L’objectif de ce travail est de générer in situ des particules de dioxyde de titane dans une matrice polypropylène fondu au cours du procédé d’extrusion. La synthèse est basée sur des réactions d’hydrolyse-condensations d’un alkoxyde de titane (le n-tétrabutoxyde de titane). Une approche en milieu modèle a tout d’abord été développée offrant l’avantage de pouvoir travailler en milieu liquide sans prendre en compte de la viscosité du PP ni des effets de cisaillement. En se basant sur les données cinétiques déterminées en milieu modèle, la génération de ces particules de dioxyde titane a été ensuite transposée et modélisée dans le milieu polymère de masse molaire plus élevée. Les analyses chimique, structurale et morphologique ont permis de mettre au point l’élaboration in situ de nanocomposites PP/TiO2 présentant unestructure fractale avec des propriétés viscoélastiques particulières. Enfin l’étude des propriétés bactérienne de ce nanocomposite a mis en avant son pouvoir bactéricide (6Log) pour un taux de charge de 9 % massique. / Polypropylene/Titanium dioxide (PP/TiO2) nanocomposites were prepared from an original method based on the hydrolysis-condensation reactions of titanium alkoxide inorganic precursor premixed with PP under molten conditions. The synthesis is based on sol-gel method without solvent through extrusion process. A second treatment in hot water was applied in order to improve final conversion degree. First, hydrolysis-condensation reactions of titanium n-butoxide precursor were studied in model medium. Based on a kinetic equation carried out in the model medium, then the synthesis of titanium dioxide particles was transposed and modelled in polypropylene medium with high molar mass. Chemical, structural and morphological analyses highlight the in situ synthesis of bactericides PP/TiO2 nanocomposites andpresenting a particular morphological and rheological behaviour.

v angličtině (English abstract) Tobacco male gametophyte has a strongly dehydrated cytoplasm and represents a metabolically inactive stage. Upon cytoplasm rehydration, pollen grain becomes metabolically active and after the activation is finished, the pollen tube growth through a selected pollen aperture starts. The rehydration together with metabolic activation are accompanied by the regulation of translation and post-translational modifications (mainly phosphorylation) of the existing proteins. In this Ph.D. thesis, there were identified phosphopeptides from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mature pollen, pollen activated in vitro 5 min and pollen activated in vitro 30 min. The total proteins from the above male gametophyte stages were extracted. The protein extract was trypsinized and the acquired peptide mixture was enriched by MOAC (metal oxide/hydroxide affinity chromatography) with titanium dioxide matrix. The enriched fraction was subjected to liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC- MS/MS). Totally, there were identified 471 phosphopeptides, carrying 432 exactly localized phosphorylation sites. The acquired peptide identifications were mapped to 301 phosphoproteins that were placed into 13 functional categories, dominant of which were transcription, protein synthesis,...

La photo-catalyse est une voie très prisée pour la dépollution de l’eau ou de l’air. Le photo-catalyseur le plus employé est le dioxyde de titane (TiO2) mais l’activité photo-catalytique peut fortement varier d’une poudre à l’autre. De plus, il est très avantageux, voire nécessaire, de le déposer sur un support, pour une manipulation aisée, notamment s’il s’agit d’un monolithe poreux. Le but de cette thèse, menée en collaboration entre le LMCPA et l’IEM, est de produire un photo-catalyseur supporté : une mousse céramique, issue de précurseurs céramiques polymériques (voie PDC), revêtue de TiO2, tout en visant une cristallisation et une intégration du TiO2 dans la mousse, en une seule étape, par voie hydrothermale. Nous avons étudié la synthèse de TiO2 par voie hydrothermale formant ainsi des poudres de diverses natures (anatase, brookite, oxyde hydraté de titane et mélanges de ces phases) ; certaines présentent une activité photo-catalytique supérieure, dans certaines conditions, à celle de la référence commerciale le P25 de