The prehistory of the North American Plains is an exciting and dynamic area of research within the discipline of archaeology. However, for the most part, the descriptions that archaeologists have assigned to the people who created the archaeological record in this region are either gender neutral or gendered male by default. In recent years Plains archaeologists have begun to explore how, where, and why gender representation can be found on the Plains.<p> This thesis seeks to further Plains gender research. Specifically, task differentiation by gender for the Blackfoot, a Plains contact period culture' group, is examined and detailed in this study. The data compiled are used to set up a task differentiation model for the Blackfoot. How the Blackfoot conceptually structured the interior space of a tipi is also examined. The combined data are used to establish a model for the gendered distribution of space within a tipi. Once the model for the gendered distribution of space is established, it is tested against ten completely excavated tipi rings. The results of the spatial analysis indicate that gender can be seen archaeologically, within the features used in this study. Additionally, the findings of the analysis indicate that the best artifact classes to use when examining the gendered distribution of space are ceramics, lithics, and faunal material. Finally, recommendations for further testing of the model are made in order to confirm that the model can be used to examine gendered spaces at Plains tipi rings.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude des transformations induites par les procédés industriels (TIPI) dans le domaine de l’industrie pharmaceutique. Il se focalise sur le procédé de compression directe et sur deux principes actifs modèles qui sont la caféine et la carbamazépine. Des méthodes de caractérisations expérimentales des transitions de phases dans les comprimés ont été développées. La densité des comprimés a été mesurée par tomographie à rayons X et évaluée en surface par micro-indentation. Des méthodes thermiques telles que l’ACD et l’ATG ont été utilisées pour estimer les transformations dans tout le volume des comprimés. La spectroscopie Raman à basses fréquences a été appliquée pour la première fois pour cartographier la surface des comprimés. La spectroscopie Raman à hautes fréquences a été développée dans le but d’augmenter le nombre de données et d’automatiser le traitement des spectres. La transformation de la caféine forme I (métastable) en forme II (stable) nécessite plusieurs années dans les conditions ambiantes. Les investigations menées sur la caféine I ont révélé que la transition est induite par la compression directe car une transformation partielle en forme II est mesurée dans tout le volume du comprimé. La transformation continue au sein du comprimé lors de son stockage et le taux de transformation reste supérieur à celui de la poudre de caféine forme I non comprimée. Les quantifications misent en place par ACD et spectroscopie Raman à basses fréquences ont montré des transformations de la forme I dans tout le volume des comprimés et leur valeur est indépendante de l’intensité de la pression de compression. De plus, les deux formes de la caféine coexistent à l’échelle micrométrique, ce qui tend à prouver que des cristallites de forme II apparaissent dans tous les grains de caféine. La caféine formulée avec de la cellulose microcristalline présente un comportement plastique lors de la compression. La tomographie à rayons X révèle l’existence d’une zone locale de densité plus élevée au niveau des parois latérales, sans que ceci influe localement sur le taux de transition de la caféine. L’emploi d’une caféine calibrée entraine un comportement plus fragmentaire, qui semble réduire le taux de transformation mesuré. Aucune transformation de phase solide de la carbamazépine dihydrate n’a été décelée par ATG et spectroscopie Raman dans les comprimés fabriqués. Il semble que ce principe actif soit stable en compression directe / The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of process induced transformations (PITs) in the field of the pharmaceutical industry. This present study is focused on the direct compression process applied to two model active molecules named caffeine and carbamazepine. Experimental characterization methods of phase transitions in the tablets were developed. Densities inside the tablets were measured by X-ray computed micro-tomography and by micro-indentation at the surface. Thermal methods for DSC and TGA were applied in order to estimate transformation degrees of tablet parts. Low frequencies micro-Raman Spectroscopy (MRS) was used for the first time as a way for polymorphs mapping. Raman spectroscopy was also developed in the high frequencies range to increase the analyzed part area and to computerize the spectra treatment. Caffeine form I is transformed naturally toward caffeine form II but this transition can take many years at room temperature. Our investigations have shown that the direct compression process induced a partial transition of caffeine I toward caffeine II. Phase transition degree stayed higher in the tablet than in the non-compressed powder during two years. Quantification process was set up for DSC and low frequencies MRS. It was found that the pressure level did not influenced the transition degree. Moreover, both polymorphs coexist at the micrometer scale in all caffeine particles. Caffeine formulated with micro-crystalline cellulose exhibits a plastic behavior under compaction. X-ray tomography revealed higher densities zones next to the tablet slides but any impact on the transition degree was detected. The use of calibrated caffeine particles led to a more brittle behavior and seemed to decrease the transition degree. The investigations on carbamazepine dihydrate did not show any phase transformation of this active molecule induced by direct compression

