When two or more languages come in contact, they influence each other in various ways, for example through word borrowing, transfer of sounds, morphology and syntax taken from one language system and imported to another. In this study, the primary concern is on the indigenous communities of Uganda learning the English language, plus the influence that this interaction brings into the linguistic space. Bringing the Ugandan multilingual situation into perspective, the study looks at how the English language has interacted with the local languages and the local speech habits, customs and traditions of the indigenous people, to the extent that it has been indigenized. Some word usage results in miscommunication due to the socio-cultural uniqueness of Ugandan cultural expressions. As an example, because of the practice of polygamy in most Ugandan cultures, words like co-wife are coined to mean 'a woman who shares a husband, or a husband's other wife', a word that is absent in both the language and culture of native English speakers. Furthermore some words are formed by calquing some indigenous language expressions, e.g. 'to eat money' or 'to eat cash', an expression that is calqued from the Luganda phrase, kulya sente. Such word coinages are meant to fill the 'shortfall' where the English language fails to provide adequate equivalents. Understanding the context of this kind of English usage and the influence from the indigenous languages is helpful in handling inter-cultural discourses, as the same expression may convey different senses to different people in different contexts. So then, this study deals with some peculiarities of Ugandan English, namely; the features of Ugandan English grammar which are influenced by the indigenous languages. Evidence from the Corpus of Ugandan English is explored to establish that indigenous languages in Uganda have a significant influence on the English language variety spoken in the country, and that a large part of English bilingual speakers cannot speak English without transferring the features from their mother tongue or indeed, switching and mixing codes. A British corpus was used for the purposes of comparison with Ugandan English. The research was conducted in Uganda, drawing data from English newspapers, radio and television talk -shows that were recorded to provide a structural analysis of the contact situations. The result of the study points to the fact that, indeed, the phonological, morpho-syntactic and semantic characteristics of Ugandan English have a considerable amount of influence from indigenous local languages. This study is hinged on the assumption that when indigenous languages and the target language come together in a linguistic contact situation, the resulting variety would exhibit distinct phonological, lexical, grammatical and semantic/pragmatic features ( cf. Sankoff, 2001; Thomason, 1995; Thomason & Kaufman, 1988; Winford, 2005). However, some of these innovations have attracted criticism from 'prescriptivists' such as Quirk (1985, 1988, 1990); Gaudio (2011); and Abbot (1991) who perceive them as 'nonstandard', 'incorrect English language usage' and a 'direct translation from the language user's mother tongue into English'. Yet, indigenous languages continue to play important roles in shaping the kind of English language usage in Uganda.

Com a crescente oferta de cursos superiores de design no Brasil, considerou-se que parte dos egressos destes cursos não seguem atuando nesta área. Notou-se que, com o advento de publicações sobre o tema do design thinking e sobre o ensino de elementos do design na educação geral, há valorização dos atributos da formação do designer para resolver problemas em outras áreas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a possibilidade de aspectos da formação em design permearem a atuação de ex-alunos deste curso no desempenho de outras atividades profissionais. Metodologia de projeto, antecipação construtiva, capacidade criativa, uso de linguagem visual, pensamento abstrato, análise crítica, noções de gestalt e de semiótica, entre outros elementos, fazem parte da formação do designer e interferem em sua forma de pensar e de resolver problemas. Esta pesquisa se baseou em métodos qualitativos de investigação, empregando, sobretudo, entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade com diversas categorias de respondentes afetas à temática. / With the growing offer of higher education courses in design in Brazil, some that graduate from these courses end up not working in this area. The advent of publications on the subject of design thinking and on the teaching of design elements in general education, the attributes of designer\'s academic background for solving problems in other areas are being valued. The object of this research was to check for the possibility that aspects of their background in design might permeate the actions of former students of this course when carrying out other professional activities. Project methodology, constructive anticipation, creative capacity, the use of visual language, abstract thinking, critical analysis, notions of Gestalt and semiotics and other elements form part of the designer\'s education and interfere in his/her way of thinking and solving problems. This research is based on qualitative methods of investigation and uses, in particular, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with many different categories of respondents who are devoted to this subject.

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The multiple case study investigated levels and types of transfer observed in a K-8 STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) academy in a project-based learning (PBL) environment. The academy was constructed two years prior to the study and conducive to PBL instruction. The students and teachers were in the second year of using PBL in the subject of science at the time of the study. The grade levels observed were second, fourth, and sixth grade and each grade level had three PBL units examined from the beginning to the end of the unit. The nine case studies, from the three different grade levels, were observed to identify Haskell's levels and types of transfer as determined by project requirements, observation of students, completed projects, and student interviews. The findings from this study showed that while projects moved the students beyond knowledge acquisition to application of knowledge in completed projects such as books, films, dances, etc., higher levels of transfer and more types of transfer were not evident. Therefore, based on the results of this study, the evidence of lower levels of transfer suggests that the PBL units, though inventive and potentially valuable to student learning, were not designed for higher levels of transfer.

