Practising science in Peru means facing adversity. Due to the country’s recent economic growth and despite its weak institutions, there is a growing (yet insufficient) interest in raising the investment in science, technology and innovation activities. However, how are scientists and engineers overcoming these difficulties? To answer these questions, this research focuses in the study of the experts engaged in scientific practice through the analysis of a particular case: the nanotechnology experts. The main hypothesis of this research is that to overcome these adversities, the nanotechnology experts have developed a peculiar scientific ethos, expressed by an individualized access to knowledge, networks and resources. Taking that into account, the main goal will be to characterize the current institutional situation of science and technology in Peru regarding scientific research. / Hacer ciencia en el Perú es enfrentarse a la adversidad. En una coyuntura que se caracteriza por suprecariedad institucional y en la que, al mismo tiempo, se ha comenzado a demandar inversión en ciencia, tecnología e innovación, cabe preguntarse por los modos en que los actores superan día a día estas dificultades. En ese sentido, la propuesta consiste en acercarse a estos actores del conocimiento a partir del estudio de un caso particular: el de los expertos en nanotecnología. La hipótesis propuesta es que, para superar dichas adversidades, los expertos han desarrollado ciertos mecanismos individuales y colectivos que tienen como base una ética científica particular que se expresa a través del interés individual por generar y acceder a más conocimientos. A partir de ello, se intentará caracterizar el panorama institucional de la ciencia y la tecnología en relación con la investigación científica.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-04T14:50:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 paulaaparecidadonascimentovieira.pdf: 1488016 bytes, checksum: a03ad5e749527626faecf0163ed9e9e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T15:58:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paulaaparecidadonascimentovieira.pdf: 1488016 bytes, checksum: a03ad5e749527626faecf0163ed9e9e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T15:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paulaaparecidadonascimentovieira.pdf: 1488016 bytes, checksum: a03ad5e749527626faecf0163ed9e9e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-29 / Este trabalho se dedica a analisar a trajetória das famílias assistidas pela política de assistência social, buscando conhecer o universo desses sujeitos sociais e neste processo verificar as implicações dessa política na vida desses usuários. Nesta perspectiva, ao refletir sobre a situação dos usuários da política de assistência social, devemos considerar as situações sociais vividas por estes sujeitos que demandam por tal política, situação está têm a raiz na estrutural e histórica desigualdade de classe e suas determinações, que se expressam pela ausência e precariedade de um conjunto de direitos como emprego, saúde, educação, moradia, transporte, distribuição de renda, entre outras formas de expressão da questão social. Com efeito, a assistência social como política social pública de acesso aos direitos de cidadania deve proporcionar condições objetivas para que os seus usuários rompam com o estigma de ser uma população desorganizada, despolitizada e disponível a manobras eleitorais, como frequentemente e tradicionalmente são tratados estes sujeitos sociais. Para tanto, realizamos um estudo acerca das categorias que nos ajudaram a compreender o nosso objeto e uma pesquisa de campo que nos permitiu analisar a trajetória de 8 (oito) famílias que estão na extrema pobreza e que são assistidas pelo Centro de Referência de Assistência Social (CRAS) do município de Lima Duarte (MG). Com a pesquisa, observamos que o acesso dos usuários a política de assistência pautava-se e ainda hoje se pauta pela qualidade de “destituído”, pela situação de pobreza e pela negação da condição de sujeito de direitos. Várias denominações foram incorporadas à população que acessa a esses serviços, tendo como principais adjetivos aqueles que desvalorizam e subalternizam os usuários e os retiram da condição de cidadão. Os resultados evidenciaram ainda a importância de se conhecer os assistidos pelas políticas sociais, para que se possa entender efetivamente que os usuários destas políticas são cidadãos e sujeitos de direitos, e para tanto, precisam participar da gestão pública, ter voz, vez e um tratamento cuidadoso para com suas necessidades sociais. / This work is dedicated to analyzing the trajectory of the families assisted by the social welfare policy, seeking to know the universe of these social subjects and in the process see the implications of this policy in the lives of users. In this perspective, reflecting on the situation of users of social assistance policy, we must consider the social situations experienced by those subjects that demand for such a policy, situation is to have roots in structural and historical class inequality and its determinations, which are expressed the lack and precariousness of a set of rights such as employment, health, education, housing, transportation, income distribution, among other forms of expression of the social question. Indeed, the social assistance as a public social policy of access to citizenship rights should provide objective conditions for its members break with the stigma of being a disorganized population, depoliticized and available to political maneuvers, how often and are traditionally treated these guys social. Therefore, we conducted a study on the categories that have helped us understand our object and a field of research that allowed us to analyze the trajectory of eight (8) families who are in extreme poverty and are assisted by the Social Assistance Reference Center (CRAS) in the municipality of Lima Duarte (MG). Through research, we found that users' access to care policy was ruled up and today is guided by quality "removed" by poverty and the denial of rights to subject condition. Various denominations were incorporated into the population that access to these services, the main adjectives those who devalue and subalternizam users and remove the citizen condition. The results also showed the importance of knowing those assisted by social policies, so that we can actually understand that users of these policies are citizens and subjects of rights, and for that, they need to participate in public management, have a voice, and a treatment time careful with their social needs.

