Este trabalho teve como objetivo observar, analisar e discutir como ocorre a busca por sinais-alvo, em indivíduos surdos, fluentes na Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras); verificar se ocorre, nesses indivíduos o fenômeno ponta dos dedos (TOF); e descrever os aspectos fonético-fonológicos na ocorrência do fenômeno. O TOF corresponde ao fenômeno ponta da língua (TOT) nas línguas orais. Esse fenômeno ocorre quando há o esquecimento momentâneo de palavras conhecidas e o sentimento de que essa palavra está prestes a ser recuperada. Tal fenômeno oferece pistas sobre o processamento da linguagem e a recuperação lexical. Poucos trabalhos foram realizados sobre este fenômeno nas línguas de sinais (THOMPSON; EMMOREY; GOLLAN, 2005) e essa investigação é importante, pois, por ser uma língua de modalidade distinta (visual-espacial), possui processos fonológicos particulares. Nesse sentido, foi elaborado um teste para eliciar o fenômeno em 34 adultos surdos, que relataram utilizar a Libras como principal meio de comunicação. O teste consistia na realização do sinal referente a personalidades famosas e a cidades no mundo. Foram exibidas imagens e o participante deveria dizer se sabia ou não o sinal referente à pessoa ou à cidade, ou se estava experienciando o TOF. Neste último caso, o participante deveria sinalizar o que lembrasse do sinal- alvo. Foram realizados 69 estímulos por participantes, somando um total de 2346 estímulos e, como resultado obtivemos a ocorrência de 20 TOFs (0,9% dos estímulos). Em todos os casos de TOF foi recuperado ao menos um dos parâmetros fonético-fonológicos (quais sejam, configuração de mão, localização/ espaço, orientação, movimento, número de mãos). Dos parâmetros fonético-fonológicos recuperados, a configuração de mão foi recuperada em 65% dos casos (13 vezes); a localização em 70% (14 vezes); o espaço em 85% (17 vezes); o movimento em 35% (7 vezes); a orientação em 50% (10 vezes); e o número de mãos em 90% dos casos (18 vezes). Corroboramos a conclusão de Thompson, Emmorey e Gollan (2005) de que o movimento é o parâmetro menos recuperado no momento do TOF. Esse fato pode indicar que os parâmetros localização, configuração de mão e orientação (mais recuperados no momento do TOF) constituem o onset da estrutura silábica do sinal, isto é, o segmento inicial do sinal. Além disso, a ocorrência do fenômeno ponta dos dedos na Libras ajuda a confirmar separação, no processamento da recuperação lexical em codificação semântica e codificação fonológica estabelecidas em modelos de recuperação de línguas orais (DELL, 1986; GARRETT, 1988; LEVELT, 1989). / The aim of this research is to analyze and discuss how the search for target signs occurs in the lexical retrieval in deaf people using Brazilian Sign Language (Libras); to verify if the \"tip of the fingers\" (TOF) phenomenon occurs; and describe the phonological aspects in the occurrence of the phenomenon. The TOF phenomenon mirrors the \"tip of the tongue\" phenomenon in oral languages. This phenomenon occurs when there is momentary forgetfulness of known words and the feeling that this word is about to be recovered. This phenomenon offers clues about language processing and lexical retrieval. Few studies have been carried out on this phenomenon in sign languages (THOMPSON; EMMOREY; GOLLAN, 2005) and this research is important because sign language has a different modality and therefore it has particular phonological processes. In this sense, a test was prepared to elicit the phenomenon in 34 deaf adults, who reported using Libras as the main means of communication. The test consisted of the signing regarding proper names of famous personalities and cities in the world. Images were displayed and the participant should say whether or not he knew the sign for the person or city, or whether he was experiencing TOF. In the latter case, the participant should sign what he remembered of the target signal. A total of 69 stimuli were performed per participant, totaling 2346 stimuli and, as a result, we obtained the occurrence of 20 TOFs (0.9% of the stimuli). In all TOF cases, at least one of the phonological parameters (ie, hand configuration, location / space, orientation, movement, number of hands) was retrieved. Of those, the hand configuration was recovered in 65% of the cases (13 times); the location in 70% (14 times); space 85% (17 times); movement in 35% (7 times); orientation by 50% (10 times); and the number of hands in 90% of the cases (18 times). We corroborate the conclusion of Thompson, Emmorey and Gollan (2005) that movement is the least recovered parameter at the time of TOF. This fact may indicate that the parameters localization, hand configuration and orientation (more retrieved while in TOF state) constitute the onset of the syllabic structure of the sign. In addition, the occurrence of the \"tip of the fingers\" phenomenon in Libras helps to confirm separation, in the processing of lexical retrieval in semantic encoding and phonological encoding established in lexical retrieval models of oral language (GARRETT, 1988; LEVELT, 1989).

