Diploma thesis deal with design of laser beam shaping system. The theoretical part presents basic information about the light spread lika the optical beams. There are also properties of optical and optoelectronic components that are used for shaping the laser beam. The next section provides basic molding methods, their principles and qualities. In the last, experimental, part is first introduced designed computer algorithm, which is then used to calculate the quality parameters shaped laser beams. Following, there are presented the results of measurements and calculations for some of these methods.

Today, data is collected in ever increasing scale and variety, opening up enormous potential for new insights and data-centric products. However, in many cases the volume and heterogeneity of new data sources precludes up-front integration using traditional ETL processes and data warehouses. In some cases, it is even unclear if and in what context the collected data will be utilized. Therefore, there is a need for agile methods that defer the effort of integration until the usage context is established. This thesis introduces Query-Time Data Integration as an alternative concept to traditional up-front integration. It aims at enabling users to issue ad-hoc queries on their own data as if all potential other data sources were already integrated, without declaring specific sources and mappings to use. Automated data search and integration methods are then coupled directly with query processing on the available data. The ambiguity and uncertainty introduced through fully automated retrieval and mapping methods is compensated by answering those queries with ranked lists of alternative results. Each result is then based on different data sources or query interpretations, allowing users to pick the result most suitable to their information need. To this end, this thesis makes three main contributions. Firstly, we introduce a novel method for Top-k Entity Augmentation, which is able to construct a top-k list of consistent integration results from a large corpus of heterogeneous data sources. It improves on the state-of-the-art by producing a set of individually consistent, but mutually diverse, set of alternative solutions, while minimizing the number of data sources used. Secondly, based on this novel augmentation method, we introduce the DrillBeyond system, which is able to process Open World SQL queries, i.e., queries referencing arbitrary attributes not defined in the queried database. The original database is then augmented at query time with Web data sources providing those attributes. Its hybrid augmentation/relational query processing enables the use of ad-hoc data search and integration in data analysis queries, and improves both performance and quality when compared to using separate systems for the two tasks. Finally, we studied the management of large-scale dataset corpora such as data lakes or Open Data platforms, which are used as data sources for our augmentation methods. We introduce Publish-time Data Integration as a new technique for data curation systems managing such corpora, which aims at improving the individual reusability of datasets without requiring up-front global integration. This is achieved by automatically generating metadata and format recommendations, allowing publishers to enhance their datasets with minimal effort. Collectively, these three contributions are the foundation of a Query-time Data Integration architecture, that enables ad-hoc data search and integration queries over large heterogeneous dataset collections.

This cumulative dissertation investigates the role and implications of top managers in firms. By building on two influential contemporary phenomena – internationalization and digitalization – and by examining top managers from a multitude of conceptional and methodological angles, the dissertation provides novel insights to upper echelons research. The first study examines the association between top management team (TMT) internationalization and firm innovativeness and argues that the accumulation of international knowledge and resources in the TMT benefits firm innovativeness. The second study analyzes the association between CEO internationalization and firms’ strategic risk-taking, paying particular attention to various governance mechanisms that may influence this relationship. The third study explores the role and facilitating actions of top managers in response to the digital transformation. Overall, this dissertation contributes toward a more fine-grained understanding of top managers and their individual characteristics. Given the contemporary relevance of the topics under consideration, the presented findings are of significant value for both theorists and practitioners.:Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Scope of the dissertation and research gaps 1.2 Theoretical foundation 1.3 Empirical foundation 1.4 Research purpose and scientific contribution Chapter 2: Research article 1 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Theory and hypotheses 2.3 Methodology 2.4 Results 2.5 Discussion and conclusions 2.6 Limitations and future research Chapter 3: Research article 2 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Theory and hypotheses 3.3 Methodology 3.4 Results 3.5 Discussion and conclusion 3.6 Limitations and future research Chapter 4: Research article 3 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Theoretical background 4.3 Data and method 4.4 Findings 4.5 Discussion References

This thesis focuses mainly on the techniques to achieve high-performance top-emitting OLEDs, regarding device efficiency and lifetime for both non-inverted and inverted structures. It is thus organized as follows: In Chapter 2, the basic physics of organic semiconductor materials are reviewed, including the electronic properties of organic semiconductor materials, molecular excitations and their electronic transitions etc., which are believed to be critical for understanding of the work. Then, the general device physics of OLEDs are reviewed in detail, which includes almost every important electrical and optical process involved in the device. Finally, techniques and methods used to improve the device performance are summarized, which includes electrical doping of charge carrier transport layers. In Chapter 3, all organic materials, experimental techniques, and characterization methods used in this study are briefly described. In the following Chapter 4, techniques that are used for device optimization of non-inverted top-emitting OLEDs are discussed. Also, the mechanism of light outcoupling enhancement by a capping layer is discussed there. In the last part of Chapter 4, the influence of the optical device structure on the intrinsic quantum yield of the emitters is studied. Chapter 5 is focused on inverted top-emitting OLEDs, which are believed to be better applicable with current mainstream n-type amorphous silicon thin film transistor (TFT) technology. In this Chapter, the organic/metal and metal/organic interfaces are investigated in detail and their influence on device performance is discussed. In Chapter 6, the degradation of top-emitting OLEDs is studied, with a focus on the influence of electrode material and electrode thickness on the lifetime of top-emitting devices.

