The concepts of engine downsizing and down-speeding offer reductions in CO2 emissions from passenger cars. These reductions are achieved by reducing pumping and friction losses at part-load operation. Conventionally, rated torque and power for downsized units are recovered by means of turbocharging. The transient response of such engines is, however, affected by the static and dynamic characteristics of the turbo-machinery. Recent advances in engine simulation and control tools have been employed for the purpose of the research reported in this thesis to identify and verify possible air-path enhancements. A systematic method for evaluating various turbocharger assistance concepts is proposed and discussed in this thesis. To ensure a fair comparison of selected candidate systems, an easily reconfigurable controller providing a close-to-optimal operation, while satisfying physical limits, is formulated. This controller is based on the Model Predictive Control framework and uses a linearised mean value model to optimise the predicted behaviour of the engine. Initially, the controller was applied to a 1D simulation model of a conventional light-duty Diesel engine, for which the desired closed-loop features were verified. This procedure was subsequently applied to various air-path enhancement systems. In this thesis, a turbocharger electric assistance and various concepts based on compressed gas injection were considered. The capability of these systems to improve engine response during third gear tip-in manoeuvre was quantified. This investigation was also complemented with a parametric study of how effectively each of the considered methods used its available resources. As a result, injecting compressed gas into the exhaust manifold was identified as an effective method, which to date has attracted limited attention from engine research community. The effectiveness of the exhaust manifold assistance was experimentally verified on a light-duty Diesel engine. The sensitivity of the improvements to compressed gas supply parameters was also investigated. This led to the development of the BREES system: a low component count, compressed gas based system for reducing turbo-lag. It was shown that during braking manoeuvres a tank can be charged to the level sufficient for a subsequent boost assistance event. Such a functionality was implemented with a very limited set of additional components and only minor changes to the standard engine control.

No description available.

This paper deals with an implementation trigonometric collocation method for ANSYS program system and its application with databases additional stiffness, mass and damping effects of journals or hydrodynamic dampers.

[pt] As turbinas a gás são equipamentos de vital importância para o setor industrial, fornecendo trabalho e calor para diversos setores, do transporte aos sistemas de cogeração. A crescente necessidade de geração de energia elétrica confiável tem incentivado o projeto de turbinas a gás industriais, inclusive no Brasil, que operam com vários combustíveis como o diesel, gás natural, álcool e de combustíveis de baixo poder calorífico. Para melhor monitorar e controlar estes motores, uma análise completa da previsão de funcionamento em regime transitório é necessária. Durante o regime transitório das turbinas a gás industriais (heavy-duty), o sistema de controle deve manter os limites de certos parâmetros, tais como a temperatura na entrada da turbina e a velocidade de rotação do eixo, no seu valor nominal. Além disso, o tempo de resposta necessário para o sistema de controle atuar deve ser o mais breve possível para garantir uma operação de qualidade, segura e confiável. A temperatura de entrada da turbina, que é um parâmetro muito importante no desempenho de uma turbina a gás, é limitada pela resistência mecânica do material das pás da turbina. A velocidade de rotação do eixo deve permanecer constante, devido à ligação ao sistema elétrico, que não pode suportar altas flutuações de freqüência. Este trabalho tem como motivação o incremento da capacidade de simulação de um modelo computacional existente, incorporando, para este fim, rotinas de sistemas de controle. Como resultado, o novo modelo é capaz de simular qualquer condição de funcionamento de turbinas a gás industriais, em regime permanente e transitório controlado. Os resultados obtidos pelo programa computacional se mostraram fiéis ao comportamento real da máquina. Além disso, mostraram a flexibilidade do modelo ao lidar com diferentes condições de operação.Um programa computacional capaz de simular o desempenho transitório controlado de turbinas a gás é de extrema relevância para o desenvolvimento de softwares que auxiliam os operadores destes equipamentos. Dentre estes, estão os sistemas de monitoramento e diagnóstico dos equipamentos em questão. / [en] Gas turbine engines are a vital part of today’s industry, providing both work and heat for several industry sectors, from transportation to cogeneration systems. The growing need for reliable electricity has encouraged the design of stationary gas turbines, including in Brazil, which operates on multiple fuels such as diesel, natural gas and low calorific fuels. To better monitor and control these engines, a complete analysis for prediction of transient operation is required. During transient operation of heavy duty gas turbines, the control system must keep the limits of certain parameters, such as turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and the rotational shaft speed within their design range. Moreover, the time required for the control system to react should be as short as possible to guarantee a safe and reliable operation. The turbine inlet temperature, which is a very important parameter in the performance of a gas turbine, is limited by the turbine blades material mechanical resistance. Furthermore, the rotational speed should remain constant due to the electric grid connection, which cannot withstand high frequency fluctuations. This work is motivated by the need to increase the ability of a computer model to simulate the performance of industrial gas turbines, incorporating, for this purpose, control system routines. As a result, the new model will be able to simulate any operating condition of industrial gas turbines, in both steady state and transient. The results obtained by the computer program proved to be faithful to the actual behavior of the engine. Furthermore, they showed the flexibility of the model to deal with different operating conditions. A computer program capable of simulating the transient performance of gas turbines is very important for the development softwares to help operators of such equipment. In addition, it could be used in on-line intelligent diagnostic program.