<p>Although many aspects of odor naming have received attention during the years, the participants' own cognitions (metamemory) about their naming attempts have not. (i) We showed that feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments accompanying odor naming failures are predictive of later recognition (Study I) or retrieval (Study III) of the missing name, but to a lesser degree than equivalent judgments about names of persons. “Tip of the nose” (TON) experiences do predict later odor name recall (Study I), but are otherwise poorly related to any partial activation of other information associated with the odor. (ii) We evaluated two theories proposed to explain the underlying basis of FOK judgments. Correlational analysis showed that FOK judgments about odor names are related to the perceived familiarity of the cue triggering the FOK (cue familiarity theory; Study III). FOK judgments are based on the amount of available information about the sought-for memory (accessibility theory; Study I and III). (iii) We demonstrated that the participants are overconfident in their odor naming attempts (Study I and II). This may to some degree be due to the arousing properties of the odors (Study II), suggesting that emotional variables should be taken into account when researching metamemory. (iv) Our inability to correctly name odors are typically not due to an uniquely poor association between odors and their proper names, but rather due to failures to identify the odors (Study III), that is, failures to retrieve “what it is”. It was also found that TOT experiences are unusual for odor names and more so than for person names. (v) We discuss potential differences between olfactory metamemory and metamemory for other modalities. The TON experience differs from the tip of the tongue (TOT) experience and the predictive validity is lower for metamemory judgments about odor names compared to other modalities.</p>

Although many aspects of odor naming have received attention during the years, the participants' own cognitions (metamemory) about their naming attempts have not. (i) We showed that feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments accompanying odor naming failures are predictive of later recognition (Study I) or retrieval (Study III) of the missing name, but to a lesser degree than equivalent judgments about names of persons. “Tip of the nose” (TON) experiences do predict later odor name recall (Study I), but are otherwise poorly related to any partial activation of other information associated with the odor. (ii) We evaluated two theories proposed to explain the underlying basis of FOK judgments. Correlational analysis showed that FOK judgments about odor names are related to the perceived familiarity of the cue triggering the FOK (cue familiarity theory; Study III). FOK judgments are based on the amount of available information about the sought-for memory (accessibility theory; Study I and III). (iii) We demonstrated that the participants are overconfident in their odor naming attempts (Study I and II). This may to some degree be due to the arousing properties of the odors (Study II), suggesting that emotional variables should be taken into account when researching metamemory. (iv) Our inability to correctly name odors are typically not due to an uniquely poor association between odors and their proper names, but rather due to failures to identify the odors (Study III), that is, failures to retrieve “what it is”. It was also found that TOT experiences are unusual for odor names and more so than for person names. (v) We discuss potential differences between olfactory metamemory and metamemory for other modalities. The TON experience differs from the tip of the tongue (TOT) experience and the predictive validity is lower for metamemory judgments about odor names compared to other modalities.

This study presents the results of an experimental study that investigates the effects of uniform/waveform tip injection along the camberline on the total pressure loss characteristics downstream of a row of Low Pressure Turbine (LPT) blades. The experiments are performed in a low speed cascade facility. This injection technique involves spanwise jets at the tip that are issued from a series of holes along the camber line normal to the freestream flow direction. The injection mass flow rate from each hole is individually controlled using computer driven solenoid valves and therefore the flow injection geometrical pattern at the tip can be adjusted to any desired waveform shape, and can be uniform as well as waveform along the camber. Measurements involve Kiel probe traverses for different injection scenarios 0.5 axial chords downstream of the blades. Results show that, instead of performing uniform mass injection along the camberline, by selecting an appropriate waveform injection pattern one can reduce the total loss levels of the blade, including the tip leakage loss as well as the wake losses.