Degussa. Cette étude a également permis de produire de la brookite pure à une température relativement basse, bien plus performante que le P25 et l’anatase dans certaines conditions. Parallèlement, divers polymères précéramiques ont été investigués pour la confection de supports macro-poreux via la méthode des charges sacrificielles. Nous avons ainsi réalisé des mousses en céramique amorphe en SiBCN et SiBC, hautement poreuses, ouvertes et robustes. Enfin, les poudres de TiO2 les plus efficaces ont été déposées sur les mousses, par la voie hydrothermale, pour former le photocatalyseur supporté dont l’activité photo-catalytique a été évaluée. / Photocatalysis is a method of choice for water and air depollution. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most used photocatalyst but photocatalytic activity can widely differ from one powder to another. Moreover, it is useful, or even necessary, to immobilize it on a support; in particular, a porous monolithic support for an easier handling. The purpose of this PhD thesis, consisting in a collaboration between the LMCPA and the IEM, is to produce a supported photocatalyst: an amorphous ceramic foam produced from polymeric ceramic precursors (PDC route) coated with TiO2. The objective is also to target a one pot process the crystallization and the incorporation of the photocatalyst, in a single stage, through a hydrothermal treatment. We studied the hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 powders composed of various crystalline phases (anatase, brookite, titanium oxide hydrate and mixtures of thereof); some of them showed higher photocatalytic activity than the commercial reference, Degussa’s P25. This study also lead to the synthesis of pure brookite, at a relatively low temperature, much more efficient than P25 and anatase under certain conditions. At the same time, various preceramic polymers were studied for the production of macroporous supports through the sacrificial filler technique. We were able to produce highly porous, opened and robust amorphous ceramic foams in the Si-B-C-N and Si-B-C systems. Lastly, the foams were coated with the most efficient TiO2 powders in order to produce supported photocatalysts by the hydrothermal route; their photocatalytic activity was then evaluated.

Des catalyseurs Ru supporté sur TiO2 actifs et sélectifs pour l’hydrogénation de l’acide lévulinique en γ-valérolactone en présence d’acide formique comme source interne d’hydrogène ont été développés. L’élaboration d’un nouveau support, TiO2 modifié par Ca2+, permet d’améliorer la production de γ-valérolactone, grâce à la fois à une décomposition de l’acide formique plus sélective en hydrogène et à une hydrogénation de l’acide lévulinique plus efficace. Ces performances améliorées sont associées à l’existence d’interactions Ru/support plus fortes avec une adsorption du CO plus faible, et à une basicité accrue du support. Elles ont été exaltées par la mise en œuvre d’une synthèse photo-assistée sous lumière solaire comme alternative soutenable à l’imprégnation par voie humide, permettant d’obtenir des particules sub-nanométriques de distribution de taille étroite. Il a été montré qu’un profile de type volcano centré sur 1.5 nm relie l’activité catalytique à la taille des particules. / Active and selective Ru catalysts based on TiO2 supports have been developed for the combined hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone with internal hydrogen supply via in-situ formic acid decomposition. A controlled modification of the TiO2 support by Ca2+ improved the catalytic performance in the one-pot hydrogenation, as a result of enhanced performances in both the formic acid dehydrogenation and the levulinic acid hydrogenation. The improved performances were associated to stronger Ru/support interactions with weaker CO adsorption, as well as to an increased support basicity. The performances were further exalted thanks to a one-step solar light photon-assisted synthesis method used as sustainable alternative to classical wet impregnation. It enabled the uniform dispersion of sub-nanometric metallic Ru particles with narrow distribution and fine size monitoring, and a volcano-type profile centered at 1.5 nm was demonstrated between the nanoparticle size and the activity.

