La résistance à l’insuline et le diabète de type 2 (DT2) sont caractérisés par une hyperlipidémie. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer si le DT2 contribue au dérèglement du métabolisme du cholestérol au niveau du petit intestin et du foie du Psammomys obesus, un modèle animal nutritionnel d’induction de la résistance à l’insuline et du DT2. L’absorption intestinale du cholestérol est diminuée chez les animaux diabétiques. Cette diminution est associée à une baisse (i) de l’expression génique et protéique de NPC1-L1 qui joue un rôle primordial dans l’absorption du cholestérol au niveau des entérocytes; et (ii) de l’ARNm de l’ABCA1 responsable de l’efflux de cholestérol des cellules intestinales à l’apolipoprotéine A-I et aux HDLs. En ce qui a trait aux transporteurs SR-B1 et Annexin II, aucune différence n’a été observée au niveau intestinal. Toutefois, une diminution significative de l’expression génique de l’ABCG5, un intervenant majeur dans la sécrétion du cholestérol des entérocytes vers la lumière intestinale, est mesurée chez les animaux diabétiques. De plus, l’expression protéique est diminuée pour le PCSK9 et augmentée pour le LDLr au niveau du jéjunum, tandis que la quantité de protéine de l’enzyme HMG-CoA réductase est régulée à la baisse chez les Psammomys obesus diabétiques. Finalement, de tous les facteurs de transcription testés seule une augmentation de LXR et une diminution de PPAR/δ sont détectées au niveau de l’intestin. Au niveau hépatique, il y a (i) une augmentation de la masse protéique de NPC1-L1, SR-BI et Annexin II; (ii) une élévation l’ARNm de SR-BI; (iii) une diminution du contenu protéique de ABCG8 et de l’expression génique de l’ABCG5 et de l’ABCA1; et (iv) une élévation de l’ARNm de LXR et de PPAR/δ, tout comme une baisse de l’expression protéique de SREBP-2. Somme toute, nos résultats montrent que le développement du diabète de type 2 chez le Psammomys obesus entraîne un changement dans la machinerie intra-entérocytaire et hépatocytaire, qui mène à un dérèglement de l’homéostasie du cholestérol. / Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are characterized by hyperlipidemia. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether T2D contributes to abnormal cholesterol homeostasis in the small intestine and liver of Psammomys obesus, a model of nutritionally induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetic animals exhibited a lower intestinal cholesterol uptake, which was associated with a decrease in (i) the gene and protein expression of NPC1L1, which plays a pivotal role in cholesterol incorporation in the enterocytes; and (ii) mRNA of ABCA1 that mediates cholesterol efflux from intestinal cells to apolipoprotein A-I and HDL. No changes were observed in the other intestinal transporters SR-BI and Annexin II. On the other hand, in diabetic animals, a significant mRNA decrease was noticed in ABCG5 responsible for the secretion of absorbed cholesterol back into the lumen. Furthermore, jejunal PCSk9 protein was diminished and LDLr was raised, along with a significant downregulation in jejunal HMG-CoA reductase in diabetic Psammomys obesus. Finally, among the transcription factors tested, only an increase in LXR and a decrease in PPAR/δ were detected in the intestine. In the liver, there was (i) an augmentation in the protein mass of NPC1L1, SR-BI and Annexin II; (ii) an upregulation of SR-BI mRNA; (iii) a fall in ABCG8 protein content, ABCG5 mRNA and ABCA1 mRNA; and (iv) an augmentation in LXR and PPAR/δ mRNA, as well as a drop in SREBP-2 protein. Overall, our findings show that the development of type 2 diabetes in Psammomys obesus modifies the whole intra-enterocyte and hepatocyte machinery, causing alterations in cholesterol homeostasis.