Les bioréacteurs de grandes dimensions, en raison de phénomènes de transfert limitant, sont le siège d’hétérogénéités se traduisant par des gradients locaux de concentration et température. Les microorganismes circulant au sein de ces bioréacteurs subissent donc des fluctuations environnementales qui peuvent affecter leur comportement aux niveaux métaboliques et/ou moléculaires. La réponse microbienne est fonction de la nature, de l’intensité, de la fréquence et de la durée de la perturbation. L’objectif de ce travail est l’étude quantitative de l’impact de l’intensité, la fréquence et l’amplitude d’un stress nutritionnel sur le comportement dynamique d’Escherichia coli, à savoir des ajouts pulsés de glucose lors de cultures continues en régime permanent. Un effort particulier est consacré au développement et à la validation des outils expérimentaux indispensables pour une caractérisation rigoureuse des dynamiques de réponses transitoires sur des échelles de temps allant de secondes à quelques minutes. Pour permettre le suivi in situ et en temps réel des changements métaboliques et moléculaires, une souche bioluminescente est mise en œuvre. Les réponses transitoires sont caractérisées par les vitesses spécifiques, les rendements, les profils d’induction transcriptionnelle, les temps caractéristiques. Selon les différents scenarii réalisés, l’ajustement du métabolisme face aux hétérogénéités de substrat est quantifié selon des échelles de temps aux niveaux macroscopiques et/ou moléculaires ; ces résultats originaux contribuent ainsi à l’implémentation des connaissances sur les interactions dynamiques entre les phénomènes biologiques et les phénomènes physiques ; l’enjeu réside à terme en l’amélioration des processus d’optimisation et d’extrapolation des bioprocédés par l’identification et la quantification des dynamiques des phénomènes limitants / Ineffective mixing entailing heterogeneity issues within industrial bioreactors have been reported to affect microbial metabolisms at cellular and/or molecular levels. Substrate gradients inside large-scale bioreactors are common environmental fluctuations that microorganisms would have to encouter along with the bioprocess. Depending on intensity, frequency and duration of those fluctuations, microorganisms may respond in a different manner. The objective of this work is to study the impact of intensity, frequency and amplitude of glucose perturbations on the dynamics of Escherichia coli responses. An E. coli bioluminescent strain is used for in situ and real-time monitoring of both metabolic and transcriptional changes. For this purpose, short-term glucose excess was simulated, using pulse-based experiments into glucose-limited chemostat cultures. In addition, an important effort is devoted to the development and validation of technical and mathematical tools in order to acquire quantitative and kinetic data on time scales from seconds to minutes. The transient responses are characterized, using specific rates, yields, transcriptional induction profiles and characteristic response times, and are compared in the different defined perturbation scenarios. The results reflected the fact that short-term heterogeneities of substrate affect both cell metabolism and regulation at macroscopic and/or molecular levels. Quantitative understandings of the dynamics during transient responses to environmental perturbations can thus shed light on the bioprocess optimization

Dans le cadre de la lutte en mer, la détection acoustique des structures immergées s’effectue généralement sur des signaux stationnaires. Une nouvelle génération de sonars permet de détecter sur des signaux transitoires. Ceci implique de compléter le processus de conception des projets industriels qui ne tient compte d’exigences qu'en matière de bruits rayonnés en régime stationnaire. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes de transfert des sources de bruit transitoires sur les structures immergées. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre et consiste à étudier les mécanismes de transfert vibratoire et de rayonnement acoustique qui peuvent intervenir sur ces structures lorsque l’excitation est transitoire. L’analyse porte sur différents éléments de la chaine de transfert : le rayonnement dans l’eau du bordé, la diffraction des ondes par les raidisseurs, et le comportement résonnant des structures internes supportant les matériels. Le premier chapitre présente une analyse bibliographique autour de l’étude des phénomènes vibroacoustiques transitoires des structures immergées, de l’influence d’un fluide lourd sur le comportement vibroacoustique des plaques, et des méthodes de calcul vibroacoustiques en régime transitoire. Dans le second chapitre nous étudions la réponse transitoire d’une plaque infinie immergée soumise à une force impulsionnelle ponctuelle. La méthode de calcul s’appuie sur les calculs spectraux fréquences-nombre d’onde. Les réponses temporelles sont obtenues par transformées de Fourier inverses. L’analyse des spectres et des réponses temporelles de l’accélération vibratoire de la plaque et de la pression rayonnée, met en évidence l’influence de la présence du fluide. La prise en compte de l’inertie rotationnelle et du cisaillement à travers le modèle de plaque de Mindlin-Timoshenko est également étudiée. Ces résultats sont confrontés à une expérimentation présentée dans le troisième chapitre. La structure étudiée est une plaque rectangulaire posée horizontalement à la surface d’une cuve remplie d’eau. Deux types de sources transitoires sont utilisés : marteau de choc, lâché d’une bille. La comparaison des résultats numériques et expérimentaux montre que l’on retrouve certains phénomènes évoqués précédemment. L’effet des raidisseurs sur le rayonnement acoustique fait l’objet du quatrième chapitre. Une plaque raidie périodiquement dans une direction est considéré. L’influence des ondes de Bloch-Floquet sur la réponse temporelle est étudiée. Les résultats sont comparés à des mesures effectuées sur une barge d’essais. Dans le cinquième chapitre, l’effet des structures internes est étudié à partir d’un modèle de plaque couplé à un système résonnant constitué d’un assemblage poutre-plaque. La méthode des inertances est utilisée pour obtenir les forces de couplage entre les différents éléments. Les signaux temporels sont étudiés en fonction de l’importance de la rupture d’inertance entre la plaque et l’assemblage. / In the sea, the acoustic detection of other battle engines is done by detecting mostly stationary signals. However, new types of detection systems are being developed, and are able to detect and to analyze transient signals. Therefore, the industrial conception process needs to be improved, so that the underwater vehicles transient noises can be taken in account. In order to do so, the mechanism of vibroacoustic transfer of transient sources of submerged structures has to be understood. The object of this thesis is then the study of the mechanism of vibration transfer and acoustic radiation of those structures when they are excited by transient sources. The shell radiation in the water, the wave diffraction by circumferential stiffeners and the resonant behavior of internal substructures are analyzed. The first chapter presents the bibliographical study of three themes: the study of transient phenomenon of submerged structures, the influence of heavy fluid coupling on vibroacoustic behavior of plates, and the different calculation methods in transient vibroacoustics. In the second chapter, we study the transient response of a submerged infinite plate excited by an impulsively point force. First, the calculations are done in the wavenumber-frequency domain. Then the spatio-temporal responses are obtained using inverse Fourier transforms. The discretization of wavenumber and frequency domains and the damping model are studied. The analysis of frequency and time responses of the plate vibration and the radiated pressure enable us to observe the influence of heavy fluid coupling. Besides the Mindlin-Timoshenko plate model is also used and the effect of rotation inertia and shear stress are studied. In the third chapter, these numerical results are confronted to experimental data, obtained experimentally. The studied structure is a rectangular plate lying on the surface of a water tank. Two different excitations are used: an impact hammer and the free fall of a steel ball. The study of the correlation between numerical and experimental results showed that some phenomena are observed in both cases. The influence of stiffeners on the acoustic radiation is the theme of the fourth chapter. An infinite plate which is periodically stiffened through one direction is considered. The effect of Bloch-Floquet waves on time response is studied. Numerical results are compared to measurements data obtained on an industrial submerged structure. In the fifth chapter, the effect of internal structures is analyzed by modelling an infinite plate coupled to a resonant system made of a beam and a rectangular finite plate. The inertance coupling method is used to obtain the coupling forces between the different substructures. Influence of inertance difference between the substructures is illustrated by the time signals.