Sammanfattning  Denna uppsats behandlar förhållandet mellan medborgardialog och offentlig konst utifrån en statligt ägd satsning vid namn Äga rum: Konst händer som Statens konstråd fick i uppdrag att genomföra. Satsningen syftade till att göra civilsamhället till beställare av offentlig konst och öka den demokratiska delaktigheten. Uppsatsen bygger på en fallstudie som involverar dokumentanalys, platsbesök och intervjustudier utifrån begreppen medborgardialog, delaktighet, tillit, och narrativ.  En stor del av det offentliga rummet består utav den offentliga konsten. Det offentliga rummet är en viktig del av det samhälle vi lever i och ska vara en demokratisk plats där invånaren ges möjlighet att påverka utvecklingen av den gemensamma miljön. I Sverige har den folkliga tilliten till den representativa demokratin sjunkit, ett problem som man vill lösa genom medborgardialog. Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur konstprojektet Konst händer i miljonprogramsområdet Gamlegården, Kristianstad lyckades med att föra dialog med medborgarna. Svårigheterna med medborgardialog belyses, bland annat utifrån narrativens kraft att påverka där olika maktperspektiv och uppifrån styrda, så kallade top-down satsningar lyfts. Utifrån vår undersökning så ser vi att det krävs mer än bara en önskan om att involvera medborgare för att faktiskt involvera dem. När de involveras bör delaktigheten utgå ifrån en reell makt att påverka annars riskerar det medborgerliga engagemanget att fallera. Samtidigt är det viktigt att möjligheterna till inflytande möjliggörs för alla medborgare så att det inte är samma grupper och personer som alltid får komma till tals. / Abstract  This essay analyses the relationship between citizen dialogue and public art through a state-owned initiative called Äga rum: Konst händer which the Swedish Arts Council was commissioned to perform. The initiative aimed to make the civil society the stakeholder of public art and increase democratic participation. The thesis is based on a case study that involves document analysis, site visits and interview studies based on the concepts of citizen dialogue, participation, trust and narrative.  A large part of the public space consists of public art. The public space is an important part of the society we live in and should be a democratic place where the citizens are given the opportunity to influence the development of the common space. In Sweden, the trust in representative democracy has weakened, a problem that aims to be solved through citizen dialogue. This essay examines how the art project Konst händer in the million program area of Gamlegården, Kristianstad succeeded in conducting a dialogue with the citizens. The difficulties with citizen dialogue are highlighted, among other things based on the power of narrative to influence, different power perspectives and the so called top-down initiatives. Based on our survey, we see that it takes more than just a desire to involve citizens to actually involve them. When they are involved, participation should be based on real power to influence, otherwise the civic participation risks failing. At the same time, it is important that the opportunities for influence are made for all citizens so that it´s not the same groups and people who always get their voices heard.

