La spéciophylline (ou Uncarine D) est une molécule extraite d’une plante africaine endémique Mitragyna inermis qui présente une activité antipaludique contre la souche chloroquinorésistante W2 de Plasmodium falciparum, un des parasites responsables du paludisme. Son mode d’action est encore inconnu et des quantités plus importantes de produit naturel sont nécessaires pour poursuivre les études d’activité biologiques. Ces quantités ne peuvent être fournies par extraction des feuilles de Mitragyna inermis. Les objectifs de ce travail ont été d’établir une méthodologie de synthèse énantiosélective du motif spiranique de la spéciophylline pour en réaliser la synthèse totale, d’étudier l’activité antiplasmodiale de sous-structures afin de déterminer le pharmacophore de la spéciophylline et de fournir des quantités suffisantes de spéciophylline pour continuer l’étude du mode d’action de cette molécule. / Speciophyllin (or Uncarine D) is a natural product extracted from the endemic African plant Mitragyna inermis. It is active against Plasmodium falciparum’s chloroquine-resistant strain W2 which is one of the malaria responsible parasites. Speciophyllin’s action pathway remains unknown and more important amounts that cannot be provided by plant extraction are required to go on with the biologic activity studies. The aims of this work were to develop an enantioselective synthetic methodology to access speciophyllin’s spiranic core to be able to achieve its total synthesis. Through substructures synthesis and antiplasmodial activity evaluation we could study speciophyllin’s pharmacophore.

A primeira parte deste trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese da (+)-baquenolida A empregando uma reação de contração de anel como etapa chave. A molécula alvo foi alcançada diastereosseletivamente em 15 etapas e com rendimento global de 6,2% a partir da cetona de Wieland-Miescher opticamente ativa, que foi preparada por meio de uma reação de anelação de Robinson assimétrica. Estudos realizados para a otimização da etapa chave exibiram melhores resultados quando trinitrato de tálio (TTN) foi empregado como oxidante. Contudo, o reagente de iodo(III) (diacetóxi)iodobenzeno (DIB) também pôde ser empregado para realizar esta transformação na presença de ácido ou quantidade catalítica de TTN, mas com baixos rendimentos. Foi estudada a oxidação de cis-octalinas e derivados com TTN em acetonitrila. A reação de diversos derivados de cis-octalinas com tálio(III) levou a diferentes produtos, dependendo principalmente do padrão de substituição do substrato. Os resultados mais promissores foram a obtenção de cis-hidrindanos funcionalizados a partir dos substratos 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro- 4a-metilnaftaleno e 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-4a,7-dimetilnaftaleno. Considerando que o grupo metoxila é muito estável e mesmo assim a reação do substrato 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidro-1- metóxi-6,8a-dimetilnaftaleno com TTN levou ao produto de contração em baixo rendimento, concluímos que a presença de grupos funcionais contendo oxigênio na posição C-1 prejudica o rearranjo oxidativo para a formação do produto de contração. A utilização de acetonitrila como solvente nas reações de oxidação de 1,2-dihidronaftalenos mediadas por TTN proporcionou a obtenção de produtos de contração a partir de substratos contendo ligação dupla trissubstituída. Uma vez que produtos de contração são isolados nas reações de di-hidronaftalenos trissubstituídos com tálio(III) ou com iodo(III) em acetonitrila, mas são obtidos apenas produtos de adição nas reações em metanol ou trimetilortoformiato, podemos concluir que o sucesso da reação de contração depende essencialmente da natureza do solvente. Finalmente, este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos durante a preparação do reagente de Koser [hidróxi(tosilóxi)iodobenzeno, HTIB] e derivados a partir de iodo molecular e arenos ou iodoarenos. O emprego de um procedimento \"one-pot\" em duas etapas foi uma boa alternativa para a preparação do HTIB a partir de benzeno, mas forneceu piores resultados que o procedimento em uma única etapa quando arenos contendo grupos doadores de elétrons foram utilizados como substratos. Não foi possível preparar derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de arenos contendo grupos retiradores de elétrons. De acordo com os resultados obtidos para a preparação de derivados do reagente de Koser a partir de iodoarenos, verificamos a promissora utilização de 1,1,1-trifluoroetanol (TFE) como co-solvente / The first part of this work aimed the synthesis of (+)-bakkenolide A employing a ring contraction reaction as key step. The target molecule was