électrique et des comportements différents en fonction de la température. Un procédé d'élaboration des matériaux hybrides a été mis au point. Les caractérisations de ces matériaux montrent l'influence de la concentration en nanoparticules (0,05 à 38% en volume). La taille des domaines dans les phases cristal liquide augmente avec la concentration alors que la température de transition isotrope-SmA diminue fortement. Un résultat important est que les phénomènes de transport sont conservés pour des concentrations importantes (jusque 12% en volume). Le transport électronique est même amélioré. Les propriétés des matériaux élaborés apparaissent intéressantes pour des applications aux cellules photovoltaïques. / This thesis work is a part of the significant growth that is currently taking place in the field of the renewable energy in terms of research and new energy technologies. It is dedicated to the study of new hybrid material "zno particles - liquid crystals" for the applications in "bulk heterojunction" solar cells. The motivation is to increase the donor-acceptor interfaces in hybrid material and to combine the self-organizing and charge transport properties of liquid crystals, in order to improve their performance. A completely automated "time of flight" measuring set-up is developed, for the measurement of the charge carriers mobility in the aforementioned hybrid material. Using the dsc, polarized optical microscopy, uv-visible spectroscopy and "time of flight", we have characterized two calamitic liquid crystals. Two types of charge transport, one ionic, and the other electronic, are highlighted for positive and negative charges with electric field independent mobility and different behaviors with temperature. A process for the elaboration of hybrid materials is developed. The characterization of these materials show the influence of nanoparticles concentrations (0,05 to 38% by volume). The size of the domains in the liquid crystal phases increases with the concentration whereas the isotropic-sma phase transition temperature decreases monotically. Under controlled dispersion of zno nanoparticles in host liquid crystal up to 12% by volume, we have conserved the transport phenomena in hybrid material and study has shown that electronic transport is improved. The characterized hybrid materials have shown their potential application in organic photovoltaic.

This bachelor thesis has been performed at Saab Dynamics AB in Karlskoga, with the purpose to design simulation models and analyze the technology study for distance measurement based on Time Of Flight (TOF) -principle. The distance measurement is implemented by short laser pulses and Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC). This method uses the time difference between when the laser pulse is transmitted to the time when its reflection from an object returns to the detector. With this technology as a starting point for this thesis, an analysis has been made by looking at the subsystems when it gets affected by different parameters. The simulation will give an expected result which has been compared with the measurement results. On this basis a ranking of the parameters according by the influence of the functionality has been delivered. / Det här examensarbetet har utförts vid Saab Dynamics AB i Karlskoga med syftet att modellera och analysera en teknikstudie för avståndsmätning baserad på Time-Of-Flight-principen (TOF-principen). Avståndsmätningen genomförs med korta laserpulser och Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC). Det är en metod för avståndsmätning som baseras på tidsskillnaden från den tidpunkt då laserpulsen skickas från laserdioden till den tidpunkt då fotodioden har detekterat den reflekterade laserpulsen. Med den nya teknikstudien som utgångspunkt för arbetet har en analys på hur avståndsmätarens delsystem påverkats av olika parametrar genomförts där förväntat resultat har jämförts med mätresultat. Med detta som grund har en rangordning av parametrarna efter hur stor inverkan de har på funktionaliteten levererats.