La résistance à l’insuline et le diabète de type 2 (DT2) sont caractérisés par une hyperlipidémie. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer si le DT2 contribue au dérèglement du métabolisme du cholestérol au niveau du petit intestin et du foie du Psammomys obesus, un modèle animal nutritionnel d’induction de la résistance à l’insuline et du DT2. L’absorption intestinale du cholestérol est diminuée chez les animaux diabétiques. Cette diminution est associée à une baisse (i) de l’expression génique et protéique de NPC1-L1 qui joue un rôle primordial dans l’absorption du cholestérol au niveau des entérocytes; et (ii) de l’ARNm de l’ABCA1 responsable de l’efflux de cholestérol des cellules intestinales à l’apolipoprotéine A-I et aux HDLs. En ce qui a trait aux transporteurs SR-B1 et Annexin II, aucune différence n’a été observée au niveau intestinal. Toutefois, une diminution significative de l’expression génique de l’ABCG5, un intervenant majeur dans la sécrétion du cholestérol des entérocytes vers la lumière intestinale, est mesurée chez les animaux diabétiques. De plus, l’expression protéique est diminuée pour le PCSK9 et augmentée pour le LDLr au niveau du jéjunum, tandis que la quantité de protéine de l’enzyme HMG-CoA réductase est régulée à la baisse chez les Psammomys obesus diabétiques. Finalement, de tous les facteurs de transcription testés seule une augmentation de LXR et une diminution de PPAR/δ sont détectées au niveau de l’intestin. Au niveau hépatique, il y a (i) une augmentation de la masse protéique de NPC1-L1, SR-BI et Annexin II; (ii) une élévation l’ARNm de SR-BI; (iii) une diminution du contenu protéique de ABCG8 et de l’expression génique de l’ABCG5 et de l’ABCA1; et (iv) une élévation de l’ARNm de LXR et de PPAR/δ, tout comme une baisse de l’expression protéique de SREBP-2. Somme toute, nos résultats montrent que le développement du diabète de type 2 chez le Psammomys obesus entraîne un changement dans la machinerie intra-entérocytaire et hépatocytaire, qui mène à un dérèglement de l’homéostasie du cholestérol. / Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are characterized by hyperlipidemia. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether T2D contributes to abnormal cholesterol homeostasis in the small intestine and liver of Psammomys obesus, a model of nutritionally induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetic animals exhibited a lower intestinal cholesterol uptake, which was associated with a decrease in (i) the gene and protein expression of NPC1L1, which plays a pivotal role in cholesterol incorporation in the enterocytes; and (ii) mRNA of ABCA1 that mediates cholesterol efflux from intestinal cells to apolipoprotein A-I and HDL. No changes were observed in the other intestinal transporters SR-BI and Annexin II. On the other hand, in diabetic animals, a significant mRNA decrease was noticed in ABCG5 responsible for the secretion of absorbed cholesterol back into the lumen. Furthermore, jejunal PCSk9 protein was diminished and LDLr was raised, along with a significant downregulation in jejunal HMG-CoA reductase in diabetic Psammomys obesus. Finally, among the transcription factors tested, only an increase in LXR and a decrease in PPAR/δ were detected in the intestine. In the liver, there was (i) an augmentation in the protein mass of NPC1L1, SR-BI and Annexin II; (ii) an upregulation of SR-BI mRNA; (iii) a fall in ABCG8 protein content, ABCG5 mRNA and ABCA1 mRNA; and (iv) an augmentation in LXR and PPAR/δ mRNA, as well as a drop in SREBP-2 protein. Overall, our findings show that the development of type 2 diabetes in Psammomys obesus modifies the whole intra-enterocyte and hepatocyte machinery, causing alterations in cholesterol homeostasis.

This researcher investigates the role of communication satisfaction in job satisfaction in the Department of Communications, a government policy-making institution that deals with post, telecommunications, and broadcasting services in South Africa. This study describes communication satisfaction as the overall degree of satisfaction an employee perceives in his total communication environment and job satisfaction as the degree of satisfaction the individual feels with his job. Focus groups are used to explore the role of communication satisfaction in job satisfaction in the Department of Communications because they are appropriate and suitable in capturing the discussions reflecting emotions, particularly uncovering individuals' feelings about their environment. The emphasis is on finding out how communication motivates and makes employees satisfied in their jobs. Qualitative content analysis, based on transcriptions from audiotapes, is used for interpretation and analysis of the data. These transcnptions reflect the descriptive nature of the data and people's own spoken words. / Communication Science / M. A. (Communication)