The instructional practices of three current classroom teachers who formerly served as Servant Leader Interns (SLIs) in the Children’s Defense Fund Freedom Schools (CDFFS) Program were examined. Haskell (2001) outlined eleven principles of transfer of learning, which were used to survey the levels of transfer established from service in Freedom Schools to practice in the traditional classroom. Individual surveys, The Freedom School Pedagogies Teacher Observation Record (FSPTOR) along with interviews of each participant were used for data collection; all three components were used to triangulate the findings. The findings from this study verified that low transfer was observed when the minimal application of the principles of learning was applied. This study revealed that for transfer to occur at high levels, it is imperative that adherence to all 11 principals is made, and the understanding of transfer, the application of transfer, and reflection on transfer are implemented. If the transfer of instructional practices is a goal of CDFFS for SLIs, the CDFFS program should consider implementing transfer of learning theory in future SLI training.

Le contrôle moteur a traditionnellement été étudié séparément des autres processus cognitifs qui sous-tendent la parole, dans la lignée de théories de la cognition présentant le cerveau comme un ensemble de modules relativement indépendants (Fodor & Pylyshyn, 2007). Cependant les recherches autour de la cognition incarnée (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1991) et située (Barsalou, 2008), ainsi que des systèmes dynamiques (Smith & Thelen, 2003), menées ces trois dernières décennies soulignent que la cognition ne peut pas être considérée séparément d’un corps et de son environnement. Ce cadre constitue une source d’inspiration pour cette thèse et une motivation pour étudier les processus sensorimoteurs de la parole en lien avec les autres processus cognitifs.La parole peut-être décomposée en séquence d’unités linguistiques structurées sous forme d’une hiérarchie. Nous soutenons que ces unités sont ancrées dans des représentations sensorimotrices, associant une structure linguistique avec des informations perceptives et motrices. Ces unités correspondent-elles à des mots ? Des syllabes ? Des phonèmes ? Pour sonder les représentations assurant l’articulation de la parole, nous proposons d’utiliser un paradigme d’apprentissage auditorimoteur basé sur la perturbation du retour auditif (Caudrelier & Rochet-Capellan, accepté). Ce paradigme permet de modifier chez un locuteur des représentations sensorimotrices spécifiques, les représentations qui sous-tendent la production d’un item d’entrainement, par exemple un mot. Nous faisons ainsi l’hypothèse que si cette modification affecte la prononciation d’un autre mot, cela veut dire que la production de ce mot s’appuie sur une partie de ces représentations. Ainsi, l’observation du transfert d’apprentissage permet de révéler la structure de représentations qui assurent la production de parole.Une première étude chez l’adulte montre que le transfert d’apprentissage auditorimoteur a lieu à la fois aux niveaux du phonème, de la syllabe et du mot (Caudrelier, Schwartz, Perrier, Gerber, & Rochet-Capellan, 2018). Ces observations suggèrent que ces unités co-contribuent à l’articulation de la parole chez l’adulte. Les résultats sont mis en perspective par rapport aux théories et modèles de production de parole. Une 2ème expérience suggère que la modalité de présentation du stimulus (un mot à lire ou une image à dénommer) peut influencer le transfert d’apprentissage auditorimoteur (Caudrelier, Perrier, Schwartz, & Rochet-Capellan, 2018). Une 3ème étude chez des enfants de 4-5 ans et de 7-8 ans montre que les représentations du phonème émergent avant l’acquisition de la lecture (Caudrelier et al., en révision). De plus, un lien entre adaptation à la perturbation auditive et conscience phonologique est mis en évidence dans les deux groupes d’âge. Le potentiel caractère prédictif ou causal de ce lien est discuté.En conclusion, cette thèse exploite un outil original et productif pour explorer les représentations de la parole et étudier leur développement. Ce travail pourrait avoir des implications cliniques, pour la rééducation de la parole, et pour la dyslexie développementale. Il met en évidence des liens entre les niveaux sensorimoteurs, linguistiques et contextuels qui questionnent la nature des représentations qui sous-tendent la parole. / Speech motor control has traditionally been studied apart from other cognitive processes underlying speech production, since first cognitive theories presented the brain as a set of relatively independent modules (Fodor & Pylyshyn, 2007), taken apart from the body. However developments in embodied cognition (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1991), grounded cognition (Barsalou, 2008) and dynamic systems (Smith & Thelen, 2003) occurred in the last three decades underline that cognition cannot be considered separately from a body and its environment. These frameworks constitute an inspiration for this thesis and a motivation to study motor control and sensorimotor processes in relation to other cognitive processes. Whether linguistic structures are grounded in sensorimotor processes will be an underlying question.A spoken message can be decomposed into sequences of linguistic units hierarchically structured. We argue that these speech units are grounded in sensorimotor representations, associating linguistic structures with auditory and motor information. Do these units correspond to words? Syllables? Phonemes? To probe the building blocks of speech production, we propose to use a paradigm of auditory-motor learning based on auditory feedback perturbation (Caudrelier & Rochet-Capellan, in press). This paradigm actually enables to change specific internal sensorimotor representations in speakers. Adaptation induces updating sensorimotor representations underlying the production of the training item. We assume that if this change affects the pronunciation of another word, it means that this word uses some of these updated representations. Thus, transfer patterns may reveal the structure of representations at stake.A first study in adults shows that transfer of auditory-motor learning occurs at word, syllable, and phoneme levels in parallel (Caudrelier, Schwartz, Perrier, Gerber, & Rochet-Capellan, 2018). These observations suggest that all these units may co-contribute to the organization of speech articulation in adult speakers. Experimental results are discussed in the light of existing theories and models of speech production. A second experiment suggests that whether a speaker reads a word aloud or names a picture may have an influence on the transfer of auditory-motor learning (Caudrelier, Perrier, Schwartz, & Rochet-Capellan, 2018). A third study in 4- to 5-year-old and 7- to 8 year-old children investigates whether phoneme sensorimotor representations may emerge during reading acquisition, or prior to it (Caudrelier et al., in revision). The observed transfer patterns suggest that phoneme representations emerge before reading acquisition, as a consequence of speech experience. Moreover, we found a relationship between adaptation to auditory perturbation and phonological awareness scores in both age groups. This suggests a link between sensorimotor representations and more explicit phonological representations. The potential causal or predictive nature of this link is discussed.Overall, this work exploits an original and fruitful tool to probe speech representations and study their development. It may have clinical implications with regards to speech rehabilitation, as well as developmental dyslexia. It also highlights connections between speech sensorimotor level and higher linguistic and contextual levels that further question the nature of speech representations.

