Insect herbivores often secrete glucose oxidase (GOX) onto plants to counteract plant defenses and potential pathogens. Whether generalist herbivores always have significantly higher GOX activities than their specialist counterparts at any comparable stage or conditions and how this is realized remain unknown. To address these two general questions, we subjected larvae of a pair of sister species differed mainly in host range, the generalist Helicoverpa armigera and its specialist counterpart Helicoverpa assulta, to the same sets of stage, protein to digestible carbohydrate (P:C) ratio, allelochemical or host plant treatments for simultaneous analyses of GOX transcripts and activities in their labial glands. GOX activity and transcripts are upregulated concurrently with food ingestion and body growth, downregulated with stopping ingestion and wandering for pupation in both species. The three tested host plants upregulated GOX transcripts, and to a lesser extent, GOX activity in both species. There were significant differences in both GOX transcripts and activity elicited by allelochemicals, but only in GOX transcripts by P:C ratios in both species. GOX activities were higher in H. armigera than H. assulta in all the comparable treatments, but GOX transcripts were significantly higher either in generalists or in specialists, depending on the developmental stages, host plants, P:C ratio and allelochemicals they encounter. These data indicate that the greater GOX activity in generalist herbivores is not achieved by greater transcription rate, but by greater transcript stability, greater translation rate, better enzyme stability and/or their combination.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des régulations post-transcriptionnelles en réponse à la lumière chez A.thaliana. Nous avons étudié deux systèmes de réponse à la lumière, la régulation traductionnelle des antennes photosynthétiques (Lhc) et la régulation de la voie des anthocyanes par le RNA silencing permettant la photoprotection. Dans une première partie nôtre approche a permis de montrer que la lumière a un impact sur le niveau de traduction global. De plus nous avons pu mettre en évidence que certaines Lhc sont régulées de façon traductionnelles en réponse à la lumière. Cette régulation pourrait être une composante du signal rétrograde entre le chlorolaste et le noyau. En parrallèle dans une seconde partie nous avons caractérisé la voie TAS4 de RNA silencing chez les plantes. Cette voie est mise en place en réponse à la forte lumière et régule l’accumulation des anthocyanes. / This work concerned post-transcriptional regulations in response to light in Arabidopsis thaliana. We are interested in two light responsive systems, translational regulation of the photosynthetic antenna protein and the regulation of the anthocyanin pathway by RNA silencing.In a first part we have shown that light affects global translation level. Furthermore our data indicate that some Lhc proteins are regulated at translational level in response to light. It seems that transaltional regulation of Lhc is a part of retrograde signaling between chlroroplast and nuclear. In a second part we have characterized the TAS4 RNA silencing pathway in Arabidopsis. We show that TAS4 regulate the accumulation of anthocyanin pathway in respose to high light.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Ischemic heart disease is a disease which is characterized by the reduced blood supply to the heart. According to WHO 2013, ischemic heart disease is one of the major causes of death globally. For this reason, it is imperative to search for methods whereby heart cells can be protected from cell death. The upregulation of heat shock proteins (Hsps) is one of the major techniques which can be used to protect the heart cells from Hsps cell death and improve the tolerance to ischemic stresses in various models. The increased expression of Hsps during heat shock pre-conditioning is regulated by heat shock transcription factors (HSFs). HSFs orchestrate the initiation of gene expression by binding to sequence motifs, known as cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs). Since gene expression is regulated at a transcriptional level, it is expected that functionally related genes (e.g. heat shock response genes) might also be regulated by the same transcription factors (TFs). In this study an in silico approach was performed to identify the promoter sequences of 50 known heat shock responsive genes using Genomatix Software. This software was also used to identify transcription factor binding sites that are statistically over represented in the promoter sequences of these genes. The use of the Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay was included to confirm that protein cell lysates of stressed cells contain proteins (TFs) that bind to this sequence (SP1F_KLFS_01). Luciferase promoter reporter assay were also used to iii investigate the transcriptional activity of mutant promoter constructs in which the SP1F_KLFS_01 was mutated. SP1F_KLFS_01 is a ±25 base pair sequence that was identified in the promoter sequences of 19 heat shock responsive genes, including the well-known Hsp70 and Hsp90. This sequence is a potential binding site for two TFs, Specificity Protein-1 and Krueppel like TFs. Consequently, the aim of this study is to identify CAREs that are statistically over-represented in the promoter regions of heat shock response genes. In conclusion, in vitro experiments of this study did not support the findings of the in silico experiments, therefore additional methods should be implemented to expand the investigation for the involvement of cis-acting regulatory elements in the regulation of heat shock proteins in cardiomyocytes, prior to heat shock.