Deep learning develops rapidly in recent years. It has been applied to many fields, which are the main areas of artificial intelligence. The combination of deep learning and embedded systems is a good direction in the technical field. This project is going to design a deep learning neural network algorithm that can be implemented on hardware, for example, FPGA. This project based on current researches about deep learning neural network and hardware features. The system uses PyTorch and CUDA as assistant methods. This project focuses on image classification based on a convolutional neural network (CNN). Many good CNN models can be studied, like ResNet, ResNeXt, and MobileNet. By applying these models to the design, an algorithm is decided with the model of MobileNet. Models are selected in some ways, like floating point operations (FLOPs), number of parameters and classification accuracy. Finally, the algorithm based on MobileNet is selected with a top-1 error of 5.5%on software with a 6-class data set.Furthermore, the hardware simulation comes on the MobileNet based algorithm. The parameters are transformed from floating point numbers to 8-bit integers. The output numbers of each individual layer are cut to fixed-bit integers to fit the hardware restriction. A number handling method is designed to simulate the number change on hardware. Based on this simulation method, the top-1 error increases to 12.3%, which is acceptable. / Deep learning har utvecklats snabbt under den senaste tiden. Det har funnit applikationer inom många områden, som är huvudfälten inom Artificial Intelligence. Kombinationen av Deep Learning och innbyggda system är en god inriktning i det tekniska fältet. Syftet med detta projekt är att designa en Deep Learning-baserad Neural Network algoritm som kan implementeras på hårdvara, till exempel en FPGA. Projektet är baserat på modern forskning inom Deep Learning Neural Networks samt hårdvaruegenskaper.Systemet är baserat på PyTorch och CUDA. Projektets fokus är bild klassificering baserat på Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Det finns många bra CNN modeller att studera, t.ex. ResNet, ResNeXt och MobileNet. Genom att applicera dessa modeller till designen valdes en algoritm med MobileNetmodellen. Valet av modell är baserat på faktorer så som antal flyttalsoperationer, antal modellparametrar och klassifikationsprecision. Den mjukvarubaserade versionen av den MobileNet-baserade algoritmen har top-1 error på 5.5En hårdvarusimulering av MobileNet nätverket designades, i vilket parametrarna är konverterade från flyttal till 8-bit heltal. Talen från varje lager klipps till fixed-bit heltal för att anpassa nätverket till befintliga hårdvarubegränsningar. En metod designas för att simulera talförändringen på hårdvaran. Baserat på denna simuleringsmetod reduceras top-1 error till 12.3

The responses at three trophic levels (phytoplankton, zooplankton, young-of-the-year bluegill) were compared between a limed and unlimed arm in a moderately fertile, circumneutral reservoir that was sensitive to acidification, but had not yet shown signs of damage. The east arm (25.5 ha) of Flat Top Lake was treated with 28.8 dry metric tonnes of calcite using slurry box technology between July 13-20, 1987. The design was confounded because calcite dissolution products diffused into the unlimed (west) arm after the treatment which made total alkalinity similar between the arms within 1 month. Phytoplankton gross productivity and chlorophyll a was similar between the arms for the pre- and post-treatment samples as well as for the period after the treatment when total alkalinity was relatively higher in the limed arm. Zooplankton biomass was higher in the unlimed than limed arm in the pre-treatment samples but was similar between the arms in the post-treatments samples; however, the changes in zooplankton biomass after treatment in the limed arm could not be attributed to the treatment. Phytoplankton community composition for the common netplankton and nannoplankton was similar between the limed and unlimed arms for the combined pre- and post-treatment samples: however, Gemellicystis spp., Gloeocystis spp., and Dinobryon spp. showed an order of magnitude higher density in the limed relative to the unlimed arm on the initial post-treatment sample. This difference, as well as the observed post-treatment differences in zooplankton community composition between the two arms could not be attributed to the treatment because there were minimal impacts on nutrient levels (e.g., CO2, total phosphorus) and zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions. Lake transparency was significantly deeper in the limed arm relative to the unlimed arm for the post-treatment samples; however, a corresponding lower dissolved organic carbon concentration was not measured in the limed arm. Young-of-the-year bluegill (e.g., primarily those 15-20 d old) showed significantly higher growth rates in the unlimed arm during the period when total alkalinity was higher in the limed arm, apparently due to a higher density of suitable pelagic zooplankton in the unlimed arm during this period. In conclusion, no significant positive or negative responses to the treatment were detected because of trophic level interactions. The high pre-treatment pH (7.07), small change in post-treatment pH, low dissolution percentage (8-10%), the inability of the sediment dose to neutralize the acidic sediments and induce phosphorus release, and phosphorus rather than carbon dioxide limited primary productivity were the main factors why no significant post-treatment biological responses were detected. / Master of Science