Resinas compostas comumente utilizadas em restaurações, anteriores e posteriores, resultam em maior acúmulo de biofilme bacteriano do que outros materiais restauradores, o que contribui para a formação de cáries secundárias e levam à falha das restaurações. Métodos para inibir a formação do biofilme sobre materiais restauradores dentais vêm sendo estudados há décadas e a inserção de nanopartículas (NPs) representa o que há de mais avançado nos estudos de formulação de materiais dentários antibacterianos. A literatura recente relata que resinas compostas contendo NPs de óxidos metálicos, tais como óxido de zinco (ZnO) e dióxido de titânio (TiO2), têm demonstrado capacidade antibacteriana, contribuindo para o controle do biofilme oral cariogênico. Por outro lado, a inserção dessas NPs pode alterar a cor e as propriedades mecânicas para níveis clínicos inaceitáveis e até mesmo dificultar o processo de fotopolimerização, se inseridas em grandes quantidades. Uma vez que o efeito antibacteriano e as propriedades de resinas compostas modificadas com NPs de óxidos de metais não foram amplamente estudados, esse estudo visou a compreensão destes aspectos, a partir da síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de ZnO e TiO2 dopados ou não com Ag, inclusão em uma resina composta comercial e análise de propriedades físicas, mecânicas e biológicas do compósito modificado. As sínteses foram realizadas por diversas rotas químicas, resultando em NPs de TiO2 de alta área superficial e NPs de ZnO com morfologia tridimensional, incluindo nanoplates e nanorods que formam estruturas em formato de flores. A modificação da resina composta com NPs de TiO2.Ag alterou drasticamente a resistência à compressão do material, enquanto a adição de NPs de ZnO.Ag manteve a resistência em valores muito próximos ao da resina não modificada. A cor da resina composta sofreu grande alteração quando imergida em solução de café, especialmente após a adição de NPs de ZnO.Ag. A atividade antibacteriana, contra Streptococcus mutans da resina modificada foi considerada significativa, principalmente após a adição de 1 e 2% de NPs de TiO2. A análise dessas propriedades foi importante para o avanço das pesquisas que visam o desenvolvimento de uma resina composta antibacteriana que proporcione estética e propriedades mecânicas adequadas para a confecção de restaurações. / Composite resins used in restorations, anterior and posterior, resulting in greater accumulation of bacterial biofilm than other restorative materials, which contributes to the formation of secondary caries and lead to failure of restorations. Methods for inhibiting biofilm formation on dental restorative materials have been studied for decades and the insertion of nanoparticles (NPs) represents the most advanced in formulation studies of antibacterial dental materials. Recent literature reports that composites containing nanoparticles of metal oxides such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) have demonstrated antibacterial ability, contributing to the control of oral cariogenic biofilms. On the other hand, NPS inclusion can change the color for unacceptable clinical levels and even hinder the polymerization process, if they are entered as large amounts. Since the antibacterial effect of composite resins modified with nanoparticles of metal oxides has not been widely studied, this study aimed at understanding these aspects, from the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles of Ag doped and undoped ZnO and TiO2 NPs, inclusion in a composite business and examining their physical, mechanical and biological properties. The synthesis resulted in high surface area TiO2 NPs and three-dimensional ZnO NPs, including nanoplates and nanorods assembled flowers. The modification of the composite with TiO2.Ag NPs changed dramatically the compressive strength of the material, while adding ZnO.Ag NPs maintained compressive strength similar to the unmodified resin. The compostie color stability changed greatly when immersed in a coffee solution, especially after inclusion of ZnO.Ag NPs. The antibacterial activity, against S. mutans, of modified resin was considered significant, especially after addition of 1 and 2% TiO2 NPs. The analysis of these properties is important for the advancement of research aimed at developing an antibacterial composite that provides aesthetic and mechanical properties suitable for dental restorations.

Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war es, das Verhalten der in modernen Sonnenschutzmitteln eingesetzten Titandioxid-Mikropartikel mit quantitativen Methoden zu bestimmen, um Aussagen über ihre Eignung zu erhalten. Dabei stand die Frage nach der Verteilung der Substanz innerhalb des Stratum corneum im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Insbesondere war wegen der bekannten photokatalytischen Aktivität von Titandioxid zu klären, ob ein Kontakt mit den lebenden Bereichen der Haut ausgeschlossen werden kann. Für die Messungen wurden zwei kommerziell genutzte, unterschiedlich beschichtete Titandioxid-Mikropartikel eingesetzt. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für diese Untersuchungen war die Anwendung der Abrissmethode (Tape stripping) in Kombination mit der spektroskopischen Bestimmung der Extinktion im sichtbaren Bereich zur Berechnung des Hornschichtprofils. Die Konzentration der Titandioxid-Partikel wurde mit Hilfe von Röntgenfluoreszenz-Messungen bestimmt. So war es erstmals möglich, in vivo standardisierte und reproduzierbare Untersuchungen zum Penetrationsverhalten von beschichteten Titandioxid-Mikropartikeln in die Hornschicht der menschlichen Haut durchzuführen. Durch Langzeitapplikation der Substanzen und die Beobachtung der Titandioxid-konzentrationen in der Hornschicht über mehrere Tage konnten auch Aussagen zum Penetrationsverhalten der applizierten Mikropartikel gemacht werden. Es wurde eindeutig gezeigt, dass die untersuchten Substanzen unabhängig von ihrer Struktur, von ihrer Beschichtung und vom Probanden hauptsächlich in den obersten Schichten des Stratum corneum lokalisiert sind. Nach Klärung dieser grundsätzlichen Fragen war es notwendig, die Ursache für das Auftreten extrem geringer Titandioxid-Konzentrationen auf Abrissen zu bestimmen, die aus tieferen Schichten des Stratum corneum entnommen wurden. Durch die Kombination der Abrissmethode mit einem speziellen Färbeverfahren und der Laser-Scan-Mikroskopie ergaben sich deutliche Hinweise auf die Bedeutung der Follikelkanäle für das beobachtete Phänomen. Röntgenspektroskopische Untersuchungen an Biopsien zeigten, dass diese Mikropartikel in die Haarfollikel eindringen und damit Bereiche unterhalb des Stratum corneum erreichen. Hierbei wurden die Mikropartikel in dieser Region nur in Follikelkanälen, nicht aber im Bereich der lebenden Zellen nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse belegen, dass Titandioxid nur in einzelne Follikelkanäle penetriert, eine Aussage, die im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchungen erstmals beschrieben wurde. In Übereinstimmung mit der Zielsetzung der Arbeit konnte unter Einsatz unterschiedlicher Untersuchungsmethoden gezeigt werden, dass die beschichteten Titandioxid-Mikropartikel im oberen Bereich der Hornschicht lokalisiert sind und damit als hocheffiziente Lichtschutzfilter den Schutz der darunter liegenden lebenden Bereiche der Haut garantieren. Der sichere Nachweis der Titandioxid-Mikropartikel innerhalb einzelner Follikelkanäle besitzt grundsätzliche Bedeutung für das Verständnis von Penetrationswegen. / The objective of this work was to determine the behaviour of titanium dioxide microparticles, used in modern sunscreen agents, with quantitative methods in order to receive statements about their suitability. The focal point of the investigations was the question on the distribution of the substance within the stratum corneum. Because of the well-known photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide, our aim was to clarify whether a contact with the living cells of the skin could be excluded. For these measurements, two commercial titanium dioxide micro particles were used, covered with different coating materials. The calculation of the stratum corneum profile was a substantial prerequisite for these investigations. This was done by application of the tape stripping method in combination with the spectroscopic determination of the absorption in the visible range. The concentration of the titanium dioxide particles on the tape strips was determined by X-ray fluorescence measurements. In this manner it was possible for the first time, to perform standardized and reproducible in vivo measurements to investigate the penetration behaviour of coated titanium dioxide micro particles into the horny layer of the human skin. Predications could be made about the penetration behaviour of the applied micro particles by observation of the titanium dioxide concentrations in the stratum corneum during several days after long-term application of the substances. It could be shown that the examined substances were localized mainly in the upper layers of the stratum corneum, independently of their structure, coating and the volunteers. After clarifying these basic questions, it was necessary to explain the occurrence of extremely small concentrations of titanium-dioxide on tape strips, which were taken from deeper layers of the stratum corneum. This observed phenomenon was investigated by combining tape stripping with a selective staining of the tapes and with laser scanning microscopy. Investigations of a biopsy with x ray fluorescence measurements showed that the micro particles penetrate into the hair follicles, and in this manner reached areas below the stratum corneum. In this region, the micro particles were found only in follicle channels, but not within the area of the living cells. These results prove that titanium dioxide micro particles only penetrate into single follicle channels, a statement, which has been described here for the first time. In agreement with the objective of this thesis, it was shown, that the coated titanium dioxide micro particles were localized within the upper area of the horny layer and as high efficient sunscreen filters consequently guarantee, the protection of the living areas of the skin below. The proof of the titanium dioxide micro particles within individual follicle channels has basic importance for the understanding of the penetration pathways.