Dans le cadre de la certification de ses moteurs d'hélicoptères, Safran Helicopter Engines réalise des essais en fonctionnement lors desquels les réponses vibratoires de turbomachines (compresseurs et turbines) sont mesurées. Les réponses vibratoires contiennent des modes (ou raies spectrales) dont les fréquences et amplitudes doivent être caractérisées. Les mesures sont réalisées par la technologie tip-timing qui permet d'observer les vibrations de toutes les pales d'un aubage en rotation.Cependant, la technologie tip-timing présente deux spécificités importantes. Premièrement, l'échantillonnage des signaux de vibrations est irrégulier quasi-périodique. Deuxièmement, l'ordre de grandeur des fréquences de vibration est généralement supérieur à la fréquence d'échantillonnage équivalente. Ces deux caractéristiques donnent lieu à des artefacts des composantes fréquentielles sur les spectres des signaux de vibrations. Ceux-ci gênent alors fortement l'identification du contenu spectral et perturbent donc l'interprétation du comportement vibratoire des pales.La nouvelle méthode d'analyse spectrale proposée s'appuie sur une modélisation parcimonieuse des signaux tip-timing et prend en compte les variations de la fréquence de rotation. L'analyse spectrale des signaux est alors réalisée par la minimisation d'un critère des moindres carrés linéaires régularisé par une pénalisation de "norme-l0" par l'algorithme Block-OMP.À l'aide de résultats numériques sur signaux synthétiques, il est démontré que cette méthode fournit de bonnes performances d'estimations des composantes spectrales et réalise une réduction importante de leurs artefacts. La prise en compte des variations de la fréquence de rotation permet en effet de tirer profit de l'utilisation de longues durées d'observation afin de réduire significativement les artefacts des composantes fréquentielles contenus dans les spectres. Par ailleurs, avec des performances légèrement meilleures à celles de l'ESMV (méthode reconnue pour l'analyse spectrale des signaux tip-timing), la méthode proposée est environ cent fois plus rapide.Deux cas de données réelles sont étudiés. À travers une détection de crique de pale, le premier cas d'étude montre que la méthode proposée est pertinente et réalise des estimations comparables aux méthodes industrielles. Le second cas d'étude présente plusieurs vibrations synchrones et asynchrones simultanées. Cela met en avant la capacité de réduction des artefacts des composantes fréquentielles de la méthode développée afin de faciliter l'interprétation du contenu vibratoire complexe de ce signal.L'optimisation du placement des sondes tip-timing est également étudiée pour faciliter l'identification des composantes synchrones. À partir de résultats numériques, il est démontré qu'éloigner les capteurs améliore l'estimation des amplitudes ce type de composantes. / As part of the certification of its helicopter engines, Safran Helicopter Engines performs operational tests in which the vibrations responses of turbomachines (compressors and turbines) are measured. The vibratory responses contain modes (or spectral lines) whose frequencies and amplitudes must be characterized. The measurements are provided by the tip-timing technology which can observe the vibrations of all the blades while rotating.However, tip-timing technology has two important features. Firstly, the sampling of the vibrating signals is irregular quasi-periodic. Secondly, the vibrating frequencies are generally higher than the equivalent sampling frequency. These two characteristics generate frequency components artefacts onto the vibrating signals spectrum. As a consequence, they strongly hinder the identification of the spectral content and thus disturb the interpretation of the blades vibratory behaviour.The proposed new spectral analysis method relies on sparse modelling of the tip-timing signals and considers the variations of the rotational frequency. The spectral analysis of the signals is then performed by the minimization of a linear least squares criterion regularized by a penalty of "norm-l0" by the Block-OMP algorithm.Using numerical results from synthetic signals, it is shown that this method provides good spectral component estimation performances and achieves a significant reduction of their artefacts. Considering the variations of the rotational frequency allows to take advantage of the use of long observation periods in order to significantly reduce the frequency components artefacts contained in the spectrum. In addition, with slightly better performances than the ESMV (acknowledged method for the tip-timing signals spectral analysis), the proposed method is about a hundred times faster.Two cases of real data are studied. Through a detection of a blade crack, the first studied case shows that the proposed method is relevant and makes equivalent estimates with respect to industrial methods. The second studied case presents several simultaneous synchronous and asynchronous vibrations. That highlights the ability to reduce the frequency components artefacts of the developed method in order to simplify the interpretation of the complex vibratory content of this signal.The optimization of the positioning of the tip-timing probes is also studied in order to simplify the identification of synchronous components. From numerical results, it is demonstrated that moving away the probes improves the amplitudes estimation of this type of components.

