Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur Stockholm stad som offentlig organisation hanterar innovation som implementeras samt hur förändringsprocessen ser ut när en stad ska bli smart. Detta genomförs genom en fallstudie på ett projekt som Stockholm stad drivit under ett par år. Inom programmet Stockholm smart och uppkopplad stad verkar projektet Smart trafikstyrning som omfattar sex olika delprojekt som syftar till att förenkla trafiken genom smarta lösningar, som bland annat handlar om tryckknappslådor och trafiksignaler. Resultatet har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och handlar om hur Stockholm stad har arbetat samt hur de olika projektens struktur har sett ut. Studien kommer fram till att Stockholm stad är en välutvecklad organisation när det kommer till att hantera denna innovation, men att dess svaghet är att det är en stor organisation som har svårt att uppnå den flexibilitet som ibland hade behövts. Studien bidrar till att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för hur uppkopplade enheter fungerar i en kontext av smarta städer samt hur offentliga organisationer ska förhålla sig till dessa projekt.

yes / Background: Minimum toe clearance is a critical gait event because it coincides with peak forward velocity of the swing foot, and thus, there is an increased risk of tripping and falling. Trans-tibial amputees have increased risk of tripping compared to able-bodied individuals. Assessment of toe clearance during gait is thus clinically relevant. In able-bodied gait, minimum toe clearance increases with faster walking speeds, and it is widely reported that there is synchronicity between when peak swing-foot velocity and minimum toe clearance occur. There are no such studies involving lower-limb amputees. Objectives: To determine the effects of walking speed on minimum toe clearance and on the temporal relationship between clearance and peak swing-foot velocity in unilateral trans-tibial amputees. Study design: Cross-sectional. Methods: A total of 10 trans-tibial participants walked at slow, customary and fast speeds. Minimum toe clearance and the timings of minimum toe clearance and peak swing-foot velocity were determined and compared between intact and prosthetic sides. Results: Minimum toe clearance was reduced on the prosthetic side and, unlike on the intact side, did not increase with walking speed increase. Peak swing-foot velocity consistently occurred (~0.014 s) after point of minimum toe clearance on both limbs across all walking speeds, but there was no significant difference in the toe–ground clearance between the two events. Conclusion: The absence of speed related increases in minimum toe clearance on the prosthetic side suggests that speed related modulation of toe clearance for an intact limb typically occurs at the swing-limb ankle. The temporal consistency between peak foot velocity and minimum toe clearance on each limb suggests that swing-phase inter-segmental coordination is unaffected by trans-tibial amputation. Clinical relevance The lack of increase in minimum toe clearance on the prosthetic side at higher walking speeds may potentially increase risk of tripping. Findings indicate that determining the instant of peak swing-foot velocity will also consistently identify when/where minimum toe clearance occurs.

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Yes / Blood clotting was reported in April 2020 [1] as another serious symptom due to COVID-19, but also came other reports such as young adults dying due to strokes and heart attacks [2]. The currently known head-to-toe symptoms of COVID-19, seem to indicate vascular as well as respiratory diseases and that 40% of related death are due to cardiovascular complications [2]. In a recently published journal paper in Lancet [3], the authors found that SARS-CoV-2 virus can infect the endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels noting that endothelial cells protect the cardiovascular system and release proteins that influence everything from blood clotting to the immune response. In the same paper, the authors showed damage to endothelial cells in the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, and intestines in patients with Covid-19. Therefore, the emerging belief is that the novel coronavirus is a respiratory illness to begin with, but as it spreads further into blood vessels it becomes a vascular illness that is capable of killing patients via vascular system.

Instream structures are used to reinforce channel margins, redirect flows, and create habitat, but there is little consensus about their design or whether they function as intended. In this study, 536 instream structures in the state of Maryland were assessed to determine the effect of structure-, project-, and watershed-scale factors on performance. Structures were assessed using a 19 point scoring system based on structural stability, sediment transport, and overall function. Structure-scale variables related to the construction, geometry, and placement, and differed for six structure families: bank protection (BP), full and partial span vanes (FSV), constructed riffles (RF), regenerative stream conveyances, and step pools. Project- and watershed-scale variables related to flow, erosion resistance, and design approach. Relationships between structure scores and explanatory variables were evaluated using regression analysis. Structure performance was strongly influenced by the individual project, suggesting that design quality, construction, and maintenance are as important as specific design features. Structure durability decreased if there was additional urban development following construction. Results also indicated that restoration activities have a "protective effect" on nearby structures. For rock BP, imbricated rock walls performed better than stone toe, due to increased structure height and boulder size. Rock FSVs that were keyed into the bank at angles between 35° and 90° were more durable, while RFs performed best when constructed using downstream grade control and increased substrate depth. The results of this study provide insight into design and project features that contribute to structure success. / Master of Science / Stream restoration aims to rehabilitate streams that have been impacted by humans, and log or rock structures in the channel are utilized to protect the bed and banks, redirect water away from the banks, and create habitat for aquatic organisms. However, there are few design standards for these structures. In this study, 536 instream structures in the state of Maryland were assessed to determine the effect of design and site characteristics on performance. Structures were scored for performance based on structural stability, sedimentation, erosion, and function. Design characteristics related to structure construction and placement, while site conditions related to the project and watershed characteristics. Statistical analyses were used to determine the relationship between structure performance and design and site characteristics. Structure performance was strongly influenced by the restoration project, indicating that design quality, construction, and maintenance are as important as specific design features. Structure durability decreased if there was additional urban development in the watershed following construction. Results also indicated that when structures were used in series, there was a "protective effect" on other nearby structures. Rock walls performed better as height increased, while rock weirs that were constructed into the streambank between 35° and 90° were more durable. These results provide insight into design and project features that contribute to structure success.