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe themes of resilience in the expressions and behaviours of six-year-old children with regard to the mother-child relationship, where the mothers are infected with HIV&AIDS. Themes of resilience were investigated within the framework of positive psychology. A study of limited scope was conducted from a phenomenological paradigm. I followed a mixed method methodological paradigm based on a case study design. I purposefully selected eleven six-year-old participants whose mothers are infected with HIV&AIDS from a five-year randomised control trail study (Kgolo Mmogo). Qualitative data collection methods included the transcriptions of structured baseline interviews relating to the Kinaesthetic Family Drawing (KFD), as well as the KFD per se. I utilised the scores from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (Vineland) as uantitative data collection strategy. The transcriptions were analysed by means of an inductive thematic analysis. For the analysis of the KFD I developed and piloted a framework of analysis. The raw scores from the Vineland were compared with the appropriate age norms and compared with themes of resilience identified from the KFD as well as the transcripts of the interviews. I identified both internal and external resources of resilience. The findings of my study illustrate the presence of themes of resilience as well as non-resilience within the participants and the mother-child relationships. More factors of resilience (protective factors) than non-resilience (risk factors) were identified. Secondly, it seems possible to use the KFD with the Vineland when exploring resilience as insights from both mother and child participants are measured. The integrated results from the different data sources indicate that although the results of the KFD and the transcriptions did not correlate with the results obtained from the Vineland, the results from the different data sources supplement one another. The use of the KFD as a measure to generate data related to resilience made it possible to evaluate adaptation and resilience in a specific cultural context unlike the Vineland. The results from the data sources indicate resilience and/or non-resilience in the mother-child relationship in terms of three categories namely, protective factors (Expressive Language Skills, Interpersonal Relationships and Play and Leisure Time), risk factors (Coping Skills and Gross Motor Skills) and a balance between protective and risk factors (Receptive Language, Daily Living Skills, personal and domestic, as well as Fine Motor Skills). It is feasible to use the KFD as a measure to identify themes of resilience and non-resilience when the drawing is accompanied by an interview. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

In the case of Concerto for Orchestra, Béla Bartók transcribed one of his most emblematic orchestral compositions to his own solo instrument, the piano. This transcription's primary function was to suffice for ballet rehearsal accompaniment for the choreography to be introduced alongside a performance of the orchestral work. György Sándor, Bartók's pupil and pianist, prepared the original manuscript for publication. Logan Skelton, pianist-composer, used this published edition as a point of departure for his own piano arrangement of the same work. György Sándor took an editorial approach to the score and followed the manuscript as literally as possible. On the other hand, Logan Skelton treated the same musical material daringly, striving for technical simplicity and a richer orchestral sound. The purpose of this study is to examine and identify the contrasting treatments pertaining to playability, text, and texture in the Bartók-Sándor edition and Skelton arrangement of the two movements, Elegia and Finale, of the Concerto for Orchestra piano arrangement.György Sándor took an editorial approach to the score and followed the manuscript as literally as possible. On the other hand, Logan Skelton treated the same musical material daringly, striving for technical simplicity and a richer orchestral sound. The purpose of this study is to examine and identify the contrasting treatments pertaining to playability, text, and texture in the Bartók-Sándor edition and Skelton arrangement of the two movements, Elegia and Finale, of the Concerto for Orchestra piano arrangement.

This dissertation examines a recent work for flute and piano, Here Everything Shines, by a living composer, Charlotte Bray, including a study, analysis and performance guide. The composition was largely inspired by the late Cape Verdean singer Cesária Évora and her song Petit Pays. My research explores the influence of Évora's song on Here Everything Shines, including the melodic development, tonal center, style and freedom of her singing and the impact the song has on a performer's interpretation of Here Everything Shines. The study examines the text of the song, the emotions evoked and reflects on the compositional elements in Here Everything Shines. Originally written for flute and guitar and commissioned by Tom Kerstens for International Guitar Foundation, Here Everything Shines was published in 2015. Bray transcribed it for violin and piano at request of Darragh Morgan and Mary Dullea and subsequently for flute and piano at my request. This dissertation compares the three versions for flute and guitar, violin and piano, and flute and piano and examines the variations between flute and violin as well as guitar and piano parts. The performance guide includes the composer's input on both interpretation and implementation of her ideas throughout the work.

