Whilst there are studies that have been researching application of agile methods in different contexts, research have mainly been focused on the software industry. As the world becomes increasingly more digitised, the banking industry is having to keep up with this development and become more digital. Consequently, banks need to incorporate new flexible methods to keep up with the increasing demand for new digital products and features. However, the digital transformation and development processes are not as straightforward as in other industries because banks operate in regulated markets, making the application of agile methods more difficult. This study aimed to investigate and expand the knowledge of how agile methods are applied within the product developing processes in banks as well as what the challenges are with adopting such methods. Semi-structured interviews and internal documents were used to gather data regarding how a bank applies these methods. The main findings show that the bank applied agile methods and adapted them to suit their needs. Key themes identified from the data are agile framework adaptation, collaboration, motivation, and regulatory and internal challenges. The adaptation of specific frameworks is driven by the profile of the specific team as well as the nature of each project in a particular product area. Similarly, to pure agile methods, the motivation of workers is important for maximising productivity in the product development process. Internal and external collaboration was found to involve the interaction of internal teams and co-workers as well as receiving feedback from customers to improve their products. An important challenge in maximising agility is this sector is the regulatory environment in which banks operate in. The findings from this study contribute to the field by giving insight into how agile methods can be adapted in the context of banking by adding to existing literature.

This study integrates three independent subjects-translation theory, Mandarin aspect, and Greek aspect-for the purpose of formulating a working theory applicable to translating the New Testament. Aspect is treated here as a grammatical category-as opposed to Aktionsart-and is described as the locutionary agent's subjective viewpoint expressed morphologically by a verb. The primary objectives are defined in terms of grammatical translation of Greek aspect into Mandarin aspect at the discourse level. However, major Bible translation issues pertaining to lexical, phonological, formal, and functional elements, as well as translating conditional statements and figurative speech, are also considered. A historical overview of the Chinese Bible is provided as a way of introducing major issues related to linguistic, conceptual, and logistical challenges. Porter's tripartite model of aspect in Greek, defined in terms of the binary oppositions [±perfective], and [+imperfective] vs. [+stative], is adopted. Aspect in Mandarin closely resembles that in Greek, except that the privative opposition [±remote] does not exist in Mandarin. Also, unlike the tense-forms in Greek, morphologically expressed aspect morphemes (e.g. -le, IDVCs) are largely optional in Mandarin. Thus, notions of markedness and grounding become pertinent when the 0 morpheme is used instead of morphologically expressed aspect morphemes to translate all five tense-forms in Greek: the more heavily marked disyllabic verbs are preferable in translating the present and imperfect, whereas the less heavily marked monosyllabic verbs are preferable to translate the aorist. The most heavily marked four-character set phrases are utilized to reflect both the stative aspect and discourse function ofthe perfect and pluperfect as frontgrounding tense-forms. It is argued that morphologically expressed perfective and imperfective aspect morphemes are preferable to the 0 morpheme. The more heavily marked two-morpheme aspect compounds (e.g. zai...-zhe) are employed to reflect the foregrounded prominence indicated by the present and imperfect tense-forms. The proposed theory provides the translator with a powerful tool, which is tested in the two sample passages in John 18-19 and 1 Corinthians 15. Provided also are critical reviews of over sixty Chinese Bible versions, Nestorian, Manichaean, Catholic documents, and a translation written according to the proposed theory. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Maria Tymoczko (2005) highlights four research trajectories that are likely to be at the forefront of translation studies in coming decades: the attempt to define translation, the internationalization of translation, the impact of technology and globalization on translation theory, and the contextualization of translation studies relative to other areas of academic inquiry. The goal of this thesis is to contribute to the first research trajectory. I hope to enrich current developments in translation studies by offering a new way of conceptualizing translation based upon pragmatist philosophy and its particular approach to language and epistemology. Specifically I build upon certain passages from the works of the contemporary neopragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty (1979; 1989; 1998; 1999) in order to develop a neopragmatist understanding of translation. I demonstrate the cross-disciplinary applicability of a neopragmatist understanding of translation, focusing in particular on visual art, popular science, and political history. I also demonstrate how the neopragmatist framework can be of use in constructing a theory of intersemiotic translation, by means of three case studies of translation between different media. The approach I develop offers a robust philosophical grounding for expanding our conceptualization of translation. Such an approach is motivated by recent research in translation studies highlighting the need for an expanded definition of translation in light of the following issues: traditional definitions of translation tend to be based upon Western views, thus neglecting the diverse international conceptions of translation and contributing to the cultural hegemony of the West; the term “translation” is used in more contexts than traditional definitions would predict; translation is not simply an operation between texts, but can also occur across semiotic systems; translation is not a method of relaying messages across languages through the mediation of a neutral translator, but is instead a complex interface in which a network of cultural, political, socio-historical, communicative, creative, and interpretative factors are intertwined. A neopragmatist framework is useful for building an understanding of translation that responds to the above issues, helping scholars to refine an adequately descriptive and generalized theory of translation.

