Tidspress existerar inom revisionsbranschen och vi vill genom denna undersökning studera tidspressens påverkan på revisorns välbefinnande, om välbefinnandet tar skada. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara hur tidspress påverkar revisorns välbefinnande och därtill utreda hur sambandet påverkas av olika revisor- och revisionsspecifika faktorer samt av revisorns professionsidentitet, organisationsidentitet och familjeidentitet. Följaktligen vill vi besvara följande frågeställning: Hur påverkar tidspress revisorns välbefinnande? För att besvara syftet och frågeställningen har en kvantitativ enkätundersökning genomförts. Enkäten skickades ut till revisorsassistenter och auktoriserade revisorer i Sverige för att inhämta tillräcklig och användbar information. Totalt erhölls 232 svar från respondenterna, vilket därefter statistiskt bearbetades för att testa studiens hypoteser. Resultatet av studien påvisade ett negativt samband mellan revisorns tidspress och välbefinnande. Därutöver kunde studien ge belägg för att revisorns familjesituation kan ha påverkan på sambandet vid en något högre signifikansnivå än fem procent. Slutsatsen blir att ju mer tidspress revisorn upplever desto sämre blir välbefinnandet. / Time pressure exists within the audit profession and we performed a survey to study the influence that time pressure has on the auditor’s well-being, if well-being is harmed. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain how time pressure affects the auditor's well-being. Additionally, we examine how the relationship is affected by various auditors- and auditspecific factors, as well as by the auditor's professional identity, organizational identity and family identity. Consequently, we want to answer the following research question: How does time pressure affect the auditor's well-being? To achieve the purpose and answer the research question, a quantitative survey has been conducted. A questionnaire was sent out to audit assistants and certified auditors in Sweden to obtain sufficient and useful information. A total of 232 answers were obtained from the respondents, and the data were statistically processed to test the hypotheses of the study. The results of this study demonstrate a negative relationship between the auditor's time pressure and well-being. In addition, the study seems to indicate that the auditor's family situation has a impact on the relationship between time pressure and well-being, but only if the significance level is slightly higher than five percent. The conclusion is that the more auditors experience time pressure the worse is their well-being.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Thesis (M.A.)--Northern Kentucky University, 2009. / Made available through ProQuest. Publication number: AAT 1465599. ProQuest document ID: 1814562591. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-72)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [61]-64).

Bakgrund: Tidspress inom vården kan leda till vårdskador och att patienter upplever vården som osäker. Sjuksköterskor ska enligt lag arbeta patientsäkert men på grund av tidspress finns inte alltid den möjligheten. Sjuksköterskans arbetsförhållanden begränsar fritiden och möjligheten att leva en hälsofrämjande livsstil. En välfungerande arbetsplats förbygger ohälsa men inom vården finns faktorer som är förknippade med höga nivåer av psykisk ohälsa hos sjuksköterskor. Syfte: Att beskriva hur tidspress på arbetsplatsen påverkar sjuksköterskors hälsa. Metod: Studien var en allmän litteraturstudie och innefattade 10 vetenskapliga artiklar som bearbetades i en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tidspress på arbetsplatsen påverkar sjuksköterskors möjlighet att utföra omvårdnadsarbetet samt påverkar deras privatliv. Detta leder till att sjuksköterskors psykiska och fysiska hälsa försämras. Tidspress kan leda till sjukskrivning men i lagom mängd uppmuntra till samarbete och effektivitet. Konklusion: Genom att uppmärksamma hur tidspress påverkar sjuksköterskor och lyfta fram organisationens skyldighet att skapa förutsättningar kan det förebygga ohälsa hos sjuksköterskor och att fler väljer att arbeta kvar inom sjukvården. / Background: Time pressure leads to healthcare injuries and patients’ experience the healthcare as unsafe. Nurses are required by law to work patient-safe, but due to time pressure, this is not always possible. The nurses work conditions limits the opportunity to live a health-promoting lifestyle. A well-functioning workplace prevents ill health, but in healthcare there are factors that are associated with high levels of mental illness in nurses. Aim: To describe how time pressure in the workplace affects nurses' health. Method: The study was a general literature study and included ten scientific articles that were processed in a content analysis. Results: Time pressure affects nurses' physical and mental health as well as nursing work and private life. Time pressure can lead to sick leave but in moderation it encourages cooperation and efficiency. Conclusion: By studying to how time pressure affects nurses and highlighting the organization’s obligations to create conditions in the workplace, ill health among nurses could be prevented and more nurses would decide to stay in the health care.