[pt] O estudo se ocupa em investigar como são realizadas interações entre alunos surdos e ouvintes e professor ouvinte em um curso de Graduação de Letras-Libras, em que se faz uso da Libras, do Português e de outras formas de linguagem, incluindo a alternância e sobreposição modal de códigos. A pesquisa se justifica pelo recente e crescente contingente de surdos jovens e adultos que ingressam no ensino superior no Brasil, fenômeno do contexto socio educacional de transição, no bojo das transformações socioculturais e históricas iniciadas especialmente a partir do reconhecimento e regulamentação do uso da Libras pela Lei 10.436 de 2002 e do Decreto 5.626 de 2005. Em termos teóricos, o estudo busca articular conceitos da Sociolinguística Interacional, da Análise da Conversa em contexto institucional e de Línguas em Contato na interação, na ordem micro e macro, na relação com os Estudos Surdos. A metodologia da pesquisa é qualitativa e interpretativa, com gravação de dados mediante método etnográfico de investigação. Foram gravadas e analisadas sete interações em sete aulas diferentes em que o pesquisador atuou como professor. É importante destacar, nas convenções de transcrição, a discussão sobre a necessidade de se adequar os modelos de convenções existentes em língua oral e língua de sinais às especificidades da fala em interação com surdos e ouvintes em um contexto bi/multilíngue, com línguas em contato. A partir da discussão, foi proposto um novo modelo de convenções de transcrição, para língua oral e língua de sinais, com foco na interação. Na análise dos dados, emergiram práticas comunicativas de caráter transidiomático que fazem parte dos repertórios linguísticos dos interagentes. Foram estabelecidos dois capítulos, a partir de sete interações. O primeiro desses capítulos, de número 4, tem foco nas interações 1 e 3, e foi dedicado principalmente aos enquadres com foco na entrada dos alunos no curso Letras-Libras. Os resultados indicam que os alunos constroem identidades a partir do foco no outro e no grupo. Apontam também expectativas profissionais dos alunos em relação às opções do curso. Os resultados do segundo capítulo de análise, o capítulo 5, a partir das interações 2, 4, 5, 6 e 7, indicaram, sobretudo, as relações coconstruídas entre professor e alunos surdos e ouvintes em práticas transidiomáticas que imprimiram o caráter bi/multilíngue da sala de aula. Evidenciaram diferenças na propensão para a adesão ao enquadre institucional pelos alunos, com relações de negociação de conflito e a busca de afirmação linguística entre eles, e co construção de conhecimento entre professor e alunos. Embora o professor, enquanto representante institucional, tenha escolhido Libras como língua de instrução, nos dados analisados, as línguas em contato na sala de aula indicaram práticas multilíngues dos alunos, com o uso de Libras, Português e outras formas de linguagem misturadas. A pesquisa mostra-se importante para gerar reflexões sobre como os alunos percebem a sua entrada em um Curso Letras-Libras e como professor e alunos entendem o que está acontecendo no aqui e agora desta sala de aula, em um contexto socio educacional em construção, que se mostrou multilíngue, na transição em reconhecimento dos sujeitos surdos como minoria linguística. / [en] The study is concerned about investigating how interactions between deaf and hearing students and hearing teacher are carried out in an undergraduate course where Libras, Portuguese and other forms of language are used, including code-switching and code-blending. The research is justified by the recent and growing contingent of deaf youngsters and adults who enter higher education in Brazil, a phenomenon of the socio-economic context of transition, in the context of socio-cultural and historical transformations, initiated especially with the recognition and regulation of the use of Libras by Federal Law 10,436 in 2002 and by the Federal Decree 5,626 in 2005. In theoretical terms, the study seeks to articulate concepts of Interaction Sociolinguistics, Conversation Analysis in an institutional context, and Languages in Contact in interaction, on the micro and macro levels, as they pertain to Deaf Studies. The methodology of the research is qualitative and interpretative, with data recording employing an ethnographic research method. Seven interactions were recorded and analyzed in seven different classes in which ones the researcher has acted as teacher. It is important to highlight, in the conventions of transcription, the discussion about the need to adapt the existing models of conventions in oral and sign language to the specificities of speech in interaction with deaf and hearing people in a multilingual context, with languages in contact. From the discussion, a new model of conventions of transcription was proposed, for oral language and sign language, with a focus on interaction. In the data analysis, transidiomatic practices emerged as communicative repertoires of the participants. Two chapters were established, from seven interactions. The first of these chapters, chapter 4, focusing on interactions 1 and 3, was mainly devoted to students frames, with a focus on the entry in the Letras-Libras Course. The results indicate that students construct self-identities out of the focus on other students and of the groups themselves. They also point out the student s professional expectations regarding course options. The results of chapter 5, from interactions 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7, indicated, above all, the co-constructed relationships in the classroom between teacher and deaf and hearing students into transidiomatic practices that that have produced the bi-multilingual character of the classroom. They showed differences among students in propensity to adhering to the institutional frames, with conflicting relationships and the search for linguistic affirmation among the students, as well as co-construction of knowledge between teacher and students. Although the teacher, as an institutional representative, had chosen Libras as the language of instruction, in the data analyzed, the languages in contact in the classroom indicated multilingual practices on the part of the students, who used Libras, Portuguese and other mixed forms of language. The research suggests the necessity to generate reflections on how students perceive the entry into a Letras-Libras Course and how the teacher and students understand what is happening in the here and now of this undergraduate classroom in a socio-educational context under construction, which proved to be multilingual in the transition in recognition of deaf subjects as a linguistic minority.