achieved, with high diastereoselectivity, in 15 steps and in 6.2% overall yield from the optically active Wieland-Miescher ketone, which was prepared by an asymmetric Robinson annulation. Studies to optimize the key step showed better results when thallium trinitrate (TTN) was used as oxidant. However, the iodine(III) reagent (diacetoxy)iodobenzene (DIB) could also be employed to promote this transformation in the presence of acid or catalytic amounts of TTN, but with low yields. We studied the oxidation of cis-octalins and derivatives with TTN in acetonitrile. The reaction of several cis-octalins derivatives with thallium(III) furnished different products, depending mainly on the substitution pattern of the substrate. The most promising results were the preparation of functionalized cis-hydrindanes from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4amethylnaphthalene and from 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4a,7-dimethylnaphthalene. Since methoxy group is one of the more stable protecting groups for alcohols and still the reaction of the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1-methoxy-6,8a-dimethylnaphthalene with TTN led to the ring contraction product in low yield, we conclude that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups at the C-1 affect the oxidative rearrangement. The use of acetonitrile as solvent in TTN-mediated oxidation of 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes furnished ring contraction products from substrates containing trisubstituted double bond. Since ring contraction products are isolated in the reactions of trisubstituted dihydronaphthalenes either with thallium(III) or with iodine(III) in acetonitrile, but only addition products are obtained from reactions in methanol or in trimethylorthoformate, we concluded that the success of the ring contraction reaction dependes on the nature of the solvent. Finally, this thesis presents the results obtained during the preparation of the Koser\'s reagent [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene, HTIB] and derivatives from molecular iodine and arenes or iodoarenos. The use of a one-pot two-step procedure was a good alternative for the preparation of HTIB from benzene, but gave worse results than the procedure in one-step when arenes containing electron donor groups were used as substrates. We could not prepare Koser\'s reagent derivatives from arenes containing electron-withdrawing groups. According to the results obtained for the preparation of Koser\'s reagent derivatives from iodoarenos, we could observe the promising use of 1,1,1-trifluoroethanol (TFE) as co-solvent.

São apresentados nesta tese os resultados dos estudos visando a síntese total assimétrica do populeno D, um produto natural extraído do troco da árvore Thespesia populnea. A proposta sintética era obter a molécula alvo em 14 etapas, entretanto, não foi possível finalizar a síntese. Foi obtido o último intermediário da síntese em 13 etapas em um rendimento global de 8%, a partir do L-lactato de etila, comercialmente disponível. A rota sintética proposta tem como etapa chave uma reação de ciclização de Prins catalisada por iodo molecular. Tal metodologia foi utilizada para sintetizar quatro análogos do populeno D, compostos inéditos que foram caracterizados e enviados para ensaios de atividade biológica. Dois destes quatro compostos apresentaram bons resultados contra linhagens celulares do ovário com fenótipo de resistência a múltiplos fármacos. Apresenta-se também uma metodologia de meta-alquilação de N-aril-2- aminopirimidinas com haletos secundários catalisada por rutênio. No total, foram obtidos vinte compostos inéditos que foram completamente caracterizados. / Studies aiming the asymmetric total synthesis of populene D are presented in this thesis. Populene D is a natural product extracted from Thespesia populnea tree trunk. Synthetic proposal for the target molecule comprised 14 steps, however, total synthesis was not achieved. Last intermediate of the proposed route was obtained, in 13 steps and 8% global yield, starting from commercially available ethyl L-lactate. An iodine-catalyzed Prins cyclization reaction is the key step of proposed synthesis. This methodology was applied to synthesize four analogues of populene D, all unknown compounds which were fully characterized, and submitted to biological activity tests. Among these four compounds, two of them have shown good results against ovary cell lines with with multidrug resistance phenotype. A new protocol of ruthenium-catalyzed site-selective alkylation of N-aryl-2- aminopyrimidines is also presented in this thesis. 20 unknown compounds were obtained using this protocol and they were fully characterized as well.