A popularização do GPS tem gerado uma massiva quantidade de dados que são organizados em trajetórias geográficas. Trajetórias geográficas são sequências ordenadas de coordenadas geográficas que representam um caminho de um objeto móvel. Para melhorar a compreensão destas trajetórias, são detectados locais de maior importância que são chamados de pontos de permanência, que indicam que um usuário permaneceu neste local por um tempo significativo. Pontos de permanência são comumente transformados em vértices de redes geolocalizadas para facilitar a mineração de trajetórias, a transformação é feita agrupando pontos geograficamente próximos. Porém, é pouco discutido na literatura a qualidade destas redes. Portanto, este projeto aborda esta lacuna e apresenta duas novas abordagens para construção de redes sociais geolocalizadas a partir de pontos de permanência. A abordagem proposta utiliza a fase de contração do paradigma multinível para realizar a transformação de pontos de permanência em vértices de redes. A fase de contração contrai uma rede original iterativamente até ser obtida uma rede solução, a contração leva em conta a estrutura topológica da rede. Os resultados mostram que as novas abordagens conseguem representar com maior precisão, por meio de redes geolocalizadas, o mundo real. / The popularization of GPS has generated a massive amount of geographic data organized in raw trajectories. Raw trajectories are ordered sequences of geographic coordinates that represent a path of a moving object. To improve the understanding of raw trajectories, important places, referred to as stay points, are detected. They indicate that a user has remained in this correspondent place for a significant time. Stay points are commonly turned into vertices of location-based networks to facilitate trajectory mining, the turning into vertices is done by grouping geographically close points. Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of studies addressing the quality of these networks. This piece of research addresses this gap and presents two new approaches to using stay points for building location-based social networks. The proposed approach uses the contraction phase of the multilevel partitioning to turned stay points into vertices. The contraction phase contracts an original network iteratively until a solution network is obtained, the contraction is done considering the topological structure of the network. The results show that the new approaches are able to represent more accurately, through location-based networks, the real world.