In our qualitative master thesis, we explore theories on sustainability in levels, ranging from very weak to very strong. We integrate academic theories with corporate perspectives to provide representatives in the corporate world with an alternative way of conversing and engaging mainly in strong sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a richer understanding of what corporate sustainability can be in practice. Our study is a collaboration with business leaders, designers, sustainability professionals and students. Using Design Science Research as an overarching framework for our method, we conducted interviews, focus groups and a survey. The academic theories and the insights from our data were then translated into a visual and verbal co-creation of an artefact (as it is called in Design Science Research). Wording and visualisations are inspired both from the corporate and the academic world. The artefact is intended to be a conversation starter which is hoped to lead to a shift in the strength with which companies work with sustainability, guided by an ecological case for business.

Este trabalho é composto pela tradução da novela O rei Lear da estepe, de Ivan Turguêniev, publicada em 1870, seguida de um breve comentário sobre a influência do dramaturgo inglês William Shakespeare na literatura russa. Em seguida há um estudo sobre o skaz literário presente na novela e da estilização, um recurso estilístico teorizado por Mikhail Bakhtin e Yuri Tyniánov. Assim como a paródia, a estilização é também a recriação de uma obra consagrada, mas, ao contrário daquela, não possui efeito cômico e sim concordância de sentido com o texto no qual foi inspirada. Por fim, há um apontamento sobre a existência de elementos do folclore russo no texto e comentários sobre a tradução baseados em cotejos com versões francesa, inglesa e portuguesa. / This research consist of a translation of Ivan Turgenevs novel The King Lear of the steppes, published in 1870, followed by a brief commentary on the influence of the English playwrighter William Shakespeare in Russian literature. Then there is a study of the literary skaz present in the novel and styling, a stylistic feature theorized by Mikhail Bakhtin and Yury Tynyanov. Like the parody, the styling is also a recreation of a consecrated work, but rather that it does not have comic effect, but agree with the text direction in which it was inspired. Finally, there is a note about the existence of elements of Russian folklore in the text and comments on the translation based on comparison with French, English and Portuguese versions.

Den svenska regeringen har tagit fram ett nationellt program för att få ett välfungerande föräldrastöd för den svenska befolkningen. Anledningen till det är att ohälsa bland unga har ökat. Var och en av Sveriges kommuner ska kunna erbjuda föräldrar stöd genom olika föräldrastödsprogram och föräldrautbildningar. Dock tar inte regeringen någon ställning till dem specifika föräldrautbildningar, som tillexempel COPE. Men Statens Folkhälsoinstitut har rekommenderat COPE- föräldrautbildning som ett bra alternativ som föräldrastöd för kommunerna. COPE står för The community parent education program och är en utbildning som erbjuds till föräldrar för inspirera till nya idéer och handlingsmetoder i sitt föräldraskap. Detta har bland annat Sjuhärads kommunalförbund tagit fasta på och tagit ett gemensamt beslut om att införa COPE i kommunerna. Problemet som uppdagats har varit att deltagarantalet inte varit så högt som hade varit önskvärt. Vilket i sin tur har fått några av kommunerna att lägga ner sin COPE verksamhet. Samt varit en av anledningarna till att kommunalförbundet valt att satsa på ett projekt om samverkan kring föräldrastöd i Sjuhäradsbygden. Ur ett föräldraperspektiv har det visat sig att de flesta vet vad COPE- föräldrautbildning är för något men valt att inte använda sig av den som ett stöd eller inspirationsverktyg. Många uppger att anledningen är bristande behov av att få utbildning i sitt föräldraskap och att de inte anse sig ha så stora problem så att det krävs en utbildning. Vilket är budskapet som föräldrarna möter om COPE. Den här studien har med hjälp av översättningsteorin försökt upplysa om vad som påverkar en kommun när något nytt ska implementeras. Samt är syftet är att kunna öka kunskapen om vad som i processen när en idé ska bli praktik. Där kommunernas olikheter ofta gör att översättningen från idé till verklighet ser annorlunda ut. Samtidigt är vikten av att framföra budskapet om COPE till föräldrarna på det sätt som skulle inspirera föräldrarna att gå den.