São apresentados nesta tese os resultados dos estudos visando a síntese total assimétrica do populeno D, um produto natural extraído do troco da árvore Thespesia populnea. A proposta sintética era obter a molécula alvo em 14 etapas, entretanto, não foi possível finalizar a síntese. Foi obtido o último intermediário da síntese em 13 etapas em um rendimento global de 8%, a partir do L-lactato de etila, comercialmente disponível. A rota sintética proposta tem como etapa chave uma reação de ciclização de Prins catalisada por iodo molecular. Tal metodologia foi utilizada para sintetizar quatro análogos do populeno D, compostos inéditos que foram caracterizados e enviados para ensaios de atividade biológica. Dois destes quatro compostos apresentaram bons resultados contra linhagens celulares do ovário com fenótipo de resistência a múltiplos fármacos. Apresenta-se também uma metodologia de meta-alquilação de N-aril-2- aminopirimidinas com haletos secundários catalisada por rutênio. No total, foram obtidos vinte compostos inéditos que foram completamente caracterizados. / Studies aiming the asymmetric total synthesis of populene D are presented in this thesis. Populene D is a natural product extracted from Thespesia populnea tree trunk. Synthetic proposal for the target molecule comprised 14 steps, however, total synthesis was not achieved. Last intermediate of the proposed route was obtained, in 13 steps and 8% global yield, starting from commercially available ethyl L-lactate. An iodine-catalyzed Prins cyclization reaction is the key step of proposed synthesis. This methodology was applied to synthesize four analogues of populene D, all unknown compounds which were fully characterized, and submitted to biological activity tests. Among these four compounds, two of them have shown good results against ovary cell lines with with multidrug resistance phenotype. A new protocol of ruthenium-catalyzed site-selective alkylation of N-aryl-2- aminopyrimidines is also presented in this thesis. 20 unknown compounds were obtained using this protocol and they were fully characterized as well.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif la simplification de la préparation d’un nouveau type d’inhibiteur d’entrée du VIH conçu, synthétisé et validé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre l’équipe de Glycochimie Moléculaire et Macromoléculaire dont je dépends, l’Institut de Biologie Structurale de Grenoble et l’Institut Pasteur de Paris. Ce prototype est constitué d’un mime fonctionnel de CD4 lié de façon covalente à un fragment dodécasaccharidique d’Héparane Sulfate dont la synthèse est complexe. Nous avons donc proposé de préparer des oligomaltosides sulfatés afin de déterminer s’ils pouvaient se comporter comme des mimes d’Héparane Sulfate.Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point la synthèse, en huit étapes et 38 % de rendement global, d’un précurseur trisaccharidique oligomérisable à partir de maltotriose, un trisaccharide biosourcé commercial. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons résolu trois points particulièrement délicats : l’allylation de l’extrémité réductrice du maltotriose, l’installation d’un groupement paraméthoxybenzylidène en position O-4III et O-6III et la protection sélective des positions O-6I et O-6II par un groupement silylé. Les optimisations menées nous ont permis de limiter la formation de produits secondaires, d’augmenter le rendement de chaque étape et de pouvoir mener sans problème cette synthèse sur une échelle d’une dizaine de grammes. Dans un deuxième temps, le précurseur trisaccharidique a été transformé en différents accepteurs et donneurs de glycosyle dont les comportements dans différentes conditions de glycosylation ont été étudiés. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer qu’une activation des donneurs sous forme de trichloroacetimidate conduisait à des rendements faibles de part la formation d’une quantité importante des produits de réarrangement en trichloroacétamides anomériques. Une activation sous forme de N-Phényltrifluroacétimidate a permis de résoudre ce problème, sans toutefois que les rendements en soient toujours augmentés. En effet, nous avons pu montrer que la nature du groupement protecteur en O-6I du donneur a une influence déterminante sur l’issue de la réaction de glycosylation, tant au niveau de sa stéréosélectivité que de son rendement. Un groupement encombré ou un ester en O-6I du donneur est ainsi indispensable pour avoir une bonne stéréosélectivité alpha. Le meilleur rendement obtenu est, pour le moment, de 56 %. Des optimisations en cours permettront d’augmenter le rendement et de préparer les oligomaltosides sulfatés visés dans un avenir proche afin de tester leur activité biologique. / This work aims at simplifying the preparation of a new type of HIV entry inhibitor, conceived, synthesized and validated within a collaboration between our group, the "Institut de Biologie Structurale" (Grenoble) and the Institut Pasteur (Paris). This prototype is composed of a CD4 functional mimetic linked to a dodecasaccharide fragment of Heparan Sulfate, whose synthesis is complex. In order to determine if Heparan Sulfate may be replaced by simpler sulfated oligosaccharides, we decided to prepare a set of sulfated oligomaltosides.To this goal, we first optimized the synthesis of an oligomerizable maltotrioside building block in eight steps and 38% global yield from maltotriose, a commercial and biosourced trisaccharide. In this work, we had to address three major points: the allylation of the reducing end of maltotriose, the introduction of a paramethoxybenzylidene group between positions O-4III and O-6III and the selective protection of the remaining primary positions O-6I and O-6II by a silylated protecting group. Each step has been optimized to minimize the amount of secondary products and thus to enhance its yield. The resulting synthesis was thus shown to be highly reproducible up to ten grams scale.Then, glycoside acceptors and donors were prepared from the oligomerizable maltotrioside building block and we studied their behaviors in glycosylation reactions. We found that trichloroacetimidate activation led to poor glycosylation yields, due to the competitive formation of trichloroacetamidyl glycoside rearrangement product. Gratifyingly, N-phenyltrifluroacetimidate activation solved the rearrangement problem, but yields sometimes remained low. Indeed, we were able to demonstrate that the nature of the protecting group in position O-6I of the donor strongly influenced both the stereoselectivities and yields of the glycosylations: a bulky or ester group is needed in this position to obtain a full alpha stereoselecticity. To date, the highest yield obtained is 56 %.Ongoing optimizations will allow us to enhance the yields and to prepare the targeted sulfated oligomaltosides in a near future in order to test their biological activity.

O presente trabalho descreve a síntese do ácido corcórico B, isolado de folhas de Corchorus olitorius, L. (Tiliaceae). Este ácido graxo exerce atividade inibitória na produção de NO (óxido nítrico) induzida por lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano em cultura de macrófagos de peritôneo de rato. Uma vez que a produção excessiva de NO (óxido nítrico) é responsável por processos inflamatórios, reações imunológicas (vg., choque séptico causado por endotoxinas), a utilização do ácido corcórico B em terapêutica pode ser efetivo contra inflamação e choque séptico. A síntese total do ácido corcórico B, foi realizada através das reações de Wittig e de Stille, utilizadas na construção do sistema trienona (responsável por seu efeito biológico). / This present work describes the synthesis of the corchorifatty acid B, isolated from leaves of Corchorus olitorius, L. (Tiliaceae). This fatty acid exerts inhibitory activity on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO (nitric oxide) production in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Since over-production of NO (nitric oxide) is the cause of inflammation, immunological responses (vg., endotoxin shocks), the therapeutic use of this fatty acid may be effective against inflammations cases and endotoxin shocks. The total synthesis of corchorifatty acid B, was achieved using the Stille and Wittig reactions to construct the trienone system (responsible for its biological effect.).