Este trabalho teve a finalidade de estudar a evasão na Educação Profissional de Nível Técnico, com base na trajetória escolar e no depoimento de alunos evadidos, tendo como objetivos conhecer e analisar a trajetória escolar desses alunos; identificar os motivos que os levaram a essa decisão de deixar a Educação Profissional; verificar o modo como o aluno compreende a evasão escolar e refletir sobre possíveis medidas preventivas que possam contribuir na reformulação de procedimentos escolares. Quanto à metodologia, foram utilizadas a Pesquisa Documental, documentos da Secretaria Acadêmica da Escola e do Sistema PRODESP, Quantitativa, a partir dos dados levantados com a Pesquisa Documental, e Qualitativa, a partir das entrevistas semiestruturadas com alunos selecionados da Pesquisa Documental. A pesquisa foi realizada na Unidade do Centro Paula Souza, no município de Taubaté SP, com base numa população de 321 alunos evadidos no ano de 2011, dos quais 80 fizeram parte da Pesquisa Quantitativa e oito foram selecionados para a Pesquisa Qualitativa por meio de entrevista. A Revisão de Literatura abordou as temáticas Educação Profissional e Evasão Escolar, bem como a Teoria Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano, de Bronfenbrenner, utilizada como Fundamentação Teórica que, juntamente com a metodologia de Análise do Discurso de Laurence Bardin, subsidiaram a Análise Qualitativa das entrevistas. Dentre as causas da evasão que foram reveladas encontram-se: horário de trabalho, relação professor-aluno, dificuldade de aprendizagem, entre outras. A percepção do aluno quanto à evasão, revelou grande importância ao contexto escolar versus um sentimento de incompetência e frustração diante do abandono. O estudo possibilitou a compreensão da evasão escolar num sentido mais amplo, que inclui a questão da exclusão e a noção de mobilidade, bem como a identificação de fatores pessoais, fatores internos e externos à Instituição além de procedimentos e medidas preventivas para a solução do problema. / This work aimed to study the dropout in Professional Education Technician, based in school history and the testimony of dropout students, and aims to identify and analyze the trajectory of these school students; to identify the reasons that led to this decision leave the Vocational Education; verify how the student understands truancy and reflect on possible preventive measures that can help in redesigning school procedures. Regarding the methodology, we used the Documentary Research, documents the Academic Office and the School System PRODESP, Quantitative, from the data collected with the Documentary Research, Qualitative and, from semi-structured interviews with selected students of Documentary Research. The survey was conducted in Unit Centro Paula Souza, in Taubaté - SP, based on a population of 321 dropout students in 2011, of which 80 were part of the Quantitative Research-eight were selected for Qualitative Research through interview. A Literature Review addressed the thematic Professional Education and Student Dropouts and the Bioecological Theory of Human Development in Bronfenbrenner used as Theoretical Foundation which, together with the methodology of discourse analysis Laurence Bardin, supported the Qualitative Analysis of the interviews. Among the causes of evasion that have been revealed are: work schedule, student-teacher ratio, learning disability, among others. The Student Perception for evasion revealed great importance to the school versus a sense of frustration at the incompetence and neglect. The study enabled the understanding of truancy in a broader sense, which includes the issue of exclusion and the notion of mobility as well as identifying personal factors, factors internal and external to the institution as well as procedures and preventive for the solution of the problem.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-01-25T23:08:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de Milena Rodrigues - PPGE - UEFS .pdf: 1087289 bytes, checksum: 8b01def2b023a023f5899132acceb316 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T23:08:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de Milena Rodrigues - PPGE - UEFS .pdf: 1087289 bytes, checksum: 8b01def2b023a023f5899132acceb316 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / This research focuses on understanding the life trajectories of young people linked to the african-Brazilian religions of the Bonfim de Feira district from crossings social, cultural and religious that circumscribe their ways of life. The work has outlined in order to broaden the discussions on the topic of youth, enhancing the look and the voice of young people in approaching with their own social experiences. Thus, the theoretical categories were addressed: youths and trajectories concomitantly with the concepts of temporality and transitions. the theoretical categories religiosity and belonging were also discussed, seeking to evidences how these two dimensions are articulated in the configuration of hybrid identities. The methodology adopted was of qualitative nature and