The focus of this research paper is to analyze three Swedish travelogues and news paper reportage of Yugoslavia between the years 1950 and 1970. This is achieved through applying three theoretical concepts on the source material: Yugoslavism, Tourist gaze and Gender. The theoretical structure has aimed to understand how the sources define and write about Yugoslavia and how it relates to the concepts. With two research questions that focus on how Swedish writers saw Yugoslavia, the paper aims to build an understanding of what Yugoslavia as a tourist destination was like according to the source materials. This is achieved and the results of the paper are discussed. They include how the writers construct their own image of Yugoslavia according to the concept yugoslavism, how they don’t see the reality (tourist gaze) and how much they describe women and their role in the society (gender). These results are not accompanied with a negative undertone, which nuances the material as the writers simply were fascinated by the region. The results are analyzed and set in context with previous research and their relevance for research are discussed.

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Since the 1980s the role of tourism as a means of achieving the objectives of economic development has received prominence within the sustainable development paradigm. This dissertation examines the role of international tourism in achieving the objectives of economic development in terms of its impact on key social and economic variables, such as the balance of payments, inflation, employment and the social fabric of host communities. It also examines the constraints facing international tourism, such as the effect of perceptions on tourism flows and the powerful position of multinationals in influencing the tourist decision-making process. The success of the international tourism industry in selected countries is assessed and the relative position of the South African tourist offering is highlighted in an attempt to draw lessons for the future development of the industry in South Africa. / Economics / M. A. (Economics)

Denna uppsats ämnar till att skapa insikt och kunskap kring turistiska diskurser rörande natur, genom att undersöka vilka bilder och representationer kring natur i de svenska nationalparkerna som framhävs i turistbroschyrer, hur människa-natur-relationer framställs men även vilka implikationer det kan framkalla. Med ett avgränsat fokus på nio nationalparker som uppfyller kriterierna av fjällkaraktär eller inbegriper renskötande samebyar. Genom en visuell diskursanalys som metod har turistbroschyrernas bilder, texter och kartor analyserats med applicering av Foucaults diskursperspektiv där makt, kunskap och sanning är centrala begrepp. Resultatet denna studie påvisar är att de diskursiva formationerna består av tre huvuddrag gällande naturen. Den framställs som något exotisk, externt, sublimt, orörd och förhistorisk, men även som en tillgänglig och romantiserad plats för just turisten ifråga samtidigt som naturen porträtteras som något speciellt för Sverige vilket då också symboliserar dess identitet. Turisten porträtteras även som tillfällig besökare, vars relation till naturen särskiljs från samers, vilka istället framställs som ”naturliga” sevärdheter för turisten. Allt som allt resulterar denna studie i ett igenfyllande av en kunskapslucka gällande olika praktikers framställande av representationer kring svenska nationalparker, samtidigt som den påvisar liknande representationer som tidigare studier resulterat i. / This essay aims to create insight and knowledge about tourist discourses regarding nature, by examining which images and representations about nature in the Swedish national parks that are highlighted in tourist brochures, how human-nature relations are produced, but also what implications it can induce. With a delimited focus on nine national parks that meet the criteria of mountain nature or include reindeer herding Sami villages. Through a visual discourse analysis as a method, the pictures, texts, and maps of the tourist brochures have been analyzed with the application of Foucault's discourse perspective where power, knowledge, and truth are central concepts. The result of this study is that the discursive formations consist of three main features of nature. It is presented as something exotic, externally, sublime, untouched, and prehistoric, but also as an accessible and romanticized place for the tourist, and at the same time as something special for Sweden, which symbolizes its identity. The tourist is portrayed as a temporary visitor, whose relation to nature is distinguished from Sami people, who instead are presented as "natural" attractions for the tourist. All in all, this study results in a refilling of a knowledge gap regarding the presentation of representations by various practitioners about Swedish national parks, while at the same time demonstrating similar representations that previous studies have resulted in.