Un consensus général existe dans la recherche en Systèmes d’Information (SI) autour du concept et du modèle d’alignement stratégique (SAM) développé par Henderson et Venkatraman (1993). Celui-ci offre une norme technique et managériale pour un choix et une gestion optimale, puisque rationnelle, des SI. Paradoxalement, de nombreux projets de reconfigurations SI sont des échecs et entrainent les entreprises dans des trajectoires d’escalade d’engagement. A partir d’une lecture critique de la littérature construite sur les principes de la stratégie par les pratiques (SasP), nous cherchons à décrire les dynamiques organisationnelles à l’origine de la réussite ou de l’échec de ce type de projets. Une étude qualitative a été menée à travers quatre cas et une étude Delphi dans une approche de théorie enracinée. Ce corpus de données a fait l’objet d’un codage assisté par le logiciel NVivo. A travers la mobilisation de la théorie de la traduction, l’analyse des données a fait émerger une perspective alternative de celle défendue par la littérature traditionnelle. Une situation d’alignement est le résultat de la constitution d’un réseau de trois pôles parties prenantes aux projets, à savoir le pôle utilisateurs, le pôle managérial et le pôle technique. Ce réseau n’existe pas en soi, il est une construction collective liée à l’adhésion de ses membres sur la base de la satisfaction de leurs besoins respectifs à travers un processus de traduction. Nous ne parlons plus d’alignement stratégique, ni d’alignement des SI, mais d’alignement d’intérêts des parties prenantes autour d’un projet SI. / In information systems (IS) research, there is a solid consensus in acknowledging Henderson’s & Vankatraman’s (1993) concept and model of strategy alignment. It provides a rational technical and managerial standard for optimal choice and management of SI. Paradoxically, many IS reconfigurations are failures and entail firms to go into an escalation of commitment. Based on a critical reading of the literature built on the principles of strategy as practice, (SasP), we seek to describe the organizational dynamics behind the success or failure of such projects. Through four cases and a Delphi study, a qualitative analysis was conducted using a Grounded Theory approach. This body of data underwent coding with the assistance of the software NVivo. Through the use of translation theory, data analysis has given rise to an alternative perspective to that advocated by the traditional literature. A state of alignment is the result of the establishment of a 3-pole project stakeholder network, i.e. the managerial pole, the users’ pole and the technical pole. This network does not exist in itself; it is linked to a collective adherence of its members on the basis of the satisfaction of their individual needs through a translation process. We no longer speak of strategic alignment or IS alignment, but of the stakeholders’ alignment of interests around an IS project.