the cartographic method was chosen as research strategy, focusing on the interactions with the place (Bonfim de Feira) and the subjects, in the apprehension of intersubjective processes between the researcher and the researched. The analysis of narrative interviews were organized so as to highlight the singularities present in each trajectory of young people interviewed as well as show discussions about the transition from the common aspects of their careers such as school, work, employability, community experiences, cultural and religiosity. Thus, this research has allowed us to understand that young people are inserted in a context marked by strong cultural and religious tradition, that offer to them anchors in preparing for the future. They Experience tensions in the relationship between school and work, migrate and stay, while seeking to negotiate other forms of sociability as well as reinventing forms of belonging and to give continuing to the traditions of the place. / A presente pesquisa tem como foco compreender as trajet?rias de vida dos jovens vinculados ?s religi?es afro-brasileiras do distrito de Bonfim de Feira a partir dos atravessamentos sociais, culturais e religiosos que circunscrevem seus modos de vida. O trabalho delineou-se com vistas a ampliar as discuss?es sobre a tem?tica da juventude, valorizando o olhar e a voz dos jovens na aproxima??o com as suas pr?prias viv?ncias sociais. Sendo assim, foram abordadas as categorias te?ricas: juventudes e trajet?rias concomitantemente com os conceitos de temporalidade e transi??es. As categorias te?ricas religiosidade e pertencimento tamb?m foram abordadas, buscando-se evidenciar como estas duas dimens?es articulam-se na configura??o das identidades h?bridas. A metodologia adotada foi a de cunho qualitativo e o m?todo cartogr?fico foi escolhido como estrat?gia investigativa, focando sobre as intera??es com o lugar (Bonfim de Feira) e os sujeitos, na apreens?o dos processos intersubjetivos entre a pesquisadora e os pesquisados. As an?lises das entrevistas narrativas foram organizadas de modo a evidenciar as singularidades presentes em cada trajet?ria dos jovens entrevistados, bem como apresentar discuss?es acerca das transi??es a partir dos aspectos comuns de suas trajet?rias tais como escolariza??o, trabalho, inser??o profissional, vivencia comunit?ria, cultural e religiosidade. Assim, esta pesquisa nos permitiu compreender que os jovens est?o inseridos dentro de um contexto marcado por uma forte tradi??o cultural e religiosa, que lhes oferecem ancoragens na prepara??o para o futuro. Vivenciam tens?es na rela??o entre escola e trabalho, o migrar e o ficar, ao mesmo tempo em que buscam negociar outras formas de sociabilidade, bem como reinventam formas de pertencer e de dar continuidade ?s tradi??es do lugar.

En Indonésie, la croissance économique rapide et la sensibilisation à la consommation d'aliments nutritifs sont des facteurs importants qui stimulent la consommation d'aliments d'origine animale, y compris laitiers.Le PIB de l'élevage a ainsi augmenté de plus de 56% entre 2011 et 2015. Même si elle reste relativement faible par rapport aux autres pays d'Asie du Sud-Est, la demande de produits laitiers n’est pas couverte par la production nationale. Celle-ci ne représentait qu'environ 835 000 tonnes en 2015, produites principalement par des petites exploitations familiales.Les petites exploitations représentent la grande majorité des fermes laitières en Indonésie. Avec seulement 4 vaches et moins de 1 ha de terres cultivées par ménage en moyenne, les activités laitières jouent un rôle important dans la sécurisation des moyens de subsistance de ces petites exploitations. Cependant, ces fermes font face à plusieurs contraintes qui empêchent leur durabilité. Dans ce contexte, nous souhaitions rechercher «dans quelle mesure les petites exploitations laitières peuvent-elles être plus durables ?».Notre approche visait à évaluer la durabilité des petites exploitations et à apprécier la dynamique et les changements dans les systèmes de production laitière dans la province de Java Ouest. La première phase (2014) consistait à identifier le rôle d'un projet de développement laitier local et les besoins des fermes laitières. Nous avons recueilli des données auprès de 61 fermes à travers une enquête formelle et auprès de la coopérative laitière. La deuxième phase (2015-2016) consistait à évaluer la durabilité des petites exploitations familiales. Après une revue de bibliographie, nous avons mené des entretiens avec des experts et des acteurs locaux (chercheurs, experts, gouvernement, coopérative, ONG, agriculteurs) afin de proposer six indicateurs de durabilité. Nous avons ensuite mené une enquête formelle auprès de 355 agriculteurs, ce qui nous a permis de quantifier ces indicateurs. La troisième phase (2016-2017) consistait à comprendre la dynamique des systèmes de production laitière. Sur la base des résultats de l'enquête formelle de 355 agriculteurs, nous avons construit une typologie agricole et caractérisé chaque type de fermes. Nous avons ensuite sélectionné 20 fermes qui