The doctoral thesis is devoted to analyzing the perception of attractiveness of Poland as a tourism space from the perspective of Czech citizens in a broader context of mutual Czech -Polish relations in tourism. The thesis is primarily based on theoretical concepts of geography of tourism and at the same time it also follows other geographical and scientific disciplines. The methodological framework of the thesis benefits from the openness and multi-disciplinary nature of tourism. Part of the thesis was created using traditional methods and techniques applied in geography, among others: questionnaire research among students, structured interviews with employees of travel agencies, semi-structured interviews with representatives of the Polish governmental institutions, and analyses of the Internet and printed sources. Additionally, there were utilized methods and techniques used more frequently in other disciplines, including: Delphi method, SWOT analysis, mystery shopping, analysis of travelogues, Internet sources of information about Poland, and content of textbooks. The empirical part of the thesis serves to realize four main aims. The most important aim of thesis can be considered the identification and evaluation of opinions of selected groups of Czechs on the attractiveness of Poland as a...

Energy use associated with tourism has rarely been studied, despite a potentially considerable contribution to global or national energy demand and concomitant greenhouse gas emissions. In New Zealand, tourism constitutes an increasingly important economic sector that is supported by the Government to induce further economic growth. At the same time New Zealand is facing the challenge of reducing currently increasing fossil fuel combustion and carbon dioxide emissions. As a response, this study investigated the contribution tourism makes to energy use in New Zealand. In particular it has examined the role of the three main tourism subsectors (transport, accommodation, and attractions/activities), and different domestic and international 'tourist types'. Seven separate data analyses provided inputs for building a model based on 'tourist types' from which energy use in the New Zealand tourism sector could be estimated. Tourism was found to contribute at least 5.6% to national energy demand, which is larger than its 4.9% contribution to GDP in 2000. Transport, in particular domestic air and car travel, was identified as the dominant energy consumer. Within the accommodation sub-sector, hotels are the largest energy consumers, both in total and on a per visitor-night basis. Of the three sub-sectors, attractions and activities contribute least to energy use, however, activities such as scenic flights or boat cruises were recognised as being energy intensive. As a result of larger visitor volumes, domestic tourists contribute more to energy consumption than international tourists. Domestic and international tourists types differ in their energy consumption patterns, for example measured as energy use per travel day. Tourist types that rely on air travel are the most energy intensive ones, for example the domestic 'long air business' travellers or the international 'coach tourists'. The importance of international tourists' energy use will increase, given current growth rates. There are many options to decrease energy use of the tourism sector, with the most effective ones being within the energy intensive transport sub-sector. Increasing vehicle efficiencies and decreasing travel distances appear to be the most promising measures. This study argues that energy use depends largely on tourists' travel behaviour. Changing behaviour is possible but is postulated to be very difficult, and further research is needed to better understand tourists' motivations, expectations and decision-making. Only then, can strategies be developed and implemented to alter travel behaviours to better balance energy use, other environmental impacts and economic yield. Such a balance is a crucial consideration in the search for more sustainable forms of tourism.

