In the theoretical part of my thesis I have described the Structural policy and the division of operational programmes and initiatives refered to tourist trade in the Karlovarsky region. In the practical part I have made an analysis of the situation in the Karlovarsky region and I have made a comparison of the two periods of EU financial resources allocation in the region. I have also made a public inquiry about sustainable development in tourist trade in the region and finally I have introduced two projects of EU financial resources allocation.

A thesis is concerned with the functioning of the State Castle and Chateau of Cesky Krumlov and with the impact of the UNESCO monument on the krumlov's tourist destination and region. A theoretical part is focused on area of the legal regulations of monument preservation and on possibilities of the financing of historical monuments in the Czech republic, as well as on economic contexts of the historical areas and on the theory of regional development and tourist trade. An applicative part focuses on the rich history of krumlov's region, as well as on the building and historical development of the town Český Krumlov. The basic part is dedicated to the economic analyze of functioning of the castle and to the effectiveness of functioning of krumlov's tourist destination. Krumlov should be apprehended in the wider regional context therefore is final part dedicated to the analyze of potential regional tourist corridors. The aim of this thesis is to make analyze of functioning of the State Castle and Chateau Český Krumlov in light of effectiveness and operating potential into the future and demonstrate basis functional absences and unimproved developing potentiality of krumlov's tourist destination in the wider context of regional development.

La ville de Đà Lạt se préparait aux grandes périodes de transformation pour devenir une magnifique ville de système de parcs à l’époque coloniale française. Mais actuellement, l’urbanisation et la mutation de l’agriculture amènent de forts changements dans le paysage de la ville. Il est nécessaire d’analyser l’évolution de la transformation du paysage de la ville sous l’interaction de l’agriculture et de la mutation urbaine entre trois époques, celle de l’époque coloniale française, celles des époques d’avant et d’après le Đổi Mới de 1986. Sous l’impact des différents acteurs et des stratégies du gouvernement actuel, Đà Lạt se développe comme une ville socialiste vietnamienne et multifonctionnelle. On n’est plus dans l’idée première d’une ville de villégiature et de système de parcs. Dalat suit les influences d’urbanisation comme les autres villes du Vietnam et a tendance à perdre la caractéristique de sanatorium d’altitude. Elle ne retrouvera sa qualité que grâce à une orientation dans le développement durable, tout en connectant les espaces d’agricultures, les espaces urbains et les espaces paysagers. Ainsi, Dalat peut à nouveau se mettre en valeur comme une véritable ville de système de parcs. / The city of Đà Lạt was being transformed to be a magnificent city with a system of parks since the French colonial period. But in fact, the urbanization and the mutation of agriculture cause a great change of the city’s landscape. It is necessary to analyze the evolution of the transformation of the landscape regarding to the interaction of agriculture and the urban mutation in three periods, those are the period of French colonial, the period of Vietnam Republic and the period of Renovation ( Đổi Mới) since 1986. Through many activities of different strategies by the present authority, Đà Lạt is developing as a socialist and multifunctional city. People no longer think of Đà Lạt as a resort with a system of parks as before. The city is being influenced by the urbanization as other cities in Vietnam and losing her characteristic of an altitude resort. The city has not found her own orientation from quality grace in durable development, all together is connected with the space of agriculture, the space of urban and the space of landscape. Therefore Đà Lạt would be able to be regarded as a valuable city with a system of parks.

The thesis deals with interesting field in relation to international business, with so called medical tourism. The field is introduced in the initial chapter as well as its most important world markets and consumer's characteristics are introduced. The second part of the thesis is practical and focuses on the performed research whose aim was to find out if the medical tourism generates higher profits than standard tourism, and if yes, how big is the difference.

The national tourism organizations keep investing in their marketing activities and campaigns. In recent years the pressure on efficiency and return on investment and the technology development changed the existing modus operandi o the national tourism offices . Participants modern tourism are on the one hand, increasingly able to organize their trips by themselves , place higher demands on information and booking options online. Modern clients are on one hand able to organize their trips by themselves, demend more accurate information and online booking options. On the other hand, there were opened up new markets with huge economic potential but almost zero brand awareness and high dependence on the distribution channels. "Country branding " has become one of the important tools of competitiveness of national economies. This applies to building a competitive position in the export of goods and services. As most budgets for destination marketing are financed from public resources, the financial and debt crisis in the Eurozone decreased marketing expenses in building national brands. This raises an obvious interest in this phenomenon , both from researchers , economic journalists, and of course, politicians. The doctoral dissertation responds to the current developments and includes a comparison of selected activities of the national tourism organizations in the European Union , which naturally connects theoretical framework of the doctoral program, international trade and the focus of the Department of Tourism. The main aim of the doctoral thesis is to assess the effectiveness of selected instruments that support the tourism development and to draw the implications for management sector at the level of the Czech Republic. The assessment is based on based on the international comparative studies and analysis of empirical statistical data. In this sense, they were defined objectives. 1) To develop a comprehensive comparative profile of tourism policies in selected European countries. 2) To analyze the importance of brands of countries and cities in the context of competitiveness of tourism destinations. 3) To evaluate the impact of the national tourism organizations in terms of arrivals and brand value.