représentaient chaque type de ferme pour des entretiens approfondis afin de comprendre leurs trajectoires.Nous voulons souligner 3 résultats principaux. Nous montrons l'importance de fournir des formations et un soutien technique pour le développement des moyens de subsistance des agriculteurs. Nous notons que le niveau de capital et la diversification des activités à la ferme jouent un rôle important dans la durabilité des exploitations agricoles. Enfin, si les systèmes mixtes agriculture-élevage restent stables en termes de production laitière, les exploitations spécialisées disposant d'une dotation en capital plus importante ont rapidement augmenté leur taille de troupeau.En conclusion, les agriculteurs ayant une activité diversifiée affichent de meilleures performances en matière de durabilité, mais leur contribution à la production nationale augmente plus lentement. Les fermes spécialisées pourraient jouer un rôle clé pour soutenir la production nationale en raison de l'augmentation rapide du cheptel laitier. Néanmoins, dans une politique de développement laitier il ne serait pas pertinent de se concentrer uniquement sur ces exploitations spécialisées. En raison de leur nombre élevé, les petites exploitations jouent un rôle important dans la réduction de la pauvreté, la création d'emploi, l'alimentation et la fourniture d'un marché national. À l'avenir, les politiques laitières devraient mettre davantage l'accent sur les formations et les programmes de crédit des petits exploitants et fournir des stratégies pertinentes tenant compte du type de ferme, du modèle de durabilité, des trajectoires agricoles afin d'assurer un développement durable. / In Indonesia, rapid economic growth and awareness to consume nutritious food boost animal source foods, consumption, including dairy. As consequence, GDP from livestock sub-sector shows an enhancement to more than 56 percent during five years (2011-2015). Even though, it remains relatively low compared to other South East Asian countries, the demand of dairy products could not be covered by national production. The national production accounted for only around 835.000 tons in 2015 which is produced mostly by smallholder farms.Smallholder farms represent the vast majority of dairy cattle farms in Indonesia. With only 4 cows and less than 1 ha of cultivated land per household on average, dairy activities play an important role in securing the livelihoods of those smallholder farms. However, those farms face several constraints that preclude their sustainability. In that context, we wanted to research “in what condition smallholder dairy farms are more sustainable”.Our approach aimed at evaluating the sustainability of smallholder farms and assessing the dynamics and changes in milk production systems, in West Java Province. The first phase of our study (2014) was to identify the role of a local dairy development project and the needs of the dairy farms. We collected data from 61 farms through formal survey and from milk cooperative The second phase (2015-2016) was to evaluate the sustainability of smallholder dairy farms. After an extensive literature review, we carried out in-depth interviews with experts and local stakeholders (researchers, lecturers, government, cooperative, NGO, farmers) in order to propose six main indicators of sustainability scoring from 0 to 100. We then conducted a formal survey of 355 farmers that allowed us to quantify those indicators. The third phase (2016-2017) was to understand the dynamics of dairy farming systems. Based on the results of the formal survey of 355 farmers, we built a farm typology and characterized each type of farm. We then selected 20 farms which represented each type of farm for in-depth interviews to understand their farm trajectories.From our study, we want to underline 3 main results. First, we show the importance of providing trainings and technical support for the development of farmers’ livelihoods. Second, we note that the level of capital and the diversification of the activities on farm both play important roles in the sustainability of the farms. Third, if mixed crop-livestock systems remain stable in terms of milk production, specialized farms with higher capital endowment increased their herd size rapidly.To conclude, farmers with diversified activity show better sustainability performances than specialized ones, but their contribution to national production increases more slowly. Specialized farm might play a key role to support national production due to rapid increase of the dairy herd. Nevertheless, in a dairy development policy to supply national market, to focus only on those specialized farms could not be relevant. Due to the high number, small-scale farms are important to reducing poverty, to opening job opportunity, to ensuring nutrition and to providing national market. In the future, dairy policies should give more emphasis to smallholders’ trainings and credit programs and to provide relevant strategies considering the farm type, the sustainability pattern, the farm trajectories in order to have sustainable development.