Yes / This study aims to identify how environmental, technological, and social factors influence the adoption of Industry 4.0 in the context of digital manufacturing. The Industry 4.0 era has brought a breakthrough in advanced technologies in fields such as nanotechnology, quantum computing, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, fifth-generation wireless technology, fully autonomous vehicles, 3D printing and so on. In this study, we attempted to identify the socioenvironmental and technological factors that influence the adoption of artificial intelligence embedded technology by digital manufacturing and production organizations. In doing so, the extended technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework is used to explore the applicability of Industry 4.0. A conceptual model was proposed that used an integrated technology acceptance model (TAM)-TOE model and was tested using survey-based data collected from 340 employees of small, medium and large organizations. The results highlight that all the relationships, except organizational readiness, organizational compatibility and partner support on perceived ease of use, were found to be significant in the context of digital manufacturing and production organizations. The results further indicated that leadership support acts as a countable factor to moderate such an adoption.

Yes / Most clinically available prosthetic feet have a rigid attachment or incorporate an “ankle” device allowing elastic articulation during stance, with the foot returning to a “neutral” position at toe-off. We investigated whether using a foot with a hydraulically controlled articulating ankle that allows the foot to be relatively dorsiflexed at toe-off and throughout swing would increase minimum toe clearance (MTC). Twenty-one people with unilateral transtibial amputation completed overground walking trials using their habitual prosthetic foot with rigid or elastic articulating attachment and a foot with a hydraulic ankle attachment (hyA-F). MTC and other kinematic variables were assessed across multiple trials. When using the hyA-F, mean MTC increased on both limbs (p= 0.03). On the prosthetic limb this was partly due to the device being in its fully dorsiflexed position at toe-off, which reduced the “toes down” foot angle throughout swing (p = 0.01). Walking speed also increased when using the hyA-F (p = 0.001) and was associated with greater swing-limb hip flexion on the prosthetic side (p = 0.04), which may have contributed to the increase in mean MTC. Variability in MTC increased on the prosthetic side when using the hyA-F (p = 0.03), but this did not increase risk of tripping.

Revisionsbranschen har genomgått betydande förändringar och anpassningar över tid, med digitalisering som en av de mest inflytelserika faktorerna. Den svenska regeringen strävar efter att Sverige ska vara ledande globalt när det gäller att utnyttja de möjligheter som digitaliseringen erbjuder. I takt med denna utveckling har artificiell intelligens (AI) blivit en viktig del av digitaliseringen, vilket har påverkat hur revision genomförs. Många arbetsuppgifter inom revision är strukturerade och repetitiva, vilket skapar en stor potential för automatisering av specifika moment. AI och andra digitala verktyg bidrar till ökad effektivitet och noggrannhet inom revision, vilket gör det möjligt för revisorer att hantera större mängder data och identifiera risker snabbare och mer exakt än tidigare. Denna studie undersöker hur dessa teknologiska framsteg påverkar revisionsbranschen och revisionsprocessen som revisorer arbetar med. Studien analyserar de utmaningar som AI-implementering medför, utifrån en reviderad version av TOE-modellen. En kvantitativ metod har använts för datainsamling, inkluderande litteraturstudier och distribution av enkätformulär till erfarna revisorer. Respondenternas svar indikerar en allmän uppfattning om låg teknologisk risk vid användning av AI. Samtidigt framhålls att kritiskt tänkande förblir viktiga aspekter i revisionsarbetet. Etiska frågor, såsom dataintegritet och ansvarsfördelning, fortsätter att vara betydande. Dessutom varierar revisorernas förståelse för AI-teknologi, vilket kan påverka deras förtroende för AI-system. / The audit industry has undergone significant changes and adaptations over time, with digitization being one of the most influential factors. The Swedish government strives for Sweden to be a global leader when it comes to making use of the opportunities that digitization offers. In line with this development, artificial intelligence (AI) has become an important part of digitization, which has affected how auditing is carried out. Many tasks in auditing are structured and repetitive, which creates a great potential for automation of specific elements. AI and other digital tools are contributing to increased efficiency and accuracy in auditing, enabling auditors to handle larger amounts of data and identify risks faster and more accurately than before. This study examines how these technological advances affect the audit industry and the audit process with which auditors work. The study analyzes the challenges that AI implementation entails, based on a revised version of the TOE model. A quantitative method has been used for data collection, including literature studies and distribution of questionnaires to experienced accountants. Respondents' responses indicate a general perception of low technological risk when using AI. At the same time, it is emphasized that critical thinking remains important aspects in audit work. Ethical issues, such as data integrity and accountability, continue to be significant. In addition, auditors' understanding of AI technology varies, which may affect their trust in AI systems.