O objetivo desse estudo foi averiguar a possibilidade de se estimar os componentes anaeróbios do déficit máximo acumulado de oxigênio (MAOD) utilizando apenas o consumo de oxigênio (VO2). Adicionalmente, foi proposto um método alternativo que não necessita utilizar a extrapolação do VO2 do exercício submáximo para estimar a demanda de O2 para o exercício supramáximo. Para tanto, dez sujeitos fisicamente ativos foram submetidos aos seguintes testes: a) teste progressivo até a exaustão para determinar a carga correspondente ao consumo de oxigênio (WVO2max); b) seis testes de cargas constantes com intensidades abaixo da WVO2max (40-90% WVO2max); c) um teste a 110% da WVO2max; d) teste anaeróbio de Wingate. A fração do metabolismo anaeróbio alático foi estimada pela fase rápida do excesso do VO2 após o exercício (EPOCRÁPIDO), ao passo que a fração do metabolismo anaeróbio lático foi determinada tanto pela diferença entre MAOD e o EPOCRÁPIDO (MAODLA-1) como pelo acúmulo de lactato no sangue (MAODLA-2). O MAODMOD foi calculado pela somatória do EPOCRÁPIDO com MAODLA-2. Os principais resultados foram: a) as estimativas das contribuições do metabolismo anaeróbio lático não eram estatisticamente diferentes (MAODLA-1 = 2,40 ± 0,66 l; MAODLA-2 = 2,20 ± 0,4 l; p > 0,05); b) similarmente, os resultados do MAOD (3,03 ± 0,62 l) MAODMOD (2,84 ± 0,41) não eram significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05); c) foram detectadas correlações positivas entre MAODMOD, EPOCRÁPIDO, MAODLA-2 e os índices do teste de Wingate; d) os valores percentuais do EPOCRÁPIDO e do MAODLA-1 eram 22 ± 9% e 78 ± 9%, respectivamente. Esses resultados sugerem que os componentes anaeróbios do MAOD podem ser estimados satisfatoriamente utilizando somente o VO2 e que o MAOD pode ser determinado mediante MAODmod / The objective of this study was ascertain the possibility of estimate the anaerobic components of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) used only oxygen uptake (VO2). In addition, was proposed an alternative method (MAODMOD) to determine the MAOD without using the extrapolation from submaximal VO2 to estimate the O2 demand of supramaximal exercise. Thus, ten subjects physically active performed the following tests: a) a maximal incremental exercise test for the measurement of the power output correspondent to maximal oxygen uptake (WVO2max); b) six submaximal tests with intensities bellow of the WVO2max (40-90% WVO2max); c) a supramaximal test at 110% WVO2max; d) Wingate anaerobic test. The fraction of the anaerobic alactic metabolism was calculated based on the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen uptake (EPOCRÁPIDO), although the fraction of the anaerobic lactic metabolism was calculated based on both difference between MAOD and EPOCRÁPIDO (MAODLA-1) and changes in net blood lactate accumulation (MAODLA-2). MAODMOD was calculated by the sum of the EPOCRÁPIDO with the MAODLA-2. The main results were: a) non significant difference was found between the anaerobic lactic estimates (MAODLA-1 = 2,40 ± 0,66 l; MAODLA-2 = 2,20 ± 0,4 l; p > 0,05); b) similarly, there was no significant difference (p > 0,05) between MAOD (3,03 ± 0,62 l) and MAODMOD (2,84 ± 0,41); c) positive and significant correlation were detected between MAODMOD, EPOCRÁPIDO, MAODLA-2 and the indices of the Wingate anaerobic test (p < 0,05); d) the mean of the percentage values of the EPOCRÁPIDO and MAODLA-1 were 22 ± 9% e 78 ± 9%, respectively. These data suggest that the anaerobic components of the MAOD can be satisfactorily estimated using only the VO2 and that the MAOD can be determined using the MAODmod

Well logs and formation testers are routinely used for detection and quantification of hydrocarbon reserves. Overbalanced drilling causes invasion of mud filtrate into permeable rocks, hence radial displacement of in-situ saturating fluids away from the wellbore. The spatial distribution of fluids in the near-wellbore region remains affected by a multitude of petrophysical and fluid factors originating from the process of mud-filtrate invasion. Consequently, depending on the type of drilling mud (e.g. water- and oil-base muds) and the influence of mud filtrate, well logs and formation-tester measurements are sensitive to a combination of in-situ (original) fluids and mud filtrate in addition to petrophysical properties of the invaded formations. This behavior can often impair the reliable