This study investigated the impacts of dual task and time pressure conditions on the speech fluency of 60 neurotypical adults between the ages of 26 and 85. Participants retold short stories in baseline, time pressure, dual task, and combined dual task and time pressure conditions. Dependent variables included five measures of speech fluency: words per minute (WPM), fillers per verbalization, false starts and repetitions per verbalization, extended pauses per utterance, and speech naturalness. Each of these variables was compared between age groups of younger, older, and elderly adults and across conditions. Results reveal that time pressure causes speech rate to increase across age groups but combining time pressure with a dual task condition mitigates this effect in elderly speakers. Additionally, younger adults are perceived to have more natural speech compared to older and elderly adults. Speakers across age groups perform similarly in all other variables of speech fluency, with notable changes in fluency under the combined dual task and time pressure condition compared to other conditions. These findings suggest that while speakers do not always become less fluent as attentional demands increase, the combination of dual task and time pressure conditions can cause attentional demands to surpass capacity and/or resource allocation thresholds for fluent speakers. Future research should continue investigating the effect of time pressure and other divided attention conditions on typical speakers and those with communication disorders to establish methods for optimizing conditions for effective communication in everyday situations.

No description available.

The design of information systems to support crisis management can be improved when more is known about the ways in which people process information under time pressure. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of time pressure on decision behavior. The decision task required the subjects to use a computerized information display to search for information under time pressure. When the time limit for searching expired, the subjects were required to make a decision. The decision task type, choice or judgment, and three separate information display formats were also manipulated. A total of 144 student subjects were randomly assigned to the resulting six combinations of task/display treatments. Each subject performed the decision task at three levels of time pressure. Dependent measures included information search strategy, decision strategy, decision consistency, and decision quality. Analyses of the results suggest that time pressure had no effect on the information search strategy or the decision strategy. For five of the six task/display groups, time pressure was inversely related to consistency and quality. One group exhibited an inverted U relationship between time pressure and consistency. Display format had an effect on information search strategy. Task type had an effect on both consistency and quality; the performances of the choice groups were superior to those of the judgment groups. The implications of these findings with respect to the design of information systems is discussed.