Cette thèse propose une réflexion théorique et esthétique sur la traduction du théâtre, à partir d’un corpus de scènes à deux personnages (duos et duels) tirées du répertoire britannique, de l’époque élisabéthaine à nos jours. Selon la démarche traductologique recommandée par Antoine Berman, un parcours historique des théories fait d’abord ressortir la nécessité croissante, dans la pensée de la traduction, de prendre en compte les exigences spécifiques posées par le genre du texte — par sa forme et par son usage. S’impose alors un travail de définition du langage dramatique comme matière vivante et sonore, qui concentre les effets et prépare l’incarnation. Ceci conduit à l’analyse détaillée de sa traduction, depuis l’expressivité des phonèmes jusqu’aux grandes articulations de toute la scène et aux rapports qui s’établissent entre la voix de personnages venus d’ailleurs et l’écoute du public. La traduction participe ainsi à la recréation de l’œuvre théâtrale, tout en permettant d’explorer sa nature paradoxale, entre le dit et l’écrit. / The aim of this thesis is to provide a theoretical and aesthetic background for the translation of theatre, basing the analysis on a corpus of two-character scenes (love scenes, duels or witty dialogues), from the Elisabethan age to contemporary British authors. Following the method for translation analysis recommended by Antoine Berman, the thesis begins with a historical overview of translation theories which highlights the growing need to take into account the demands of each genre in terms of form as well as use. It is then necessary to define the language of theatre as acting matter—words which are efficient, resonant, and alive. This leads to a detailed analysis of their translation, from the expressivity of phonemes to the mechanics of a whole scene and to the relationship between the voices of foreign characters and the audience’s perception. Thus, translation becomes a way of participating in the recreation of a dramatic work of art, while providing a way to explore its paradoxical nature, halfway between the spoken word and the written word.

<p>The concept of equivalence has for many years attracted attention of researchers in variousdisciplines: from mathematics to philosophy to translation theory to terminology. This thesisintends to survey the concept of equivalence in three subject fields all of which focus onlanguages and communication, namely: translation theory, lexicography and terminology. Thepurpose of the paper is twofold: to investigate the theoretical grounds of equivalence in thesethree disciplines and to survey the methods and practices of establishing equivalence inmultilingual terminology work. The results of the theoretical investigation are summed up onthe basis of the terminological concept analysis. Four concepts systems are structured andpresented in the form of concept diagrams (two for translation theory, one for lexicography andone for terminology). The concept systems give an overview of the current understanding ofequivalence in the three subject fields and expose the relations between equivalence and anumber of related concepts. The central theoretical question of the thesis whether equivalencecould be considered the same concept in all three disciplines is answered on the basis of theresults of the terminological concept analysis. The empirical investigation is carried out in theform of case studies in the frame of multilingual terminology work. It focuses on the problemsof establishing equivalence, of determining the degree of equivalence as well as on the methodsand practices of presenting equivalents in various terminological resources.</p>

The present dissertation investigates literary translation from a cultural perspective by comparing the translation of culture-specific words and concepts in five different translations of the novel Ein weites Feld by Günter Grass. The translations were chosen to represent three ‘small’ (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) and two ‘large’ (American English, French) languages and cultures, in order to find out whether these categories are characterized by different ‘foreignizing’ or ‘domesticating’ translation methods. The main purpose of the study is to present an empirical and descriptive analysis of the concrete difficulties and possibilities connected with the process of transferring culturespecific words and concepts taken from the geographical, historical, literary and everyday context of the original work. A further aim of the study is to undertake a comparison of theory and practice of translation with regard to culture and culturespecific words. The methodological framework is taken from the historically oriented ‘Transfer’ method of the Göttingen literary translation school, where deviations from original literary texts are not seen as ‘mistakes’ in the traditional linguistic sense but as differences caused by various historical and individual factors. Above all, this study aims to focus on the translations themselves, to investigate what different solutions to cultural translation problems can tell us about the meeting between the ‘Foreign’ and the world of the translators and their prospective readership. The study’s analyses demonstrate that culture-specific words and concepts in this material are translated in a broad variety of ways, which often differ from translation to translation and therefore cannot be classified into predictable categories of translation 'strategies’. A certain pattern could be detected as far as the translation of geographical place-names and similar concepts were concerned, where the Scandinavian translators tend to preserve the original words and concepts to a greater extent than the other translators. As a contrast, the American and French translators have preserved a large number of words connected to the ‘Third Reich’ in the original form, which raises questions about the way strategies of preserving the ‘Foreign’ in translations are connected with the picture of other cultures. However, the most conspicuous result of the investigation could be found within the category of the ‘pragmatic’ decisions (Chesterman), which differ considerably in all translations as far as explanations of culture-specific phenomena within the text itself are concerned. Thus five literary translations make five different variations of the same novel. The heterogeneous translation solutions further show that the theoretical approaches within translation theory are of only limited use for describing existing literary translations in an adequate way.