Contexte : La structure du sommeil évolue grandement dans les premières années de vie. Les réveils nocturnes occasionnels chez les enfants d'âge préscolaire font partie d’un processus normal de développement et de maturation du sommeil. Ils sont cependant considérés comme anormalement fréquents lorsqu’ils surviennent une nuit sur deux ou plus. La littérature suggère que les réveils nocturnes fréquents sont associés de manière transversale à des difficultés comportementales du jeune enfant. Or, l’évolution des réveils nocturnes dans la petite enfance, les facteurs associés à leurs trajectoires et les liens longitudinaux avec le comportement sont peu connus. Objectifs : Modéliser l’évolution des réveils nocturnes entre l’âge de 2 et 5-6 ans et explorer leurs liens avec des facteurs précoces familiaux et de l’enfant. Analyser les associations entre les trajectoires de réveils nocturnes et le comportement de l’enfant avant l’entrée à l’école. Population et méthode : Nos analyses ont porté sur les données de l’étude EDEN. Il s’agit d’une cohorte mère enfant, qui a recruté 2 002 femmes enceintes entre 2003 et 2006 dans les maternités de Nancy et Poitiers. Les réveils nocturnes et le comportement ont été mesurés par des questionnaires parentaux à l’âge de 2, 3 et 5-6 ans. La méthode du « group-based trajectory modeling » nous a permis de modéliser l’évolution des réveils nocturnes et de difficultés d’attention, et ainsi d’identifier des trajectoires, décrivant différentes histoires développementales entre l’âge de 2 et 5-6 ans. Les analyses statistiques pour mesurer les associations entre les trajectoires de réveils nocturnes, les facteurs précoces et le comportement de l’enfant, ont été faites par régressions logistiques, ajustées sur les facteurs de confusion potentiels. Résultats : Deux trajectoires distinctes de réveils nocturnes ont été identifiées chez les enfants entre 2 et 5-6 ans. L’une, nommée “réveils nocturnes rares”, représentait 77% des enfants. Ce groupe suivait une trajectoire linéaire proche de zéro et légèrement décroissante avec le temps. La seconde trajectoire, nommée « réveils nocturnes communs », représentait 23% des enfants. Elle était plus haute que la première trajectoire à chaque point de suivi, et présentait un pic à l’âge de 3 ans. Les facteurs de risque d’appartenir à la trajectoire de « réveils nocturnes communs » étaient essentiellement environnementaux : l’exposition au tabagisme passif, un mode de garde collectif et le temps passé devant la télévision. Les enfants appartenant à la trajectoire de réveils nocturnes communs présentent un risque accru de présenter des symptômes émotionnels, des problèmes de conduite et des problèmes d'hyperactivité/inattention à l’âge de 5-6 ans. Aucune association n'a été trouvée avec le comportement pro-social ou avec les problèmes de relations avec les pairs. Trois trajectoires d’inattention/hyperactivité ont été identifiées, une trajectoire basse, intermédiaire et une haute, toutes trois stables au cours du temps. Le risque d’appartenir à une trajectoire haute d’inattention/hyperactivité, par rapport à une trajectoire basse, était quatre fois plus important pour les enfants avec une trajectoire de « réveils nocturnes communs » comparativement à ceux avec trajectoire de « réveils nocturnes rares ». Conclusion : Les réveils nocturnes et les troubles d’inattention/hyperactivité persistent dans la petite enfance. Une trajectoire de réveils nocturnes communs durant cette période est un facteur de risque de plusieurs troubles du comportement : symptôme émotionnel, troubles de conduites et inattention/hyperactivité. Ces derniers co-évoluent avec les troubles du sommeil. Nos résultats soulignent l’importance d’identifier et de prendre en charge les difficultés de sommeil dès le plus jeune