Diese Doktorarbeit behandelt die Messung des Wirkungsquerschnittes der Paarbildung von Top-Quarks mit zusätzlichen B-Jets (Teilchenschauer aus der Fragmentierung von B-Quarks) in Proton-Proton-Kollisionen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von √s =13 TeV am Large Hadron Collider. Der Datensatz wurde 2015/16 mit dem ATLAS-Detektor aufgezeichnet und entspricht einer integrierten Luminosität von 36,1/fb. Die Wirkungsquerschnitte werden auf Teilchenebene in einem fiduziellen Phasenraum gemessen, der dicht an der Detektorakzeptanz gewählt wurde. Die fiduziellen inklusiven Wirkungsquerschnitte für tt-Endzustände mit mindestens einem oder mindestens zwei zusätzlichen B-Jet(s) nach Abzug der Beiträge von ttH(bb) und ttZ(bb) werden als 177 ± 5(stat) ± 24(syst) fb bzw. 25 ± 3(stat) ± 7(syst) fb bestimmt. Die Messungen werden mit dem neusten Stand von unterschiedlichen theoretischen Vorhersagen verglichen. Im Allgemeinen sind die gemessenen inklusiven, fiduziellen Wirkungsquerschnitte größer als die ttbb-Vorhersagen von verschiedenen NLO-Berechnungen des mit Partonschauern abgeglichenen tt-Matrixelements, bleiben aber im Rahmen der Messunsicherheit. Die Unsicherheiten der experimentellen Messung sind kleiner als die Unsicherheiten der Vorhersagen. Die differenzielle Messung von tt+B-Jets wird mit dieser Analyse zum ersten Mal innerhalb der ATLAS-Kollaboration durchgeführt. Die normalisierten differenziellen Wirkungsquerschnitte werden als Funktion der Multiplizität der B-Jets, kinematischen Ereignisobservablen und Observablen der Objekte in den Endzuständen dargestellt. Die beobachteten differenziellen Verteilungen werden mit einer Vielzahl an theoretischen Vorhersagen verglichen und eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Daten für die meisten festgestellt. / This thesis presents the cross-section measurement of top quark pair (tt) production in association with additional b-jets (tt+b-jets) in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy, √s = 13 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis is performed in the emu decay channel of tt using a dataset comprising an integrated luminosity of 36.1/fb collected by the ATLAS detector in the years 2015 and 2016. The cross-sections are measured at particle level in a fiducial phase space which is chosen close to the detector acceptance. The fiducial inclusive cross-section for tt final states with at least one and at least two additional b-jet(s) is measured to be 177 ± 5(stat) ± 24(syst) fb and 25 ± 3(stat) ± 7(syst) fb, respectively, after subtracting the contributions from ttH(bb) and ttZ(bb). Comparison of the measured cross-section to various state-of-the-art theoretical QCD predictions are made. The measured inclusive fiducial cross-sections generally exceed the ttbb predictions from various NLO matrix element calculations matched to a parton shower but are compatible within the uncertainties. The experimental uncertainties in the measurement are smaller than the uncertainties in the predictions. The differential measurement of tt+b-jets is carried out for the first time by the ATLAS collaboration in this analysis. The normalised differential cross-sections as a function of b-jet multiplicity, kinematic observables of the events and properties of b-jet pairs are shown. The observed differential distributions are compared with multitude of theoretical predictions and a good agreement with data is found for most of them.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Suche nach der Produktion des Standardmodell Higgs-Bosons in Assoziation mit einem Top-Antitop-Quarkpaar ttH). Der verwendete Datensatz basiert auf einer integrierten Luminositat von 36.1 1/fb, aufgenommen mit dem ATLAS Detektor am Large Hadron Collider in den Jahren 2015 und 2016. Die selektierten Ereignisse enthalten entweder ein oder zwei Leptonen vom Zerfall des Top-Antitop-Quarkpaares. Die Sensitivität der Analyse wurde erhöht, indem die Ereignisse in unterschiedliche Regionen unterteilt wurden, basierend auf der Anzahl der Jets sowie der Wahrscheinlichkeit b-Jets zu enthalten. Methoden basierend auf multivariaten Analysetechniken wurden entwickelt, um ttH Signalereignisse vom Untergrund zu separieren, der von der Produktion von Top-Antitop-Quarkpaaren mit zusätzlichen b-Jets dominiert wird. Alle in der Analyse verwendeten Regionen wurden in einem Profile-Likelihood-Fit kombiniert, um die Vorhersagen des Untergrunds einzuschr{\"a}nken und die systematischen Unsicherheiten zu reduzieren. Ein Überschuss an Ereignissen über dem erwarteten Standardmodell-Untergrund wurde mit einer beobachteten (erwarteten) Signifikanz von 1.4 (1.6) Standardabweichungen gemessen. Die Daten schliessen ttH Signalstärken von mehr als 2.0 mit einem Konfidenzniveau von 95% aus. / This thesis presents the search for the Standard Model Higgs boson produced in association with a pair of top-quarks (ttH). The analysis uses a 36.1 1/fb dataset of proton-proton collisions collected with the ATLAS detector, at the Large Hadron Collider during 2015 and 2016. The selected events contain either one or two leptons from the decay of the top-quark pair. In order to improve the sensitivity of the search, events are split in regions according to the number of jets and how likely these events are to contain b-jets. Methods based on multivariate techniques were developed and applied in the signal-enriched regions to discriminate ttH events against background events being dominated by top pair production with additional b-jets. All analysis regions are combined in a statistical model using a profile likelihood fit to constrain the background predictions and reduce the systematic uncertainties. An excess of events over the expected Standard Model background is found with an observed (expected) significance of 1.4 (1.6) standard deviations. A ttH signal strength larger than 2.0 is excluded at the 95% confidence level.