The objectives of the thesis are identify in the current tourism landscape, tourist typologies which are capable of ensuring an adequate level of sustainability, ie that take into account the need to establish effective partnerships between major players in the touristic sector: 1. Looking for practical examples of more responsible tourism forms with resources. 2. Stressing the role played by ecotourism, this form of tourism according to the qual makes your holiday visitors relate more directly conscious of environmental and sociocultural present in the venue. 3. identifying actions to ensure the protection of the environment and the economic take off by traditionally depressed areas. 4. identifying objects aimed at boosting tourism consumption of a natural protected area interpreted as ideal as post-Fordist real space and identify profiles of tourists in protected areas. Also if tourism products linked to nature, culture and cuisine can help to revitalize the Ligurian coastal tourism 5. Checking if the regional system of protected areas has produced results in both environmental protection and endogenous development through tourism. 6. Quantifying the actual supply of the areas studied. 7. Checking if the three parks studied were identified and developed specific objects of tourist consumption. / Los objetivos de la tesis son identificar en el panorama turístico actual cuales son las tipologías turísticas capaces de garantizar un adecuado nivel de sostenibilidad, es decir las que tienen en cuenta la necesidad de establecer eficaces alianzas entre los principales actores del sector turístico: 1. Buscando ejemplos prácticos de modalidades turísticas más responsables con los recursos. 2. Destacando el rol desempeñado por el ecoturismo, aquella modalidad turística según la qual el visitante realiza sus vacaciones relacionándose de manera más consciente y directa con los aspectos medioambientales y socioculturales presentes en el lugar elegido. 3. identificando las acciones dirigidas a garantizar la salvaguarda del medio ambiente y el despegue económico de áreas tradicionalmente deprimidas por el hecho de haber estado ajenas a la práctica de actividades productivas y económicamente rentables. 4. identificando objetos dirigidos a estimular el consumo turístico de un área natural protegida interpretada como espacio auténtico según ideales postfordistas e identificar los perfiles de los turistas característicos de las áreas protegidas. Tambien si los productos turísticos ligados a la naturaleza, cultura y gastronomía pueden contribuir a revitalizar el turismo costero de Liguria 5. Verificando si el sistema regional de espacios protegidos ha producido resultados en protección medioambiental y a la vez desarrollo endógeno a través del turismo. 6. Cuantificando la oferta real de las áreas estudiadas. 7. Verificando si los tres parques estudiados han identificado y desarrollado objetos específicos de consumo turístico.

Mirades Turístiques a la ciutat és un estudi sobre el comportament del turisme en les ciutats monumentals, a partir de l'experiència viscuda pels visitants del Barri Vell de Girona. Una recerca que ha pretès determinar, precisament, la forma com els visitants entren en contacte amb el patrimoni monumental de la ciutat medieval. A partir, d'identificar quins factors influeixen (i quins no) en el comportament dels turistes durant la seva visita, tant pel que fa referència als factors ambientals generals (la meteorologia, la congestió, la informació...) com els factors singulars de cada visitant. Per tal d'assolir aquests objectius, en hem plantejat una sèrie d'hipòtesis de treball:1. Existeix una manera turística d'apropar-se al patrimoni que té les seves pròpies regles, les sevesestructures específiques i en conseqüència la necessitat d'uns instruments de gestió particulars.2. L'aproximació del turista al patrimoni monumental és el resultat de dues forces aparentmentcontradictòries. D'una banda, el turista tendeix a reproduir pautes de comportament socialment construïdes que prenen la forma d'un ritual. D'altra banda, més enllà d'aquest patró comú, cada visitant viu una experiència singular. Per tant, la relació amb el patrimoni és el resultat d'un subtil equilibri entre experiència i ritual.3. El consum turístic del patrimoni depèn de la relació entre quatre factors. El primer, la imatge del lloc, és la projecció (sovint idealitzada) de l'espai de visita, una metàfora de la ciutat. El segon, el codi d'interpretació turístic , actua com una mena de ritual, un guió no escrit de la pràctica turística. En tercer lloc, el substrat material que són els components artístics, històrics o culturals de la destinació: la geometria del casc, les visuals, el pes de la història o el valor estètic de les peces condicionen, com és obvi, la mirada turística. Finalment, l'experiència està condicionada per la gestió (pública i privada) del turisme: informació, fluxos, interpretació...L'estudi s'ha sustentat en una metodologia inèdita basada en l'observació directa a partir del seguiment dels visitants durant els seus recorreguts. Hem observat el visitants i hem recollit la informació bàsica de la seva visita: l'itinerari, els monuments visitats, les actituds manifestades, els temps d'estada... Aquesta metodologia ha estat ja implementada en alguns estudis de públic de diversos museus. S'han recollit tres tipus de dades: dades relacionades amb els arcs (segment de carrer entre dues interseccions), dades relacionades amb els nodes (els elements d'interès) i dades relacionades amb el visitant. Les tres fonts estan unides per un identificador comú, que és el codi del turista. Això ens ha permès vincular les dades dels visitants amb el seu recorregut i la seva visita als monuments de la ciutat. Els resultats de l'estudi ens han permès identificar els factors que singularitzen l'apropament dels visitants al patrimoni i que el diferencien d'altres formes de relació o ús. És a dir, els factors que incideixen en el comportament dels visitants de Girona. Així mateix, hem pogut definir models d'itineraris amb una estructura interna molt compacta però molt diferentsentre ells; que ens evidencien que, malgrat les regularitats detectades en les visites dels turistes de la ciutat, també existeixen elements diferencials en el seu comportament. Hem detectat quatre models de recorreguts urbans que hem anomenat: itinerari bàsic, comercial, complex i de les muralles, que a l'hora es poden subdividir en varies categories.Finalment, els estadístics multivariants ens han permès demostrar que la relació entre el turista i el patrimoni respon almenys a quatre formes de consum diferenciades, que hem anomenat "no turistes", "rituals", "interessats" i "erudits". / Mirades Turístiques a la ciutat is a study of the behaviour of tourism in towns having important monuments, based on the real-life experience of visitors to the historic centre of Girona. This is a piece of research which has tried to find out the exact way in which visitors come into contact with the heritage sites of the medieval town. This has been done through identifying which factors have an influence (and which do not) on the behaviour of the tourist during their visit, both dose of a general nature (weather, crowding, information...) and those factors which are particular to each visitor. In order to achieve this aims, I put forward a number of working hypotheses:1. There is a particular tourist approach to site which has its own rules, specific structures and as aconsequence the need for specific management tools.2. The way the tourist approaches the site is the result of two seemingly contradiction forces. On the one hand, the tourist tends to repeat socially contructed behaviours which take the form of a ritual. On the other hand, and beyond this common pattern, each visitor has a singular experience. Therefore, the relationship with the site is the result of a subtle balance between experience and ritual.3. The touristic use of a heritage site depends on the relationship between four factors. The first, the image of the place, a metaphor of the town. The second, the code of touristic interpretation, acts as a kind of ritual, a non-written script for being a tourist. The third, the material substratum which are the artistic, historical or cultural components; the geometry of the area, the visual parts, the weight of history or the aesthetic value of the items, obviously, condition the way tourist look at the town. Finally, the experience is conditioned by the management of tourism: the information, the flow of tourists, interpretation.This study uses an original methodology based on direct observation of following visitors during their visit. We observed the visitors and we collected basic information about their visit: the itinerary, the monuments visited, the attitudes shown, the time spent. This methodology has already been used in order studies of the public in different museums. Three kinds of data was collected: data relating to blocks (the segments of a street between two roads), data relating to nodes (the items of interest) and data relating to the visitors. The three sources are connected by a common identifier, that of the touristic code. This has allowed us to connect the data of the visitors with the route taken and the visit of the monuments in the town.The results of the study have allowed us to identify the factors with make the approach of the visitor to the monument a singular one and which differenciate it from the other forms of relationship or of use. That is to say, that the factors which have an effect on the behaviour of the visitors to Girona.Thus, we have been able to define models of itineraries with a very compact internal structure but which are very different between each one, which shows that, despite the regularities which were found in the visits of tourists to the town, differenciated elements in their behaviour were also observed. We detected four models of urban routes: the basic, the commercial, the complex and the town walls, which can each be subdivides into several categories. Finally, the multivariant statistics have allowed us to demonstrate that the relationship between tourist and heritage site responds to at least four forms of differentiated use which we have named "non-touristic", "ritual","interedted" and "erudite".

Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world. Since the 1980s the role of tourism as a means of achieving the objectives of economic development has received prominence within the sustainable development paradigm. This dissertation examines the role of international tourism in achieving the objectives of economic development in terms of its impact on key social and economic variables, such as the balance of payments, inflation, employment and the social fabric of host communities. It also examines the constraints facing international tourism, such as the effect of perceptions on tourism flows and the powerful position of multinationals in influencing the tourist decision-making process. The success of the international tourism industry in selected countries is assessed and the relative position of the South African tourist offering is highlighted in an attempt to draw lessons for the future development of the industry in South Africa. / Economics / M. A. (Economics)

Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-31T20:56:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2012_Claudia Wanessa Rocha Poletto.pdf: 16523173 bytes, checksum: e1ddf66afac5f484a429c24eabcc8ea8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-12-15T14:58:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2012_Claudia Wanessa Rocha Poletto.pdf: 16523173 bytes, checksum: e1ddf66afac5f484a429c24eabcc8ea8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T14:58:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2012_Claudia Wanessa Rocha Poletto.pdf: 16523173 bytes, checksum: e1ddf66afac5f484a429c24eabcc8ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / CAPES / As relações entre o Brasil e a Índia são conhecidas há séculos ao mencionarmos as rotas mercantis entre Europa, Américas e Ásia em tempos coloniais. Este trabalho busca analisar indianidades nos fluxos turísticos entre Brasil e Índia na contemporaneidade.Os fluxos provocam mobilidades e circulação de pessoas, artefatos, ideias e informações. Esboçamos nesta pesquisa, a noção de indianidades que pode ser compreendida como uma gama de repertórios que tenta fixar e disseminar predicativos inerentes à Índia apropriada pela indústria do turismo. Ressaltamos que indianidades também está associada a uma abordagem política de movimentos identitários dentro e fora da Índia. Este trabalho explora a pertinência temática por meio de quatro dimensões: 1) propagandas de pacotes turísticos comercializados por agências de viagens brasileiras; 2) relatos de viagens à Índia por turistas viajantes brasileiros; 3) narrativas ficcionais que abordam incidentes de viagens à Índia e aos Estados Unidos, país que acolhe uma expressiva diáspora indiana; 4) objetos de viagens trazidos como souvenirs ou mercadorias. Sinalizamos que a yoga atravessa toda a dissertação de forma fluida, tanto como um repositório de informações sobre a Índia, como uma prática que vem sendo transnacionalizada, impulsionando turistas de todo o mundo em busca do berço da yoga. / The relationship between Brazil and India is known for centuries when mentioned as mercantile rote among Europe, Americas and Asia in the colonial times.This resource seeks to analyse indianess in touristic capabilities between Brazil and India. The flow provoke motion and circulation of people, craft creation, ideas and information. We may added to this source the consistency of indianess which can be comprehended as one gram of repertoires that try to fix up as well as exterminate some values ineherent in India through the tourism industry.It’s important to say that indianness also is associated into a politic discussion related to an indentity circulation movements inside and outside of India. This resource explore the relevance thematic through four dimenssion point of view: 1) advertising of comercial turistic packages by brazilian travel agencies; 2) reports by brazilian tourists people who travel to India; 3) Fiction narrative related to incidents that happen in India and United States, which country embrace a significant Indian population; 4) Travel objects brought as souvinirs or markets. It’s blatant that yoga cross this statement in some way smoothly, as a reserve of information about India, as well as a kind of pratice that has becoming a transnationalized attracting a large number of tourists from all over the world those who are looking for the headquarters of the yoga.