assessment of hydrocarbon saturation and formation storage/mobility. The effect of mud-filtrate invasion on well logs and formation-tester measurements acquired in vertical wells has been extensively documented in the past. Much work is still needed to understand and quantify the influence of mud-filtrate invasion on well logs acquired in horizontal and deviated wells, where the spatial distribution of fluids in the near-wellbore region is not axial-symmetric in general, and can be appreciably affected by gravity segregation, permeability anisotropy, capillary pressure, and flow barriers. This dissertation develops a general algorithm to simulate the process of mud-filtrate invasion in vertical and deviated wells for drilling conditions that involve water- and oil-base mud. The algorithm is formulated in cylindrical coordinates to take advantage of the geometrical embedding imposed by the wellbore in the spatial distribution of fluids within invaded formations. In addition, the algorithm reproduces the formation of mudcake due to invasion in permeable formations and allows the simulation of pressure and fractional flow-rate measurements acquired with dual-packer and point-probe formation testers after the onset of invasion. An equation-of-state (EOS) formulation is invoked to simulate invasion with both water- and oil-base muds into rock formations saturated with water, oil, gas, or stable combinations of the three fluids. The algorithm also allows the simulation of physical dispersion, fluid miscibility, and wettability alteration. Discretized fluid flow equations are solved with an implicit pressure and explicit concentration (IMPEC) scheme. Thermodynamic equilibrium and mass balance, together with volume constraint equations govern the time-space evolution of molar and fluid-phase concentrations. Calculations of pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties of the hydrocarbon phase are performed with Peng-Robinson's equation of state. A full-tensor permeability formulation is implemented with mass balance equations to accurately model fluid flow behavior in horizontal and deviated wells. The simulator is rigorously and successfully verified with both analytical solutions and commercial simulators. Numerical simulations performed over a wide range of fluid and petrophysical conditions confirm the strong influence that well deviation angle can have on the spatial distribution of fluid saturation resulting from invasion, especially in the vicinity of flow barriers. Analysis on the effect of physical dispersion on the radial distribution of salt concentration shows that electrical resistivity logs could be greatly affected by salt dispersivity when the invading fluid has lower salinity than in-situ water. The effect of emulsifiers and oil-wetting agents present in oil-base mud was studied to quantify wettability alteration and changes in residual water saturation. It was found that wettability alteration releases a fraction of otherwise irreducible water during invasion and this causes electrical resistivity logs to exhibit an abnormal trend from shallow- to deep-sensing apparent resistivity. Simulation of formation-tester measurements acquired in deviated wells indicates that (i) invasion increases the pressure drop during both drawdown and buildup regimes, (ii) bed-boundary effects increase as the wellbore deviation angle increases, and (iii) a probe facing upward around the perimeter of the wellbore achieves the fastest fluid clean-up when the density of invading fluid is larger than that of in-situ fluid. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaytonAMO_DISSERT.pdf: 1420692 bytes, checksum: 6fff19d912e4ebade2d582644a6d1364 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / In this paper, we propose an appropriate genetic algorithm to design state observers for multivariable control systems, which response time meets the specifications previously provided by the user of the system, in terms of the maximum overshoot, and in terms of the settling time. For this, will be designed and evaluated different forms of initialization and different forms of setup the genetic algorithm. Furthermore, we intend to investigate the performance results of this technique in control systems utilizing state observers full order or reduced order. Through this analysis, intend to contribute to the specification of an appropriate genetic algorithm to design