âge, surtout en présence de difficultés de comportement. / Context: The structure of sleep evolves greatly in the first years of life. Occasional nightwaking is thus normal in young children, but waking-up every other night or more is considered adversely frequent. The scientific literature suggests that frequent night-waking is associated with concomitant behavioral difficulties in children. Yet, little is known about the evolution of night-waking in preschool years and its longitudinal association with behavior. Objectives: To model the evolution of night-waking between the age of 2 and 5-6 years and explore the association with family and child related factors. To analyze the associations between night-waking trajectories and behavior before school entry. Population and methods: Analyses were based on the French birth-cohort study EDEN, which recruited 2 002 pregnant women between 2003 and 2006 in the maternity of Poitiers and Nancy. Information regarding night-waking and behavior were assessed using parental questionnaires at the ages of 2, 3 and 5-6 years. The « group based trajectory modeling » method allowed us to model the evolution of night-waking and of inattention/hyperactivity, describing different developmental trends between the age of 2 and 5-6 years. The associations between night-waking trajectories, family and child related factors and behavior, were analyzed using logistic regressions, adjusted on potential confounding factors. Results: Two distinct night-waking trajectories were identified in children between the age of 2 and 5-6 years. One, named « rare night-waking », represented 77% of the children. This group followed a linear trajectory, which was close to zero and slightly declining with time. The second trajectory, named « common night-waking », represented 23% of the children. It was higher than the first trajectory at each time-point, and a peak was observed at age 3. Risk factors for belonging to the « common night-waking » trajectory were life-style related factors: exposures to second hand smoking, collective care arrangement, and time spent in front of the television. Children belonging to the common night-waking trajectory had higher risk of having emotional symptoms, conduct problems and inattention/hyperactivity at age 5-6. No associations were found with prosocial behavior nor peer-relationship problems. Three trajectories of inattention/hyperactivity were identified, a low, an intermediate and a high one, all stable in time. The risk of belonging to a high inattention/hyperactivity trajectory, compared to a low one, were four time more important for children with a « common night-waking » trajectory. Conclusion: Night-waking and inattention/hyperactivity persist in preschool years. A common night-waking trajectory during this period is a risk factor of diverse behavioral difficulties: emotional symptoms, conduct problems and inattention/hyperactivity. The latter co-evolves with night-waking. Our results highlight the importance of identifying sleep problems in early years, especially in the presence of behavioral difficulties.

Cílem práce je vytvoření přehledu o existujících přístupech pro předzpracování dopravních dat se zaměřením na objevování sémantických trajektorií a návrh a vývoj rámce, který integruje dopravní data z GPS senzorů se sémantikou. Problém analýzy nezpracovaných trajektorií spočíva v tom, že není natolik vyčerpávající, jako analýza trajektorií, které obsahují smysluplný kontext. Po nastudování různých přístupů a algoritmů sleduje návrh a vývoj rámce, který objevuje semantická místa pomocí schlukovací metody záložené na hustotě, aplikované na body zastavení v trajektoriích. Návrh a implementace rámce byl zhodnotěn na veřejně přístupných datových souborech obsahujících nezpracované GPS záznamy.