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-18T20:24:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA RAMOS CANTALICE – TESE (CTRN) 2016.pdf: 4027241 bytes, checksum: 5916cc186d46f2d4380b850946a62573 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T20:24:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA RAMOS CANTALICE – TESE (CTRN) 2016.pdf: 4027241 bytes, checksum: 5916cc186d46f2d4380b850946a62573 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02 / CNPq / A governança está relacionada à adoção de mecanismos de gestão capazes de criar condições favoráveis de interações entre os diversos atores sociais envolvidos, condições estas contributivas para geração do desenvolvimento sustentável. Na atividade turística, a governança surge como estratégia de desenvolvimento a partir de um processo de coordenação de atores, grupos sociais, instituições e entidades diversas para alcançar benefícios coletivos por meio do exercício do poder compartilhado entre estes. A partir destas considerações, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a relação existente entre a governança e a sustentabilidade do destino turístico localizado no município do Conde – PB. Tal região tem como sua principal vocação econômica atividades relacionadas ao turismo. Como suporte teórico, foi utilizado o modelo de avaliação de governança do turismo – a typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis, proposto Hall (2011), o qual identifica quatro tipos de governança, a saber: Hierarquia; Comunidade; Rede; e Mercado. A partir de uma estrutura de 12 elementos centrais, busca-se identificar em qual dessas quatro tipologias está classificada a governança do destino turístico que se pretende analisar. Para analisar a sustentabilidade da atividade turística da localidade, foram considerados os resultados da aplicação do Sistema de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade do Desenvolvimento do Turismo – SISDTur, por Lacerda (2011). Em termos metodológicos, tratase de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, com utilização de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos para aplicação das variáveis e critérios de análise propostos. Os resultados da classificação da governança do Conde apresentaram mais características da tipologia de Mercado. Quanto à sustentabilidade da atividade turística do destino turístico, o SISDTur mostrou que não ocorre maior equilíbrio entre as dimensões da sustentabilidade da atividade turística, na medida em que, das seis dimensões avaliadas, apenas duas foram avaliadas positivamente para a sustentabilidade: a dimensão econômica e a institucional. Desse modo, foi considerado que o destino turístico do Conde se encontra parcialmente insustentável quanto ao desenvolvimento da atividade turística. Os resultados evidenciam que o modelo de governança atual não têm contribuído para com a sustentabilidade do município. A classificação da governança do turismo entre as tipologias possibilitou identificar os indicadores que interferem negativamente na sustentabilidade do destino turístico analisado, permitindo uma melhor compreensão das ações necessárias para promover o desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade turística local. / Governance is related to the adoption of management mechanisms which may create favorable conditions for interaction between the various social actors involved, these conditions being contributory to generate sustainable development. In tourism, governance emerges as a development strategy from a process of coordination of actors, social groups, various institutions and entities so as to achieve collective benefits through the exercise of shared power between them. Based on these considerations, the aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between governance and the sustainability from a tourism destination located in the municipality of Conde - PB. The main economic activity of this region is related to tourism. In terms of theoretical support, a model was used in order to assess the governance of tourism. Referred to as the typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis, the model was proposed by Hall (2011) who identifies four types of governance, namely: Hierarchy; Community; Network; and Market. From a structure of 12 core elements, it is possible to identify which of these four types of governance the investigated tourism destination can be classified in to. To analyze the sustainability of the tourism in the locality, it was crucial to consider the results obtained from the application of the System of Sustainability Indicator for Tourist Destiny – SISDTur, proposed by Lacerda (2011). In methodological terms, it is a descriptive and exploratory study, using quantitative and qualitative methods for the application of variables and analysis criteria which were proposed. The results from the classification of the governance in Conde present more characteristics of the market type. As for the sustainability of tourism in the tourist destination, the SISDTur showed that there is not a greater balance between the dimensions of the sustainable tourism, in that, of the six dimensions evaluated, only two were positively assessed for sustainability: the economic and institutional dimensions. Thus, it was considered that the tourist destination of Conde is partially unsustainable regarding the development of tourism. The results show that the current governance model has not contributed to the city's sustainability. The classification of tourism governance into the typologies made it possible to identify the indicators which affect negatively the sustainability of the analyzed tourist destination, thereby allowing a better understanding of the actions needed to promote sustainable development of local tourism.