The objective of this research was to determine if mature landfill leachate could be treated to a level so that it was safe to discharge to the environment. The treatment method was an Advanced Oxidation Process. The process utilized Titanium Dioxide and UV. Three different reactor types were used, falling film, flow through and falling film + Electron Magnetic Oxygen Hydrogen (EMOH). To improve removal pre-treatment with titanium dioxide settling were conducted in conjunction with treatment in a reactor. The best removal was obtained with pre-treatment with titanium dioxide settling, followed by the falling film + EMOH reactor. In 8 hours, removal was 63% for COD, 53% for ammonia, 73% for alkalinity and 98% for calcium hardness. The kinetics found in this experiment show that full treatment times for safe discharge vary between contaminates. For complete removal of all tested contaminates to safe discharge regulations requires 185 hour of treatment. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Neste trabalho buscou-se estratégias que pudessem promover um aumento na aplicabilidade do processo de fotocatálise heterogênea, a fim de viabilizar seu emprego como processo alternativo para o tratamento de efluente em larga escala. Neste sentido, avaliou-se o emprego do fotocatalisador TiO2 sob a forma imobilizada e também modificado com a incorporação de materiais adsorventes. O processo de fotocatálise heterogênea, empregando tanto o fotocatalisador imobilizado em suporte de vidro quanto os sintetizados e modificados com diferentes materiais adsorventes, apresentou grande eficiência para degradação de fenol, utilizado como composto poluente modelo. As porcentagens de degradação obtidas, para soluções contendo concentração inicial igual a 250 mg L-1 de fenol, foram superiores a 80% ao final de 120 minutos de tratamento. A utilização de TiO2 sob a forma imobilizada proporcionou redução do teor de carbono orgânico dissolvido de até 59%, em 120 minutos. Quando este resultado é comparado ao obtido quando o fotocatalisador é empregado sob a forma de suspensão demonstra ser promissor, uma vez que se eliminou a etapa requerida de pós-tratamento para recuperação do fotocatalisador. Porém, a imobilização do TiO2 acarretou em um decréscimo na atividade fotocatalítica quando comparado ao material em suspensão, devido a diversos fatores, entre eles, a redução da área superficial ativa do fotocatalisador e a limitações nos processos de transferência de massa. A síntese de TiO2 incorporado a substratos porosos, foi utilizada como alternativa para tentar compensar essa redução de área superficial ativa do fotocatalisador. Nesta abordagem utilizou-se diversos materiais como substratos porosos para síntese de TiO2: óxido de alumínio, óxido de zircônio, sílica-gel, sílica mesoporosa ordenada (SMO) e carvão ativado. Dentre eles, os materiais mistos de TiO2/SMO e TiO2/carvão ativado, proporcionaram os melhores resultados frente à mineralização de fenol. A incorporação de TiO2 a materiais adsorventes, além de promover um aumento nas porcentagens de fotoxidação de fenol, demonstrou potencialidade para contornar parte das inerentes limitações causadas pelo processo de imobilização do fotocatalisador. / The main goal of this work was to find alternatives capable to promote an improvement in terms of applicability of the heterogeneous photocatalysis process, in order to make it feasible in large scale. The use of the photocatalyst TiO2 immobilized and also modificated with adsorbent materials was evaluated. The heterogeneous photocatalysis process, either using photocatalyst immobilized in glass or photocatalyst synthesized and modified with different adsorbent materials, showed good efficiency to degrade phenol, which was used as pollutant compound. The degradation percentages for solutions with initial concentration of 250 mg L-1 of phenol were above 80% after 120 minutes of treatment. The use of TiO2 under the immobilized form provided a reduction of total organic carbon levels up to 59% in 120 minutes. It is a promissory result, since it eliminated post treatment steps to recover the photocatalyst, when it is used under suspended form. However, the immobilization of TiO2 caused a decrease in photocatalyst activity compared to the suspension process. The synthesis of TiO2 with incorporation of supports to its surface was evaluated as an alternative to compensate the reduction of active surface area. In order to reach this goal, many materials were used as a porous support for synthesis of TiO2, such as: aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, silica-gel, ordered mesoporous silica and activated carbon. Amongst them, the synthesized materials constituted of TiO2/SMO and TiO2/ activated carbon showed the best results for phenol mineralization. The incorporation of adsorbent materials to the TiO2 composition, besides to promote a raising in the phenol photoxidation, demonstrated to be a viable strategy to compensate the limitations caused by the photocatalyst immobilization process.