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A juridificação das relações sociais, processo complexo de colonização do mundo da vida pelo Direito, fez emergir um potencial protagonismo judicial em grande parte das experiências democráticas ocidentais. Entre os aspectos e desdobramentos mais importantes desse processo, que auxiliam a identificação desse potencial, destacam-se: a expansão dos padrões regulatórios; a indeterminação do direito contemporâneo; a materialização do direito formal; a crise da divisão funcional dos poderes; o afastamento de um modelo decisório eminentemente subsuntivo; o fortalecimento da função pragmática da hermenêutica jurídica; a expropriação de conflitos; a ampliação do controle judicial contramajoritário; o aumento da independência política do Poder Judiciário; a convergência normativa e institucional das experiências jurídicas democráticas; a influência do ideário do juiz ativo, ampliado para contemplar o tratamento de conflitos de massa e a promoção judicial de soluções não adjudicatórias; a expansão da litigância de interesse público; e, ainda, as mudanças na relação entre os órgãos judiciais e os meios de comunicação de massa. O potencial protagonismo judicial, ao avançar as fronteiras do poder judicial em sua concepção tradicional, manifesta-se de diferentes formas que podem ser representadas em tipos ideais de ativismo judicial, construídos, nesta tese, conforme metodologia weberiana, de modo que permitam uma investigação profunda sobre a atuação do Poder Judiciário em geral. Neste trabalho, o manejo investigativo desses tipos puros de ativismo judicial para o exame da atuação concreta da Justiça do Trabalho demonstra, de um lado, alguns dos efeitos das transformações contemporâneas na função judicial sobre aquele ramo do Judiciário; e, de outro, diversas formas de manifestação do potencial protagonismo judicial trabalhista, seja em sua feição mais nova, seja em sua índole mais tradicional, renovada após a Constituição de 1988. Ademais, esse estudo da atuação contemporânea dos órgãos judiciais fornece dados relevantes para a avaliação da efetividade do Direito do Trabalho, da instrumentalidade do Direito Processual do Trabalho e do alcance da tutela judicial dos direitos sociais fundamentais do trabalhador. / La giuridificazione delle relazioni sociali, un complesso processo di colonizzazione del mondo della vita dal Diritto, ha generato un potenziale protagonismo giudiziale in gran parte dei paesi democratici occidentali. Tra gli aspetti e gli sviluppi più importanti di questo processo, che aiutano ad identificare il citato potenziale, i punti salienti sono i seguenti: la espansione degli standard normativi; la \"indeterminatezza\" del diritto contemporaneo; la materializzazione del diritto formale; la crisi della divisione funzionale dei poteri; l\'abbandono di un modello decisionale con caratteristica notevolmente sussuntiva, rafforzando la funzione pragmatica dell´interpretazione giuridica; l\'espropriazione dei conflitti; l\'espansione di controllo giudiziale contro-maggioritario; maggiore indipendenza del giudiziario dal punto di vista politico; la convergenza normativa e istituzionali degli paesi democratici; l\'influenza delle idee di giudici attivi, che é stato ampliato per includere il trattamento dei conflitti delle masse e la fomentazione delle soluzione non aggiudicative; la espansione del contenzioso di interesse pubblico; e i cambiamenti nel rapporto tra il Potere Giudiziario ed i mezzi di comunicazione di massa. Il potenziale protagonismo giudiziale, oltre i confini del Potere Giudiziario nella sua concezione tradizionale, si manifesta in diverse forme che possono essere rappresentati in tipi ideali di attivismo giudiziario, che sono stati costruiti, in questa tesi, sulla base della metodologia di Weber, in modo da consentire un esame più approfundato delle funzione del potere giudiziario. L\'uso dei tipi puri di ativismo giudiziario per esaminare la attuazione concreta della Giustizia del Lavoro dimostra, da un lato, alcuni degli effetti sul questo ramo giudiziario dei cambiamenti contemporanei nella funzione giudiziale; e, d\'altra parte, varie manifestazioni del potenziale protagonismo giudiziale, sia nelle sue nuove forme, sia nella loro natura più tradizionale, rinnovata grazie alla Costituzione del 1988. Inoltre, questo studio della attuazione contemporanea degli organi giudiziali fornisce dati rilevanti per valutare l\'efficacia del Diritto del Lavoro, la strumentalità del Diritto processuale del Lavoro e la scala della tutela giurisdizionale dei diritti sociali fondamentali dei lavoratori.

Ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude des transformations polymorphiques induites au cours du procédé de compression directe, et à son incidence sur les propriétés mécaniques des comprimés. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'apporter des éléments de compréhension sur la transition polymorphique de la caféine (principe actif modèle) Forme I en Forme II survenant lors du procédé de compression directe, et de déterminer si celle-ci a un impact sur la contrainte à la rupture du comprimé. L'utilisation du simulateur de compression Styl'One Classique (Médel'Pharm) et d'une machine de fatigue (Instron®) pour la fabrication des comprimés, a permis d'étudier deux paramètres de procédé (pression et vitesse de fabrication) et deux paramètres de formulation (dilution du principe actif et nature du diluant) représentatifs de conditions industrielles. Les transitions de phase de la caféine ont été évaluées par analyse calorimétrique différentielle (ACD). De plus, des études cinétiques ont été conduites durant plusieurs mois afin d'observer l'influence de ces différents paramètres sur la transition polymorphique de la caféine anhydre Forme I en Forme II dans les comprimés au cours de leur stockage. Enfin, l'analyse du mécanisme de transition de ce principe actif a été réalisée au moyen d'une loi exponentielle étirée, issue du modèle de Johnson-Mehl-AvramiLa contrainte à la rupture des comprimés (caractéristique globale) a été mesurée par un test de rupture diamétrale, la dureté de surface des comprimés (caractéristique locale) par nano-indentation. Un premier modèle de prédiction de la contrainte à la rupture selon la teneur en caféine a été développé. Les principales caractéristiques du cycle de compression calculées à partir des données enregistrée par le simulateur de compression ont permis d'analyser le comportement des formules lors de la compression puis d'établir un second modèle de prédiction de la contrainte à la rupture.Les résultats de transition polymorphique et de propriétés physiques de comprimés seront alors confrontés / Direct compression process is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for tablet manufacturing. This work is dedicated to the study of the polymorphic transformation induced by a direct compression process, and its impact on tablet mechanical properties. The main objective is to improve the understanding of the phase transition of caffeine Form I into Form II occurring during the direct compression process, and whether it has an impact on the tablet tensile strength. In this way, several studies have been conducted on the impact of operating conditions on the polymorphic transformation of a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and on few physical properties of the tablets.The use of a compression simulator Styl’One Classique (Médel’Pharm) and a fatigue equipment (Instron®) for the manufacture of tablets, allowed studying two process parameters (compression load and compression speed) and two formulation parameters (dilution of the API and nature of the diluent). Caffeine phase transitions have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Moreover, during several months after tableting, kinetic studies were conducted in order to observe the influence of these parameters on the polymorphic transition of the anhydrous caffeine Form I into Form II in tablets during storage. Finally, the analysis of the transition mechanism of this API was performed thanks to a stretched exponential law, derived from the Johnson-Melh-Avrami model.The tensile strength of tablets (global property) was measured by a diametral compression test and their surface hardness (local property) by nanoindentation. A first predictive model for tablet tensile strength according to the caffeine content was developed. The compression cycle characteristics calculated from the data recording with the compression simulator allowed analyzing the behavior of different blends during the compression process. A second model for predicting the tensile strength was then established.Finally, results obtained for the polymorphic transition and physical properties of tablets will then be confronting