Récemment, l'activation C-H catalysée par des métaux de transition est devenue un outil performant pour construire des liaisons carbone-carbone et carbone hétéroatome à partir de liaisons C-H omniprésentes dans les molécules organiques. Bien que l'activation des liaisons C-H aromatiques ait été largement étudiée ces dernières années, celle des liaisons C-H aliphatiques représente encore un domaine faiblement exploré. Notre équipe s'est depuis plusieurs années intéressée au développement méthodologique de l'activation C(sp3)-H et à son application en synthèse de produits naturels et molécules bioactives. Dans la continuité des récents travaux sur la version asymétrique de cette réaction, cette thèse décrit le développement et la synthèse de nouveaux ligands du type Binepine. Ces ligands chiraux et monodentates nous ont permis de réaliser la synthèse d'indanes chiraux possédant un centre asymétrique quaternaire, de manière hautement énantio- et diastéréosélective. Cette réaction présente comme avantages l'utilisation d'une faible charge catalytique et d'une température de réaction inférieure à 100 °C, sans aucun additif. Le champ d'application de la réaction inclut notamment l'activation des liaisons C-H d'un groupement méthylène, donnant ainsi accès à des systèmes fusionnés, tricycliques. La construction de molécules non-aromatiques via une alcénylation C-H intramoléculaire a été récemment décrite et s'avère très prometteuse pour la synthèse de produits naturels saturés. Dans la continuité de ces travaux innovants, nous avons développé la synthèse de γ-lactames à partir de bromoalcènes acycliques. Cette nouvelle réaction permet de construire de manière simple et efficace des hétérocycles a cinq chainons de façon modulaire, donnant ainsi la possibilité d'envisager des nouvelles déconnections rétrosynthétiques, complémentaires des méthodes déjà établies. Cette nouvelle méthode a pu être appliquée à la synthèse totale de l'alcaloïde marin Plakoridine A, dont la structure centrale cyclique a été synthétisée en quatre étapes avec un rendement global de 37% / Recently, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool to transform stable C-H bonds into carbon-carbon or carbon-heteroatom bonds. While the activation of aromatic C-H bonds has seen a tremendous development, less effort has been devoted to the more challenging activation of aliphatic C-H bonds. Our group has a long-standing interest in the development of C(sp3)-H activation reactions and their application in the synthesis of natural products and bioactive compounds. In line with previous efforts to develop an asymmetric C(sp3)-H activation, the herein presented work details the synthesis of new Binepine ligands. These monodentate, chiral ligands enabled us to realize a highly dia- and enantioselective C(sp3)-H activation reaction allowing the construction of chiral quaternary carbon centers. Strong points of this robust method are the low catalyst loading, the low reaction temperature and the absence of additives. The substrate scope includes the rare activation of methylene C-H bonds leading to fused tricyclic carbocycles and heterocycles. The construction of non-aromatic molecules through intramolecular C-H alkenylation was recently disclosed and has great potential for the construction of saturated natural products. Based on seminal work, we have developed the synthesis of valuable γ- lactams from acyclic bromoalkenes. This new methodology offers a powerful way to build simple, five-membered N heterocycles in a modular fashion. Notably, it enables a new retrosynthetic disconnection which is complementary to conventional approaches. Finally, we set out to showcase its utility as key step in the total synthesis of the pyrrolidine alkaloid Plakoridine A. The cyclic core structure was accessed in four steps and 37% overall yield

<p>This thesis describes stereoselective syntheses of four amino acids, three of which are C-glycosidic analogues of glycosylated amino acids. The overall goal of the project was to probe the interactions between MHC molecules, glycopeptide antigens and T cell receptors, that are essential for development of collagen induced arthritis. Collagen induced arthritis is a frequently used mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease that attacks joint cartilage and leads to a painful and eventually crippling condition.</p><p>The thesis is based on four studies. The first study describes the synthesis of hydroxylysine, an amino acid that is found in collagen and is an important constituent of the glycopeptide proposed as an antigen in collagen induced arthritis. During the synthesis of hydroxylysine some new insight into the mechanism of the reductive opening of <i>p</i>-methoxybenzylidene acetals was obtained.