Wong Man Yung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Plates --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xv / Abbreviations --- p.xvi / Equations --- p.xviii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Water disinfection --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Bacterial species --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Staphylococcus saprophyticus --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Enterobacter cloacae --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Disinfection methods --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Physical methods --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- UV-C irradiation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Solar disinfection --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Chemical methods --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Chlorination --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Ozonation --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Mixed disinfectants --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Other disinfection methods --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- PCO process --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Photocatalysts --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Titanium dioxide (P25) --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Silver sensitized P25 (Ag/P25) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Silicon dioxide doped titanium dioxide (SiO2-TiO2) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.2.4 --- Copper(I) oxide sensitized P25 (Cu2O/P25) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Irradiation sources --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- PCO disinfection mechanisms --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6 --- Bacterial defense mechanisms against oxidative stress --- p.22 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.25 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemicals --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Bacterial culture --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3 --- Photocatalytic reactor --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4 --- PCO efficacy test --- p.30 / Chapter 3.5 --- Optimization of PCO conditions --- p.31 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of P25 concentrations --- p.31 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.32 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Combinational study of P25 concentrations and UV intensities --- p.32 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of stirring rates --- p.32 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of initial cell concentrations --- p.33 / Chapter 3.6 --- PCO disinfection using different photocatalysts --- p.33 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effect of CU2O/P25 concentrations --- p.33 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Effect of CU2O powder on the two bacterial species --- p.33 / Chapter 3.7 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.34 / Chapter 3.8 --- Catalase (CAT) test --- p.37 / Chapter 3.9 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay --- p.39 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1 --- Efficacy test --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2 --- PCO disinfection under UV irradiation --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Control experiments --- p.40 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Optimization of PCO conditions using P25 as a photocatalyst --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Effect of P25 concentrations --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Combinational study of P25 concentrations and UV intensities --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Effect of stirring rates --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Effect of initial cell concentrations --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison of PCO inactivation efficiency between S. saprophyticus and E. cloacae --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- PCO disinfection using different photocatalysts --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Control experiments --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Ag/P25 --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- SiO2-TiO2 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.4.4 --- Cu2O/P25 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3 --- PCO disinfection under visible light irradiation --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of Cu2O/P25 concentrations --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of CU2O powder on the two bacterial species --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4 --- Feasibility use of indoor light (fluorescent lamps) for PCO disinfection --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.74 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Morphological changes induced by PCO using P25 as a photocatalyst --- p.74 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Morphological changes induced by PCO using Cu2O/P25 as a photocatalyst --- p.77 / Chapter 4.6 --- Catalase (CAT) test --- p.80 / Chapter 4.7 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay --- p.82 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.83 / Chapter 5.1 --- Efficacy test --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2 --- PCO disinfection under UV irradiation --- p.83 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Optimization study --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Effect of P25 concentrations --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Effect of UV intensities --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Combinational study of P25 concentrations and UV intensities --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Effect of stirring rates --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Effect of initial cell concentrations --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Comparison of PCO inactivation efficiency between S. saprophyticus and E. cloacae --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- PCO disinfection using different photocatalysts --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.3.1 --- Ag/P25 --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.3.2 --- SiO2-TiO2 and Cu2O/P25 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- PCO disinfection under visible light irradiation --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of Cu20/P25 concentrations --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of CU2O powder on the two bacterial species --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4 --- Feasibility use of fluorescent lamps for PCO disinfection --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.95 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Morphological changes induced by PCO using P25 as a photocatalyst --- p.95 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Morphological changes induced by PCO using CU2O/P25 as a photocatalyst --- p.96 / Chapter 5.6 --- Catalase (CAT) test --- p.98 / Chapter 5.7 --- Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assay --- p.99 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.101 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.106 / Chapter 8. --- Appendix --- p.121

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Cesar Bento.pdf: 1732687 bytes, checksum: 53eb9d5eb1ee3aca52e7d78b1169f466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-10 / In this work, the effect of sodium hydroxide as a glass foaming agent using glass waste in the foam formulation was performed. During the synthesis process, the variation of temperature, heating rate and sintering time was investigated. Sample density and average pore sizes were estimated using mercury porosimetry. The morphology of the glass foams were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, phase formation was studied using X-ray diffraction, and chemical composition was estimated using X-ray fluorescence. As a result, glass foam with hierarchical density. / Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo sobre a ação do hidróxido de sódio como agente formador de espuma vítrea usando resíduos de vidro em sua composição. Para a síntese, investigou-se a variação da temperatura, da taxa de aquecimento e do tempo de sinterização. Utilizando-se a técnica de porosimetria de mercúrio, para estimar a densidade e o tamanho médio de poros. A morfologia das espumas vítreas foi avaliada através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura de alta resolução (FEG) e as fases das espumas vítreas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de difração de raios X e a composição química estimada usando fluorescência de raios X.