No description available.

We have previously shown that the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) translocates to the cell nucleus, where it binds to enhancer-like regions and increases gene transcription. Further studies have demonstrated that nuclear IGF-1R (nIGF-1R) physically and functionally interacts with some nuclear proteins, i.e. the lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (Lef1), histone H3, and Brahma-related gene-1 proteins. In this study, we identified the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a nIGF-1R-binding partner. PCNA is a pivotal component of the replication fork machinery and a main regulator of the DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathway. We found that IGF-1R interacts with and phosphorylates PCNA in human embryonic stem cells and other cell lines. In vitro MS analysis of PCNA co-incubated with the IGF-1R kinase indicated tyrosine residues 60, 133, and 250 in PCNA as IGF-1R targets, and PCNA phosphorylation was followed by mono- and polyubiquitination. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that these ubiquitination events may be mediated by DDT-dependent E2/E3 ligases (e.g. RAD18 and SHPRH/HLTF). Absence of IGF-1R or mutation of Tyr-60, Tyr-133, or Tyr-250 in PCNA abrogated its ubiquitination. Unlike in cells expressing IGF-1R, externally induced DNA damage in IGF-1R-negative cells caused G(1) cell cycle arrest and S phase fork stalling. Taken together, our results suggest a role of IGF-1R in DDT.

The mechanisms that govern the repression of 5-HT1A receptor gene expression mediated by a novel mental retardation gene, Freud-1, were examined in HEK293 and SKNSH cells. This study provides a possible mechanism of 5-HT1A receptor gene regulation by Freud-1, which, to mediate its action, recruits Swi/Snf and Sin3A/histone deacetylase (HDAC) complexes in non-neuronal HEK293 cells and Swi/Snf only in neuronal, 5-HT1A receptor-expressing SKNSH cells. Thus, Freud-1 has a dual mechanism of repression depending on cell type: HDAC dependent in HEK293 cells and HDAC independent in SKNSH cells. In addition, I present evidence that Freud-1 is not sumoylated at its consensus sumoylation sites and I present the lipid binding properties of Freud-1 and Freud-1 mutants.