Support from managers, training specialists, and human resource development specialists is needed if social service employees are to transfer learning to their organizations. There is a gap in the literature about managers, training specialists, and HRD specialists familiarizing employees with learning transfer expectations. This study addressed the way social service employees transferred what was learned after attending normal training classes. The research questions focused on learning transfer expectations for the employees, conditions that addressed during the learning transfer, processes that are in place where there was not a learning transfer initiative, and the way learning was used by employee. The study utilized a case study approach and thematic analysis based on theoretical frameworks of McGregor's theory X and theory Y, Drucker's management by objectives theory, Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick's 4 levels of training evaluation. Data were collected from open-ended interviews with 15 human resources officials in 1 agency. Data were inductively coded and analyzed for themes and patterns. Findings yielded themes of inconsistencies such as familiarizing employees with learning transfer expectations, differences of factors or conditions that addressed the learning transfer function or activity, not having a learning transfer initiative or instructions, and having an informal way of using what employees acquire from training limited policies and procedures, and a lack of direction. These changes could promote awareness of the social service community to encourage regular updates on training, practice new learning, partner and collaborate with stakeholders, review training offerings, and use technology.

One of most prevalent issues surrounding English education internationally is the differentiation between Native English-Speaking Teachers (NESTs) and Non-native English-Speaking Teachers (NNESTs). What is sometimes termed the "Native speaker fallacy" is the notion that in order to be a proficient teacher of the English language one must either be a native speaker or possess native like fluency (Phillipson, 1992). This position is furthered by Hollidays Native Speakerism (Holliday, 2006) which suggests that within the field of English Language Teaching (ELT) there is an assumption that NESTs are better equipped to teach English language learners due to language proficiency and Western teaching methodology. Today, instructors who are native speakers of English are more sought after on the international market than their non-native English-speaking counterparts. NNESTs have less access to employment, fair wages and job security due to the perceived differences in language ability (Barry, 2011). The distinction between the two classes of teachers underscores the belief that NNESTs are often treated as second-class citizens (Braine, 1999). Subsequently, when employers and colleagues note the differences between English variety and dialect NNESTs' social and teacher identity in the classroom may be jeopardized (Varghese et al., 2005). The purpose of this qualitative, ethnographic case study is to explore the socio-historical lives of two NNESTs living in the Pacific Northwest. Specifically, this study is concerned with the way in which two NNESTs perceive their social and teacher identity in relation to being bilingual speakers teaching English. This study attempts to explore in a non-dichotomous fashion the manner in which these two actors describe and interpret their roles and positions as NNESTs.

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No description available.