state observers for multivariable control systems, by making this an efficient alternative to traditional methods in the literature / Neste trabalho, será proposto um algoritmo genético adequado ao projeto de observadores de estado para sistemas de controle multivariável, cuja resposta temporal atenda às especificações previamente fornecidas pelo usuário do sistema, tanto em termos do máximo sobressinal, quanto em termos do tempo de acomodação. Para isso, serão concebidas e avaliadas diferentes formas de inicialização e diferentes formas de configuração de algoritmo genético. Por outro lado, pretende-se investigar os resultados de desempenho desta técnica em sistemas de controle que utilizem os observadores de estado de ordem plena, ou de ordem reduzida. Por meio desta análise, pretendemos contribuir com a especificação de um algoritmo genético adequado ao projeto de observadores de estado para sistemas de controle multivariável, fazendo-se desta uma alternativa eficiente aos métodos tradicionais presentes na literatura

Une méthode innovante pour simuler des interactions fluide-structure complexes tout en gardant un bon compromis temps de calcul/précision est présenté.Pour réduire le temps de simulation des modèles d’ordre réduits sont utilisés au lieu des modèles complets aussi bien pour les modèles structuraux que pour les modèles aérodynamiques. Un des challenges de base était d'utiliser des modèles industrielles hautes fidélités. La technique de condensation dynamique est utilisée pour réduire la taille du modèle éléments finis structures et la décomposition aux valeurs propres est utilisé sur une base de données aérodynamiques construite à partir de simulations CFD.Les non-linéarités structurelles sont réintroduites à posteriori.Une comparaison poussée des méthodes classique d'interpolation comme des méthodes de spline, d’interpolation sur des Manifold de Grassmann avec des méthodes innovantes d'apprentissage statistiques a été amené.Afin de valider complètement la méthodologie développée, une maquette expérimentale visant à imiter le comportement du carénage au sol avant le décollage a été conçue.Ce cas a pu être assimilé à une plaque avec des raideurs de liaisons dans une couche de mélange.La validation de cette méthode est réalisée en comparant les résultats des simulations numériques avec les données enregistrées pendant des essaies en soufflerie. On pourra ainsi comparer aussi bien des champs que des mesures locales. L'ensemble des essais a permis d'améliorer la compréhension de ce phénomène vibratoire qui mène à des problèmes récurrents de fatigue dans cette sous structures.Cette méthode est enfin appliquée à une structure aéronautique: les carénages de volet hypersustentateur / An innovative method for numerical simulating complex problems of fluid structure interaction, such as non-linear transients, characterized by good performances and high precision is presented in this manuscript. To cut down the simulation time, reduced order models are used for both the aerodynamic and structural modules. High fidelity industrial models have been used. A technique of dynamic condensation is employed to reduce the size of the finite element model while the technique of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is used on a database of aerodynamic pressures built from CFD simulations. Structural non-linearities are reintroduced a posteriori. Different interpolation techniques such as the classic spline interpolation, interpolation on a Grassmann Manifold with more innovative methods of statistical learning have been compared. In order to validate the developed methodology a test campaign has been designed to reproduce a simplified mechanism of interaction inspired by a flap track fairing in take-off configuration. A plate whose stiffness depends on the springs at its attachment to the wind tunnel test section floor is immersed in a mixing layer. In parallel to the test activities a numerical model of the test rig has been developed. The validation of the methodology of fluid structure interaction is done through direct comparison between test data and simulation results. The testing activities have granted a deeper comprehension of the vibratory phenomenon that has led to recurrent fatigue problems on the impacted structures. The methodology is ultimately applied to an industrial problem: the load prediction on flap track fairings excited by engine exhaust.