This diploma thesis evaluates the potential of the tourist information centre USE-IT Prague and its possibilities in the tourist destination Prague. The aim is to determine, whether the services the information centre currently offers are attractive enough for the visitors and whether it is possible for the information centre to make a profit in order to cover its operating costs. The introductory chapters are devoted to definition of basic terms relating to tourism and its participants, tourist information centre, non-profit organization and tools used to evaluate potential of certain business - lean canvas and SWOT analyses. The second theoretical part pays attention to the USE-IT organization on the European level as well as Czech level. The Prague branch is described into more detail. The practical part evaluates the possibilities the information centre have. The evaluation is based on two surveys among visitors if the USE-IT information centre and other European USE-IT information centres. The evaluation contents lean canvas and SWOT analyses. The last chapter propose the particular services, which USE-IT information centre could offer its visitors in order to increase the attractiveness of the whole place.

The Master's Thesis focuses on the ways of tourist information centres contribution to the support of the tourism. The analysis is demonstrated on the tourist information centre of CzechTourism. The chapters contain tourist information centre's activities, the information about the Association of Tourist Information Centres in the Czech Republic, about CzechTourism, basic facts about state-funded institutions and methods of effectiveness evaluating in the non-profit sector. The practical part provides knowledge about the activities of the information centre on the Old Town Square, assesses its present situation and its contribution to the tourism support.

Nas últimas décadas, a quantidade de informações armazenadas no formato digital tem crescido de forma exponencial, levando à necessidade cada vez maior de produção de ferramentas computacionais que auxiliem na geração do conhecimento a partir desses dados. A área de Aprendizado de Máquina fornece diversas técnicas capazes de identificar padrões nesses conjuntos de dados. Dentro dessas técnicas, este trabalho destaca o Aprendizado de Máquina Não Supervisionado onde o objetivo é classificar as entidades em clusters (grupos) mutuamente exclusivos baseados na similaridade entre as instâncias. Os clusters não são pré-definidos e daí o elemento não supervisionado. Organizar esses dados em clusters que façam sentido é uma das maneiras mais fundamentais de entendimento e aprendizado. A análise de clusters é o estudo dos métodos para agrupamento e se divide entre hierárquico e particional. A classificação hierárquica é uma sequência encadeada de partições enquanto que na particional há somente uma partição. O interesse deste trabalho são as técnicas baseadas em uma caminhada determinística parcialmente auto repulsiva conhecida como caminhada do turista. Partindo da hipótese de que é possível utilizar a caminhada do turista como uma técnica de Aprendizado de Máquina Não Supervisionado, foi implementado um algoritmo hierárquico baseado na caminhada do turista proposto por Campiteli et al. (2006). Foi avaliado, através de diferentes conjuntos de imagens médicas, como essa técnica se compara com técnicas hierárquicas tradicionais. Também é proposto um novo algoritmo de Aprendizado de Máquina Não Supervisionado particional baseado na caminhada do turista, chamado de Tourist Walk Partitional Clustering (TWPC). Os resultados mostraram que a técnica hierárquica baseada na caminhada do turista é capaz de identificar clusters em conjuntos de imagens médicas através de uma árvore que não impõe uma estrutura binária, com um número menor de hierarquias e uma invariabilidade à escala dos dados, resultando em uma estrutura mais organizada. Mesmo que a árvore não seja diretamente baseada nas distâncias dos dados, mas em um ranking de vizinhos, ela ainda preserva uma correlação entre suas distâncias cofenéticas e as distâncias reais entre os dados. O método particional proposto TWPC foi capaz de encontrar, de forma eficiente, formas arbitrárias de clusters com variações inter-cluster e intra-cluster. Além disso o algoritmo tem como vantagens: ser determinístico; funcionar com interações locais, sem a necessidade de conhecimento a priori de todos os itens do conjunto; incorporar o conceito de ruído e outlier; e funcionar com um ranking de vizinhos, que pode ser construído através de qualquer medida. / In the last decades, the amount of data stored in digital format has grown exponentially, leading to the increasing need to produce computational tools that help generate knowledge from these data. The Machine Learning field provides several techniques capable of identifying patterns in these data sets. Within these techniques we highlight the Unsupervised Machine Learning where the objective is to classify the entities in mutually exclusive clusters based on the similarity between the instances. Clusters are not predefined and hence the unsupervised element. Organizing this data into clusters that make sense is one of the most fundamental ways of understanding and learning. Cluster analysis is the study of methods for clustering and is divided between hierarchical and partitional. A hierarchical clustering is a sequence of partitions whereas in the partitional clustering there is only one partition. Here we are interested in techniques based on a deterministic partially self-avoiding walk, known as tourist walk. Based on the hypothesis that it is possible to use the tourist walk as an unsupervised machine learning technique, we have implemented a hierarchical algorithm based on the tourist walk proposed by Campiteli et al. (2006). We evaluate this algorithm using different sets of medical images and compare it with traditional hierarchical techniques. We also propose a new algorithm for partitional clustering based on the tourist talk, called Tourist Walk Partitional Clustering (TWPC). The results showed that the hierarchical technique based on the tourist walk is able to identify clusters in sets of medical images through a tree that does not impose a binary structure, with a smaller number of hierarchies and is invariable to scale transformation, resulting in a more organized structure. Even though the tree is not directly based on the distances of the data but on a ranking of neighbors, it still preserves a correlation between its cophenetic distances and the actual distances between the data. The proposed partitional clustering method TWPC was able to find, in an efficient way, arbitrary shapes of clusters with inter-cluster and intra-cluster variations. In addition, the algorithm has the following advantages: it is deterministic; it operates based on local interactions, without the need for a priori knowledge of all the items in the set; it is capable of incorporate the concept of noise and outlier; and work with a ranking of neighbors, which can be built through any measure.