Das Ziel der vorgelegten Arbeit ist die Messung des Wirkungsquerschnittes der elektroschwach vermittelten Produktion einzelner Top Quarks in Assoziation mit einem W-Boson. Dieser Prozess wird auch abkürzend als Wt-Kanal bezeichnet. Die Vermessung dieses Produktionskanals stellt einen Test der Standardmodell-Vorhersage dar und bietet gleichzeitig die Möglichkeit durch einen Vergleich mit anderen Produktionskanälen für einzelne Top Quarks (t- und s-Kanal) Rückschlüsse auf neue Physik jenseits des Standardmodells zu ziehen. Nach einer allgemeinen Einführung zur Physik des Top Quarks folgt eine Beschreibung der für die Detektion und Rekonstruktion physikalischer Objekte wichtigen Systeme des ATLAS-Detektors.Anschlie{\ss}end wird die Analyse der Proton-Proton-Kollisions Daten die im Jahr 2011 vom ATLAS Detektor am Large Hadron Collider (LHC) augzeichnet wurden präsentiert.Diese Daten wurden bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 7 TeV aufgezeichnet und haben einen Umfang von 4.7 inverse femtobarn.Da die Produktionsrate des Wt-Kanals am LHC sehr klein im Vergleich zu seinem Hauptuntergrund ist, wurde ein Chi-Quadrat-basierter kinematischer Fit entwickelt um die Identifikation der Signalereignisse zu begünstigen. Hierbei werden W-Boson und Top-Quark aus den Endzustandsteilchen rekonstruiert und durch Bedingungen hinsichtlich der W-Boson und Top Quark Masse evaluiert. Der errechnete Chi-Quadrat-Wert gibt die Wahrscheinlichkeit an, mit der das einzelne Ereignis mit der Signal-Hypothese übereinstimmt und kann als Schnittvariable verwendet werden um eine striktere Ereignisselektion zu erhalten. Die Messung ist von systematischen Unsicherheiten dominiert, die fast 100 % des gemessenen Wirkungsquerschnitts betragen. / The work reported in this thesis is aimed at measuring the cross section of electroweak single top quark production in association with a W boson, a process also referred to as Wt-channel. The interest in this production mechanism relies in the confirmation of the Standard Model predictions together with the possibility of identifying new physics phenomena when comparing its cross section with the one of the other single top production modes (the t- and s-channel.) After providing a general introduction on the physics of the top quark and a description of the experimental setup employed for the detection and the reconstruction of the physics objects, the analysis of 4.7 femtobarn of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in the year 2011, is presentedSince the Wt channel production rate at the LHC is considerably smaller than its main background, a chi-squared based kinematic fit has been developed to help the identification of the signal events allowing the use of simultaneous mass constraints from the W boson and the top quark populating the final states. The chi-squared value in each event is then used as a parameter to rank the event in terms of its probability to match or not the signal hypothesis and a cut on its value is used to implement a first tight event selection. The final selection step consists of requiring that the system composed by the top quark and the W boson reconstructed by the fit is balanced in the transverse plane. The measurement is found to be dominated by the systematic uncertainties which affect it by an amount close to 100% of the cross section value.