</p><p>The remaining three studies deals with the synthesis of C-glycosidic analogues of glycosylated amino acids, hydroxy norvaline, threonine and hydroxylysine.The synthesis of each amino acid required control of several stereogenic centra and utilizes a variety of approaches such as use of stereoselective reactions, chiral auxilaries, chiral templates and asymmetric catalysis.</p><p>The C-glycosidic analogues of galactosylated hydroxynorvaline and hydroxylysine were incorporated in glycopeptides from type II collagen and evaluated in T cell response assays. It was found that the T cells were stimulated by the C-glycopeptides, but that higher concentrations were required than for the native O-glycopeptide</p>

This thesis describes stereoselective syntheses of four amino acids, three of which are C-glycosidic analogues of glycosylated amino acids. The overall goal of the project was to probe the interactions between MHC molecules, glycopeptide antigens and T cell receptors, that are essential for development of collagen induced arthritis. Collagen induced arthritis is a frequently used mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease that attacks joint cartilage and leads to a painful and eventually crippling condition. The thesis is based on four studies. The first study describes the synthesis of hydroxylysine, an amino acid that is found in collagen and is an important constituent of the glycopeptide proposed as an antigen in collagen induced arthritis. During the synthesis of hydroxylysine some new insight into the mechanism of the reductive opening of p-methoxybenzylidene acetals was obtained. The remaining three studies deals with the synthesis of C-glycosidic analogues of glycosylated amino acids, hydroxy norvaline, threonine and hydroxylysine.The synthesis of each amino acid required control of several stereogenic centra and utilizes a variety of approaches such as use of stereoselective reactions, chiral auxilaries, chiral templates and asymmetric catalysis. The C-glycosidic analogues of galactosylated hydroxynorvaline and hydroxylysine were incorporated in glycopeptides from type II collagen and evaluated in T cell response assays. It was found that the T cells were stimulated by the C-glycopeptides, but that higher concentrations were required than for the native O-glycopeptide

This thesis is divided into four separate parts with amino alcohols as the common feature. The first part of the thesis describes the development of an efficient three-component approach to the synthesis of α-hydroxy-β-amino esters. Utilizing a highly diastereoselective Rh(II)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbonyl ylides to various aldimines, syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters are formed in high yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. An asymmetric version was also developed by employing chiral α-methylbenzyl imines as dipolarophiles yielding enantiomerically pure syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters. This methodology was also applied on a short asymmetric synthesis of the paclitaxel side-chain as well as in an asymmetric synthetic approach towards the proteasome inhibitor omuralide. Furthermore, the use of chiral Rh(II) carboxylates furnishes the syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters in moderate enantioselectivity (er up to 82:18), which indicates that the reaction proceeds via a metal-associated carbonyl ylide. The second part describes the development of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylides to aldehydes for the synthesis of α-amino-β-hydroxy esters. Different methods for the generation of the ylides, including Vedejs’ oxazole methology and an Ag(I)/phosphine-catalyzed approach have been evaluated. The best results were obtained with the Ag(I)/phosphine approach, which yielded the desired α-amino-β-hydroxy ester in 68% yield and 3.4:1 syn:anti-selectivity. The last two parts deals with the total synthesis of the amino alcohol-containing natural products D-erythro-sphingosine and (−)-stemoamide. The key transformation in the sphingosine synthesis is a cross-metathesis reaction for the assembly of the polar head group and the aliphatic chain. In the stemoamide synthesis, the key feature is an iodoboration/Negishi/RCM-sequence for the construction of the β,γ-unsaturated azepine core of stemoamide followed by a stereoselective bromolactonization/1,4-reduction strategy for the installation of the requisite C8-C9 trans-stereochemistry. / QC 20100820