No estudo da desonestidade no comportamento econômico são poucas as pesquisas que avaliaram um fator essencial para qualquer tomada de decisão: o tempo. Não há na literatura trabalhos que estudem o comportamento desonesto em uma extensão de pressão temporal maior do que a dos segundos. Assim, se faz necessário avaliar a influência do tempo sobre o comportamento desonesto nos diferentes níveis em que ele se apresenta. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se grupos trapaça, sob diferentes pressões temporais, relatam ter completado um número maior de matrizes do que grupos sem-trapaça sob as mesmas condições temporais, porém sem a possibilidade de trapacear na tarefa. Noventa e dois participantes universitários foram separados em grupos sem-trapaça e trapaça. Na Tarefa das Matrizes, os participantes dos grupos sem-trapaça, que não poderiam agir de forma desonesta, receberam uma folha de testes e uma folha de resposta. A folha de testes continha 20 matrizes, cada uma com 12 números decimais. Os participantes tiveram 2,5; 5; ou 10 minutos, dependendo do grupo alocado, para encontrar dois números, por matriz, que adicionados, resultavam em dez. Neste experimento, pagou-se um real para cada matriz que o participante afirmava ter resolvido. Ao fim do tempo, os participantes contaram o número de matrizes que resolveram, o escreveram na folha de resposta, e levaram as folhas ao experimentador, que verificou os números e os pagou. Os participantes do grupo trapaça, que poderiam agir de forma desonesta, realizaram a mesma tarefa. Porém, ao fim do tempo, eles contaram o número de matrizes que resolveram, rasgaram a folha de testes e a descartaram. Depois disso, retornaram às suas cadeiras e escreveram o número de matrizes resolvidas na folha de resposta. Eles então deram a folha de respostas ao experimentador, que os pagou sem verificação. O número de matrizes relatadas como resolvidas foi apresentado pelas médias por minuto sobre o total da duração da tarefa para cada grupo. Os participantes dos grupos trapaça, considerando todas as pressões temporais, relataram ter resolvido mais matrizes do que os participantes dos grupos sem-trapaça (M =1.45, DP = 0.82 vs. M = 1.13, DP = 0.66, F(1;86) = 5.20, p = 0.03). Os participantes do grupo-trapaça, afirmaram ter resolvido mais matrizes, considerando as médias por minuto, que os participantes do grupo-sem-trapaça, ambos sob a pressão temporal de 5 minutos (M = 1.43, DP = 0.78 vs. M = 0.80, DP = 0.43, F(1;28) = 7.42, p = 0.01). Os resultados encontrados corroboram com a literatura que avaliou a trapaça, utilizando a Tarefa das Matrizes sob a pressão temporal de 5 minutos, demonstrando que os participantes agem de forma desonesta quando têm a oportunidade de fazê-lo. No entanto, verificou-se que o mesmo não acontece sob as pressões temporais de 2,5 e 10 minutos, indicando que a pressão temporal modula o comportamento desonesto dos indivíduos de formas diferentes, dependendo a extensão da pressão temporal avaliada / In the study of dishonesty in behavioral economics few studies have evaluated an essential factor for any decision making: time. There are no papers in the literature that study dishonest behavior on a temporal pressure extension greater than that of seconds. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the influence of time on dishonest behavior in the different levels in which it presents itself. The objective of the study was to verify if \"cheating groups\", under different temporal pressures, report having completed a larger number of matrices than \"non-cheating groups\" under the same temporal conditions, but without the possibility of cheating in the task. Ninety-two university participants were separated into groups without cheating and cheating groups. In the Matrix Task, participants in the no-cheating groups, who could not act dishonestly, received a test sheet and an answer sheet. The test sheet contained 20 matrices, each with 12 decimal numbers. The participants had 2.5; 5; or 10 minutes, depending on the group allocated, to find two numbers, per array, which added up resulted in ten. In this experiment, one real was paid for each matrix that the participant claimed to have solved. At the end of the time, the participants counted the number of matrices that they solved, wrote it on the answer sheet and took the sheets to the experimenter, who checked the numbers and paid them. The participants in the cheating group, who could act dishonestly, performed the same task. However, at the end of time, they counted the number of matrices they solved, ripped the test sheet and discarded it. After that, they returned to their seats and wrote down the number of matrices resolved on the answer sheet. They then gave the answer sheet to the experimenter, who paid them without verification. The number of matrices reported as resolved was presented by means per minute over the total duration of the task for each group. The participants of the cheating groups, considering all the temporal pressures, reported to have solved more matrices than the participants of the non-cheating groups (M = 1.45, SD = 0.82 vs. M = 1.13, SD = 0.66, F (1.86) = 5.20, p = 0.03). The participants in the cheating group stated that they had solved more matrices, considering the means per minute, than the participants in the no-cheating group, both under the 5-minute pressure (M = 1.43, SD = 0.78 vs. M = 0.80 , SD = 0.43, F (1.28) = 7.42, p = 0.01). The results corroborate the literature that evaluated cheating using the Matrix Task under the 5-minute time pressure, demonstrating that participants act dishonestly when they have the opportunity to do so. However, it was found that it does not happen under the time pressures of 2.5 and 10 minutes, indicating that the temporal pressure modulates the dishonest behavior of the individuals in different ways, depending on the extent of the time pressure evaluated

There are many mathematical and engineering methods, problems and experiments which make use of the finite element method. For any given use of the finite element method we get an approximate solution and we usually wish to have some indication of the accuracy in the approximation. In the case when the calculation is done to estimate a quantity of interest the indication of the accuracy is concerned with estimating the difference between the unknown exact value and the finite element approximation. With a means of estimating the error, this can sometimes be used to determine how to improve the accuracy by repeating the computation with a finer mesh. A large part of this thesis is concerned with a set-up of this type with the physical problem described in a weak form and with the error in the estimate of the quantity of interest given in terms of a function which solves a related dual problem. We consider this in the case of modelling the large deformation of thin incompressible isotropic hyperelastic sheets under pressure loading. We assume throughout that the thin sheet can be modelled as a membrane, which gives us a two dimensional description of a three dimensional deformation and this simplifies further to a one space dimensional description in the axisymmetric case when we use cylindrical polar coordinates. In the general case we consider the deformation under quasi-static conditions and in the axisymmetric case we consider both quasi-static conditions and dynamic conditions, which involves the full equations of motion, which gives three different problems. In all the three problems we describe how to get the finite element solution, we describe associated dual problems, we describe how to solve these dual problems and we consider using the dual solutions in error estimation. There is hence a common framework. The details however vary considerably and much of the thesis is in describing each case.