Esta tese teve por objetivo, desde seu início, investigar as propriedades elétricas de um dispositivo ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Ca/Al, o qual é uma estrutura bem conhecida de célula solar orgânica do tipo de heterojunção de volume (bulk-heterojunction – BHJ), e com isso dar uma contribuição à melhora de seu desempenho. Porém, o primeiro passo foi introduzir no Grupo de Polímeros Bernhard Gross, um método eficaz de produzir células solares do tipo BHJ com boa eficiência e reprodutibilidade. Esse primeiro desafio foi alcançado com sucesso. A eficiência (η) de um dispositivo fotovoltaico de multicamadas depende de muitos fatores. Dentre eles, uma boa superposição entre o espectro solar e a curva de absorção da camada absorvedora, uma excelente conversão da energia luminosa em portadores de carga, um eficiente processo de condução e uma perda mínima por recombinação e armadilhamento de portadores. Além disso, a compatibilidade eletrônica entre as interfaces tem um papel fundamental na definição na tensão de circuito aberto (VOC), no valor da corrente de curto-circuito (JSC), e no fator de preenchimento (FF). Baseado nesses efeitos, realizamos uma série de medidas experimentais, que auxiliado por um modelo teórico proporcionaram um estudo detalhado da evolução em função da temperatura da mobilidade dos portadores (μ) e de seu tempo de vida (τ). Os principais experimentos nessa tese foram realizados em diferentes temperaturas (entre 100 e 340 K). Foram eles: medidas de fotocorrente - Jph(V), a técnica de foto-CELIV, e medidas de transiente de fotovoltagem (TPV). Em paralelo, desenvolvemos o modelo teórico para a descrição analítica de Jph(V) que assumiu contatos não-injetores e que o livre caminho médio (w = μτF) de elétrons e buracos eram iguais (F é o campo elétrico). Nos ajustes teórico/experimental usamos a probabilidade de dissociação dos estados de transferência de carga (P) e o produto μτ como parâmetros de ajuste. A condição na qual o livre caminho médio é maior que a espessura da amostra (w >> L) reproduz a corrente de saturação reversa, Jsat = qGPLG é a taxa de geração dos éxcitons. Para w << L, a fotocorrente varia linearmente com o livre caminho médio, ou seja, J(F) = qGPμτF. A comparação entre os resultados experimentais e os teóricos permitiram, além da obtenção da evolução das grandezas μ e τ com a temperatura, estabelecer uma relação efetiva entre os parâmetros da célula (η, JSC, e FF) e as propriedades elétricas da camada ativa P3HT:PCBM. As medidas termo-mecânicas (DMA) forneceram informações adicionais sobre mudanças estruturais da camada ativa, as quais foram correlacionadas com variações dos parâmetros da célula e com fatores de perda. Finalmente, medidas de tempo-de-voo (TOF) e de CELIV foram realizadas para estudos mais detalhados sobre mecanismos de transporte ao longo da camada ativa, a efeitos de injeção pelos eletrodos, e para o entendimento de efeitos de degradação pela ação do oxigênio. / This thesis aims to investigate electrical characteristics of an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Ca/Al device, which is a well-known structure of a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell, and to contribute to improve its performance. However, the first step was to introduce in the Group of Polymer Bernhard Gross an effective method for producing BHJ solar cells, manufacturing thus devices exhibiting excellent performance and reproducibility. This thesis aims to investigate electrical characteristics of an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Ca/Al device, which is a well-known structure of a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell, and to contribute to improve its performance. However, the first step was to introduce in the Group of Polymer Bernhard Gross an effective method for producing BHJ solar cells, manufacturing thus devices exhibiting excellent performance and reproducibility. This goal was successfully achieved. The good efficiency (η) of a multilayer photovoltaic cell depends on many factors, including good overlap between the solar spectrum and the light absorbing layer, an excellent conversion of the absorbed light energy in pairs of electronic carriers, efficient charge transport and the minimum losses by recombination or by the action of deep traps for the carriers. Furthermore, the compatibility between electronic interfaces plays a crucial role in defining the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and the value of short-circuit current (JSC), and on the fill factor (FF). Anchored on these effects, we carried out a series of experiments, aided by a theoretical modeling, which provided a detailed study of the temperature evolution of fundamental electric quantities such as carrier mobility (μ) and its lifetime (τ). These studies were performed with the help of different experiments: photocurrent in function of the applied voltage  Jph(V), Photo-CELIV technique, and Transient Photovoltage (TPV) measurements, which were carried out at several temperatures in the 100 to 340 K range. In parallel, we developed an analytical model for Jph(V) that assumed non-injecting contacts and equal mean-free-paths for electrons and holes. The theoretical/experimental entities used as fitting parameters were the charge-transfer-state dissociation probability (P) and the μτ product. The condition in which the mean-free-path (w = μτF) is higher the sample thickness (L), the model reproduces the experimental reverse saturation current, Jsat = qGPL, which is coincident with the experimental value. F is the internal electric field and G is the generation rate of excitons by the absorbed light. When w << L, J(F) = qGPμτF, which is also coincident with experimental behavior. The confrontation between the experimental results and the theoretical model provided, in addition to the study of the evolution of μ and τ with temperature, to establish a more effective relationship between the parameters (η, JSC, e FF) of the cell and the electrical properties of the P3HT:PCBM active layer. Thermomechanical analysis (DMA) provided additional information of structural changes of active layer, which can be correlated with change in the loss factor and in the cell parameters. Finally, Time-of-Flight (TOF) and CELIV techniques were used in the more accurate study of charge transport along the active layers, effects of injection by the electrodes, and the degradation effect caused by oxygen.