This thesis presents some results from an experimental study of three-dimensional turbulent tip gap flows in the linear cascade wind tunnel, for two different tip gap clearances (t/c=1.65% and 3.3%). The experiments focus on near-wall flow field measurements for the stationary wall and moving wall, and static pressure measurement on the low end-wall for the stationary wall case. The representative flows were pressure driven, three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers in the linear cascade tunnel for the stationary wall case, and the combination of the pressure driven and shear driven flow for the moving wall case. Several experimental techniques are used in the studies: a three-orthogonal-velocity-component fiber-optic laser Doppler anemometer (3D-LDA) system, surface oil flow visualization, and a scanivalve system for static pressure measurement through pressure ports on the end-wall. From the details of the oil flow visualization pattern on the end-wall, some features of the passage flow, cross flow, and the tip leakage vortex in this cascade flow were captured. Oil flow visualization on the blade surface reveals the reattachment of the tip leakage vortex on the blade surface. The static pressure results on the lower end-wall and mid-span of the blade show huge pressure drop on the lower end-wall from the pressure side to the suction side of the blade and from mid-span to the lower end wall. The end-wall skin friction velocity is calculated from near-wall LDA data and pressure gradient data using the near-wall momentum equation. The statistics of Reynolds stresses and triple products in two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer was examined using a velocity fluctuation octant analysis in three different coordinates (the wall collateral coordinates, the mid tip gap coordinates, and the local mean flow angle coordinates). The velocity fluctuation octant analysis for the two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer reveals that ejections of the low speed streaks outward from the wall and the sweeps of high speed streaks inward toward the wall are the dominant coherent motions. The octant analysis for the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the tip gap shows that the dominant octant events are partially different from those in the two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer, but ejection and sweep motions are still the dominant coherent motions. For the three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in the moving wall flow, the near-wall shear flow reinforces the sweep motion to the moving wall and weakens the out-ward ejection motion in the shear flow dominant region. Between the passage flow and the shear flow, is the interaction region of the high speed streaks and the low speed streaks. This is the first time that the coherent structure of the three-dimensional turbulent boundary in the linear cascade tip gap has been studied. / Master of Science

The Two-Parameter-Fracture-Criterion (TPFC) was validated using an elastic-plastic two-dimensional (2D) finite-element code, ZIP2D, with the plane-strain-core concept. Fracture simulations were performed on three crack configurations: (1) middle-crack-tension, M(T), (2) single-edge-crack-tension, SE(T), and (3) single-edge crack-bend, SE(B), specimens. They were made of 2014-T6 (TL) aluminum alloy. Fracture test data from Thomas Orange work (NASA) were only available on M(T) specimens (one-half width, w = 1.5 to 6 in.) and they were all tested at cryogenic (-320oF) temperature. All crack configurations were analysed over a very wide range of widths (w = 0.75 to 24 in.) and crack-length-to-width ratios ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. The TPFC was shown to fit the simulated fracture data fairly well (within 6.5%) for all crack configurations for net-section stresses less than the material proportional limit. For M(T) specimens, a simple approximation was shown to work well for net-section stresses greater than the proportional limit. Further study is needed for net-section stresses greater than the proportional limit for the SE(T) and SE(B) specimens.

No description available.

The thesis is focused on marketing research using methods Mystery of activity in the sphere of consumer cooperatives. It outlines the development of consumer co-operatives in the Czech Republic and the historical origins of the development, from the camp. The practical part is realized in business units Unity from the camp, specifically in the stores included in the retail chain COOP TIP. Marketing research has focused on determining the level of service and quality of supply of goods. The analyzed information was the basis for the comparison of results obtained from the research of individual stores and to formulate measures to increase the effectiveness of marketing activities, consumer cooperatives Jednota, from the camp.

<p>With increasingly tighter tip clearances in modern turbomachinery, it is essential to precisely measure this parameter during turbomachinery characterization. Benefits from measuring tip clearances include monitoring the structural integrity of the machine and estimating aerodynamic losses incurred due to leakage flows. At present, capacitance probes are one of the most commonly used sensors for tip clearance measurements in turbomachines as they are accurate and robust. One of the main challenges when using capacitance probes is properly calibrating the sensors, which usually involves complex positioning systems and blade representative targets. This manuscript describes in detail the development of a methodology for in-house calibration of capacitance probes for tip clearance measurements. A novel calibration procedure that does not involve rotating components is investigated and compared against established calibration methods. First, a calibration bench was developed to demonstrate the static and dynamic performance of the acquisition system and perform quasi-static as well as dynamic calibrations in a controlled environment. An in-situ methodology was then developed to calibrate the sensors once installed in a two-stage rotating turbine rig. The proposed methodology does not require complex positioning systems and a regression analysis using a least squares scheme resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.9998. The calibration was validated using specially designed instrumentation at various speeds that span the operating envelope of the rig. A Bayesian model that was developed to estimate measurement uncertainties for each method showed that uncertainties as low as ± 5μm can be achieved with the proposed system. The proposed methodology was used in a two-stage turbine rig. Measurements taken at three different circumferential locations were subsequently used to map the spatial distribution of tip clearances throughout the speed operational envelope of the turbine. Finally, a reduced order rotor displacement model was developed and fitted to capacitance probes data. The work presented in this thesis lays the foundation for high fidelity tip clearance measurement capabilities at the Purdue Experimental Turbine Aerothermal Laboratory and can be implemented into any rotating rig. </p>