The purpose of this study is to investigate which motives tourists have to visit the Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm, Sweden and which feelings the visit brought. Furthermore, the study aims to find out where the locals in Stockholm think that the acceptable limit goes for tourism at the Woodland Cemetery and what potential conflicts that may occur between the groups. The study is based on a quantitative method with web surveys as an approach. Three surveys were sent to both national and international tourists and to people living in Stockholm. The compilation and presentation of data was made in Microsoft Excel where charts were designed. The results are discussed in relation to previous research, which forms the basis of the questions in the surveys. The result shows that the main motives for tourists to visit the Woodland Cemetery are because it is a beautiful place with beautiful nature, to experience the architecture and because the place has an interesting culture and history. The feelings most tourists felt were respect, a mental calm, humility, spirituality and emotional feelings. From the locals’ perspective, some respondents feel that tourism in the cemetery is acceptable, others do not want tourism at all and some even promote tourism. However, what emerged is that many of the respondents thinks it is about the volume and how things are done. Several people said that the limit goes when there are far too many tourists and when activities and functions are not being done with consideration and respect.

Es de conocimiento colectivo que la gastronomía y el turismo están estrechamente ligados y que ambas, al unirse, se potencian una a la otra para maximizar su efectividad. Entonces, ¿por qué no impulsar el crecimiento económico del departamento de Ucayali a través de su gastronomía y su principal destino turístico? El río Ucayali es uno de los puntos fijos a visitar por los turistas que viajan a la región. Sin embargo, la alta demanda turística y la falta de planeación urbana ha ocasionado el colapso del lugar. Esto debido a la aparición del comercio ambulatorio a lo largo del malecón, lo cual genera caos y contaminación en las riberas del río, a causa de la falta de un correcto equipamiento comercio/turístico en la zona. Por ello, este trabajo de investigación obtendrá como resultado el planteamiento de un mercado gastronómico con énfasis en la permeabilidad. Para esto, se analizó, de manera primordial, el flujo turístico y comercial de la zona. Dado que uno de los objetivos principales de la propuesta es generar una fluidez y conexión entre la zona urbana y natural; es decir, la ciudad y el río, se optó por enfocarse en la permeabilidad como medio principal de estudio. De este modo, se busca que esta investigación permita entender la relación de la ciudad y el río a través del estudio de sus flujos, donde la tipología de mercado gastronómico aporte a la integración de ambos y, por ende, la mejora del lugar. / It is a collective knowledge that gastronomy and tourism are closely linked and that both, by coming together, enhance each to maximize their effectiveness. So, why not boost the economic growth of the department of Ucayali through its gastronomy and its main tourist destination? The Ucayali’s River is one of the fixed points to be visited by tourists traveling to the region. However, the high tourist demand and the lack of proper commercial/tourist equipment in the area. Therefore, this research work will result in the approach of a gastronomic market with emphasis on permeability. To this end, the tourist and commercial flow of the area was analyzed in a fundamental way. Given that one of the main objectives of the proposal is to generate a fluidity and connection between the urban and natural area; that is, the city and the river, it was decided to focus on permeability as the main means of study. In this way, the aim is that this research will allow us to understand the relationship between the city and the river through the study of its flows, where the typology of the gastronomic market will contribute to the integration of both and, therefore, the improvement of the place. / Trabajo de investigación