Le gène CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) a été identifié en 1989. Vingt-cinq ans après, les mécanismes contrôlant sa fine expression, sont encore mal compris. Bien qu’environ 1980 mutations aient été découvertes, il reste des patients pour qui le génotype n’a pas été établi. Les éléments de régulation, décrits au sein du promoteur, ne peuvent à eux seuls expliquer cette complexe régulation tissu spécifique. Des éléments de régulation à distance, en cis ou en trans, sont certainement impliqués dans ce contrôle d’expression. L’objectif de ce projet est de mieux décrypter les mécanismes de régulation à distance du gène CFTR en identifiant des séquences régulatrices éloignées, mais pouvant, par des mécanismes de repliement, interagir spécifiquement avec celui-ci. Afin d’étudier ces contacts chromosomiques, nous avons, dans un premier temps, mis au point la technique de Capture de Conformation Chromosomique (3C). Suite à cette technique, nous sommes passés à une approche à plus grande échelle, la technique de Copie Conforme de 3C (5C), qui permet de mesurer des milliers d’interactions chromatiniennes en une analyse. L’organisation spatiale d’une région d’environ 790 kb recouvrant le gène CFTR, a été analysée dans des cultures primaires de cellules épithéliales nasales, exprimant le gène CFTR et des fibroblastes de peau, ne l’exprimant pas ou très peu. Les interactions entre les régions de ce locus et le promoteur CFTR ont été étudiées par séquençage nouvelle génération sur Ion PGM™. Nous avons comparé ces conformations chromatiniennes afin d’identifier des éléments de régulation spécifiques d’une expression de CFTR. Notre approche a été validée par l’identification de régions régulatrices précédemment décrites. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence de nouveaux contacts chromatiniens avec le promoteur CFTR. Ces régions semblent fortement impliquées dans la régulation de l’expression du gène CFTR. Grâce à la technique 3C et ses variantes, l’identification de nouvelles mutations à distance du gène pourraient expliquer des dérégulations de son expression. / The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene was identified in 1989. Twenty five years later, the regulatory mechanisms controlling its complex expression are still not fully understood. Although, almost 1980 mutations have been identified, many cases of cystic fibrosis or CFTR Related Disorders remain still of unknown origin. The promoter which binds transcription factors and drives some aspects of CFTR gene expression, cannot alone account for tissue specific control. This implicates other distal cis- or trans-acting elements in cell-type-specific regulation of CFTR expression. The aim of our project is to study long-range regulatory elements of the CFTR gene, which could interact specifically with the CFTR promoter by tri-dimensional folding mechanism. We first developed the Chromosome Conformation Captures (3C) approach to map these chromosomal contacts. Subsequently, we enhanced our analyses with a high-throughput adaptation of 3C: the 3C-Carbon Copy (5C) technology. This approach allows the analysis of millions chromatin interactions. Thus, we have analyzed the spatial organization of a ～790kb region, comprising the CFTR gene, in primary nasal epithelial cells, which express the gene, and primary skin fibroblasts, which do not express the gene. Interactions between this locus and the CFTR promoter have been analysed by next generation sequencing with the Ion PGM™. We have compared chromatin conformation in order to identify uncharacterized regulatory elements that act especially in CFTR-expressing cells. Our approach has been validated by the identification of previously characterized regulatory elements. Moreover, we identify novel chromatin contacts of the CFTR promoter with chromosomal regions, which could potentially be involved in CFTR gene expression regulation. Thanks to 3C and 3C-derivated analyses, we could identify new possible mutations far from the gene, which may lead to its dysfunction by modifying the chromatin conformation or regulatory elements.

This study focuses on understanding the mechanisms of expression control of a phospholipid biosynthetic gene, INO1. This study also includes investigation into transcriptional regulation of SNA3, a gene in tandem upstream of INO1. INO1 expression is a prevailing model for transcription studies. INO1 is repressed under growth conditions with inositol and derepressed by two transcription activators, Ino2 and Ino4, when inositol is absent. Coordination of the centromeric binding factor, Cbf1, with Ino2 and Ino4 is required for efficient derepression of INO1. Transcription of the INO1 adjacent SNA3 gene is also influenced by inositol. INO1 and SNA3 are co-regulated by Cbf1, Ino2 and Ino4. However, the mechanism of this co-regulation is not fully understood. A separate aspect of INO1 expression is its growth phase regulation. Under inositol depleted conditions, the expression of INO1 increases during log phase and decreases during stationary phase. Most genes in yeast are believed to be expressed at a constant level through all growth phases. It is unclear how INO1 growth phase regulation takes place. The first part of my work focused on exploring the mechanism through which Cbf1, Ino2 and Ino4 control the inositol-mediated regulation of INO1 and SNA3. This included determining the necessity of the Cbf1 binding site for Ino2 and Ino4 binding, as well as for the inositol mediated regulation of INO1 and SNA3. The second part of my work focused on understanding the growth phase regulation of INO1. This includes examining the expression of INO1 in individual cells in a growing population.

No description available.

The TCF/LEF transcriptional factors regulate the target genes of the Wnt signalling pathway - one of the key signalling mechanisms involved in development of multicellular organisms. The TCF/LEF genes produce a number of various protein isoforms, which consequently leads to a great functional diversity of the TCF/LEF proteins. In this diploma project we focused on the Caenorhabditis elegans gene pop-1, the ortholog of the TCF/LEF genes, whose isoforms have not been studied yet. Using the Northern blot analysis we tried to identify alternative isoforms of the pop-1 mRNA in C. elegans. Using quantitative RT-PCR we also analyzed the pop-1 mRNA levels during seven developmental stages of C. elegans. Further, we also determined the expression profile of two important partners of pop-1, the bar-1 and sys-1 genes, whose protein products function as transcriptional co-activators. Key words: canonical Wnt signaling pathway, TCF/LEF transcription factors, Caenorhabditis elegans, pop-1