Diese Dissertation handelt vom metastabilen Zerfall und von der Oberflächenwechselwirkung im hyperthermalen Energiebereich relativ schwach gebundener molekularer Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid Clusterkationen mit einer Edelstahloberfläche und einer Siliziumoberfläche. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein hierfür geeignetes spezielles Flugzeitmassenspektrometer entwickelt und aufgebaut. Entwurf, numerische Optimierung der Auflösung, ionenoptische Simulationen und Aufbau der jeweiligen Komponenten wie Elektronenquellen, Beschleuniger, Ablenkplatten, Massenfilter und Reflektron werden detailliert beschrieben. Das entwickelte Flugzeitmassenspektrometer besitzt mit einer kompakten Gesamtfluglänge von ~1.5m eine hohe Massenauflösung von m/Delta m = 3000. Es bietet die Möglichkeit, eine Massentrennung von Clusterionen mit einer Größe von bis zu n = 190 vorzunehmen. Diese massenselektierten Clusterionen können daraufhin auf metastabilen Zerfall und auf ihre Wechselwirkung mit einer Oberfläche untersucht werden. Dazu wurden Kohlendioxid-Clusterionen mit n / This thesis deals with the metastable decay and the surface scattering in the hyperthermal energy range of relatively weakly bound molecular cluster cations. With carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide two related model systems were chosen for a systematic size dependent study. Surface impact experiments were carried out with stainless steel and silicon surfaces. Results were obtained by a new, reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Re-TOFMS). Additional to the experimental data we present in this work a detailed description of the instrumental design considerations, numerical optimization, ion optical simulations. Hence each ion optical component like electron guns, accelerator, deflector, mass gate and reflectron are described. Despite the compact dimensions with a total flight length of ~1.5m the developed instrument possesses a high mass resolution above m/Delta m = 3000. Additionally it offers the possibility to perform mass separation of big cluster ions with sizes n

[pt] Um espectrômetro de massa por tempo-de-vôo 252Cf-PDMS foi empregado para a realização de três atividades: a) o aperfeiçoamento do espectrômetro com a instalação de novos dispositivos; b) a análise da emissão secundária de agregados iônicos por um alvo de LiF; c) a análise da fragmentação em vôo de íons positivos (LiF)nLi+ metaestáveis. O aperfeiçoamento do espectrômetro consistiu: i) na blindagem elétrica do detector start para aumentar a sua estabilidade; ii) na caracterização de dois pares de placas defletoras já existentes; iii) na instalação de um novo tipo de detector sensível à posição com anodo multi-fios, e iv) no projeto e na instalação de uma lente Einzel para aumentar a transmissão de íons secundários entre a amostra e o detector. A emissão secundária de agregados iônicos por um filme de LiF policristalino, bombardeado por fragmentos de fissão de ~ 60 MeV foi analisada através da técnica tempo-de-vôo (TOF). O detector sensível à posição recém instalado permite o emprego da técnica XY-TOF para analisar distribuições angulares de íons Li e dos agregados (LiF)nLi+. Determinaram-se as distribuições angulares dos agregados com n = 0 a 3, através de medidas simultâneas de suas velocidades axiais e radiais, evento por evento. A vida media de íons metaestáveis (LiF)nLi+* é determinada fazendo uso da configuração do espectrômetro e especialmente do comprimento do tubo de vôo livre. Após serem emitidas, as espécies iônicas metaestáveis monocarregadas são aceleradas por um campo elétrico da ordem de 2 kV/mm, e conduzidas a uma região de campo externo nulo, onde podem se dissociar espontaneamente em um fragmento iônico e outro neutro. Para facilitar a analise dos dados, impede-se a detecção do fragmento iônico através de um filtro eletrostático. Foram analisados os agregados iônicos com n = 1 a 5. Encontrouse que os valores das vidas medias estão na faixa de 30 a 100 ns. Discute-se também a detecção de espécies neutras produzidas por colisão de agregados (LiF)nLi+ com moléculas de gás residual. / [en] A 252Cf-PDMS time-of-flight mass spectrometer was used for the accomplishment of three activities: a) improvement of the spectrometer by introducing new devices; b) analysis of the LiF cluster ion secondary emission; c) analysis of the (LiF)nLi+ metastable íon fragmentation, in flight. The spectrometer improvement consists of: i) the shielding of the start detector to increase its stability, ii) the characterization of two existing deflecting- plate pairs, iii) the installation of a new type of position-sensitive delay line detector for secundary ions, and iv) the project and manufacture of a Einzel lens to increase the transmission of the secondary íons between the sample and the detector. The secondary cluster ion emission of policrystalline LiF, induced by the impact of fission fragments (60 MeV), is analyzed by the time-of-flight technique (TOF). The new position sensitive delay-line detector allows the use of the XY-TOF technique to analyze angular distributions of Li ions and (LiF)nLi+ clusters. Event by event, their axial and radial velocities are measured simultaneously, allowing the angular distributions measurement of clusters with n = 0 to 3. Mean lives of metastable clusters are determined through the measurement of the detection rate dependence on the target bias. After been emitted, the monocharged metatable ions are acelerated by a 2 kV/mm electric field towards a field-free region, where they can spontaneously dissociateinto two fragments, one ion and another neutral. To facilitate the data analysis, it is avoided the detection of ionic fragments by placing an electrostatic filter in front of the detector. Mean lives values of 30 to 100 ns are determined for ionic clusters with n = 1 to 5. The production of neutral species by collision of the (LiF)nLi+ clusters with the gas molecules is also discussed.

No description available.