In this qualitative study excessive weight gain in men is placed in the context of a life course trajectory with its characteristic stages. A combination of symbolic interactionism and life course perspectives was deemed appropriate for studying obesity as their basic assumptions complement each other to create a holistic view of the phenomenon. Both the life course and symbolic interactionism perspectives stress the interaction between individuals and their social environment, an observation particularly evident when viewed as a micro-level experience. The chosen approach emphasises the social creation of meanings about life transitions and individual development. The obese man cannot be seen as an isolated unit as, like all people, he is a social being forming part of a network of relationships. Theoretically those with whom he is socialising can be classified as significant others, general others and reference group others. It is their influence that is important in his personal development and experience of the self. While the symbolic interactionism perspective accentuates the development of the self in interaction with others, the life course perspective gives clarity on the way the individual handles transition experiences in order to regain balance after a time of disequilibrium resulting from different trajectories. The theory of cognitive appraisal used in this study enhanced understanding of the obese man‟s passion for food, and the emotion of joy experienced when busy with food-related activities. Cognitive appraisal takes place in each situation when the obese man needs to make a decision or take action in terms of food and life style behaviour. The strategy of enquiry for this research followed a phenomenological and qualitative approach. The unit of analysis was a white man who was obese. The inclusion criteria for the sample were: being older than 21; and complying with the acknowledged criterion for obesity of having a BMI greater than 30kg/m². A purposive sampling technique was employed with each of the 14 participants being interviewed on more than one occasion. Participants were expected to, and were able to describe their experiences of being obese retrospectively. The researcher made almost exclusive use of lengthy, individual, in-depth, unstructured interviews. Three themes emerged from the data namely the meaning of food, the sadness of obesity and coping with obesity. The findings from this study show that, as a social object, the obese man‟s eating habits and the meaning that food has for him are influenced by, and learnt from others such as his family during childhood and adolescence, and his married partner and work colleagues in young adulthood. Essentially, indulgence in eating is for the anticipated pleasure it brings. Thus several factors like marriage, friends and career influence the food trajectory of the obese man. The obese man‟s food trajectories affect his weight trajectory and have a negative impact on his experience of self. His overweight body gives rise to distressing physical constraints and causes emotional experiences of sadness. He is unable to make peace with his obese state and needs to consciously address the situation. Coping strategies used by the obese participants were critical in their handling of their obesity. In the process of self-appraisal they needed confirmation that they could handle the problem so that it did not influence the way they experienced their physical and inner selves. Regardless of all the coping strategies adopted, the participants were not totally able to handle their plight. It actually got worse and impacted extremely negatively on their well-being. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Consumer Science / unrestricted

The most advanced ports as of writing of this report are at least somewhat autonomous. Whether discussing the transporters between crane and stack (temporary storage) or cranes, the ports are shifting into a completely autonomous system. This ultimate goal presents a challenge in regards to unloading and loading cargo ships in the harbour. How do you achieve unloading of a ship without human intervention while still guaranteeing secure trajectories for the containers? ABB Ports in collaboration with the Division of Vehicular Systems at Linköping University have developed a simulation that utilises a simple control model to investigate the behaviour, limitations and capabilities of such an autonomous crane. Specifically, this simulation utilises a model of the dynamics of a Ship-to-Shore crane (STS), which has the task of unloading a ship. In order to set the crane model in context of realistic scenarios, some additions to the simulation are needed. One of these additions is obstacles. Before this thesis work, the model enjoyed an empty simulation environment to freely optimise how quickly the containers could be transported off of the ship. The addition of obstacles in the form of other containers on the cargo ship as well as the physical presence of the crane’s legs presents new challenges for the optimiser used to solve the optimal control problems formulated through the model in the simulation. The implementation of obstacles is one of the objectives for this thesis. This addition was implemented by modeling the obstacle dimensions and ship limitations by looking at the largest container ships in the world. Due to the simulation not containing obstacles previous to this thesis work, the initial guess provided to the solver initialised the solving in an area of convergence that is unfair to the solver, This rendered the simulation useless, as any obstacle presented to the solver would generate an infeasible solution. Another functionality needed for the obstacle implementation to be meaningful is a solution for guaranteeing safe trajectories for the containers from ship to shore. The solution utilised to reach this goal was to combine a convex hull and safety conditions where the convex hull covers the obstacles, including some padding to prevent collisions between the container carried (load) and obstacles. The safety conditions however calculates the potential positions of the load when an emergency stop occurs, and therefore can prevent the load from swinging into obstacles if there is an emergency stop. These implementations however changes the usefulness and performance of the simulation because of how they shrink the area of convergence for the solver and making some problems non-solvable. When considering both a convex hull and safety conditions, the usability of the simulations is harmed, but can still be utilised to learn about autonomous performance of the simulation. The optimal solutions include some interesting characteristics that can learn crane operators about how the control systems can be utilised. Such a simulation would benefit from continuous development in order to investigate further technologies and features that could improve both performance and usability. Areas such as homotopy, modelling ropes, comparison between simple and nuanced model would be truly interesting for future areas of investigation.