In this thesis, the circuits which comprise the front-end of a millimeter-wave transmit-receive module are investigated using a state-of-the-art 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS process for use in radar remote sensing applications. In Chapter I, the motivation for a millimeter-wave radar in the context of space-based remote sensing is discussed. In addition, an overview of Silicon-germanium technology is presented, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of design challenges at millimeter-wave frequencies. In Chapter II, a brief history of radar technology is presented - the motivations leading to the development of the transmit-receive module for active electronically scanned arrays are discussed, and the critical components which reside in nearly every high-frequency transmit-receive module are introduced. In Chapter III, the design and results of a W-band single-pole, double-throw switch using SiGe p-i-n diodes are discussed. In particular, the design topology and methods used to achieve low-loss and high power handling over a wide matching bandwidth without sacrificing isolation are described. In Chapter IV, the design and results of a W-band low-noise amplifier using SiGe HBT's are discussed. The design methodologies used to achieve high gain and exceptional noise performance over a wide matching bandwidth are described. Concluding remarks and a discussion of future work are in Chapter V.

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Les hommes, dès leur naissance, et de fait après leur entrée dans le monde, ont des devoirs et des droits, un fait inhérent à ce monde. L’existence du droit de vivre et des devoirs humains d’un côté, et la puissance de posséder et de transmettre les possessions de l’autre côté, démontre le besoin de fondation d’un système juridique. La mort au sens juridique, c’est la fin de l’existence des personnes, le phénomène qui cause la rupture entre la personne et ses biens. Certes, ce phénomène arrive indubitablement, et alors se pose la question des biens notamment sans possesseur.On entend littéralement par « héritage », tous les biens et les choses personnels qu'une personne décédée laisse derrière elle ou tout ce qui est soumis à l'héritage dans les biens d'une personne décédée. Dans les termes du droit, l'héritage est défini comme le transfert inéluctable des biens d'une personne décédée à ses parents et à ses proches, selon des conditions particulières (de la société). Le transfert des biens d'une personne dès son décès est une chose ancienne qui s'enracine dans les premières civilisations humaines. Depuis le moment où la famille au sens premier du terme fut fondée, jusqu'à la forme qu'elle a aujourd'hui, le transfert des biens d'une personne décédée à ses proches a un aspect légal qu'on peut rencontrer au sein de différentes sociétés. L'héritage est un terme provenant de la nature intrinsèque de l'homme, mais il ne faut pas pour autant ignorer que pour différentes sociétés, il se définit conformément aux us et coutumes et aux croyances relatives à l'héritage défini par les règles instituées sur les biens privés.L'héritage est un droit naturel. Il est possible que plusieurs personnes pensent qu'il serait meilleur, au moment du décès, que leurs biens fassent partie des biens publics et qu'ils soient à la disposition du trésor public. Néanmoins, si on y réfléchit attentivement, il devient clair que cette position nous éloigne de la justice, car le sujet de l'héritage est un fait tout à fait naturel et logique, de la même manière que le père et la mère transmettent une partie de leurs traits physiques et moraux suivant les lois de l'héritage naturel.Mots-clés : posséder, transmettre, possession, système juridique, bien, décédé, héritage, la famille, droit naturel, trésor public / It is a truth common to all that from their birth onward, on entering this world, men have rights and obligations. The existence of the right to live and the human obligations on one side and the power to possess and transmit one’s possessions on the other side prove the need to establish a legal system. On a judicial level, death is the end of someone’s existence, the cause for the separation between someone and his goods.Since death occurs to all of us, what happens to possessions whose owner is unknown? The notion of heritage encompasses all the goods and personal objects which a deceased one leaves behind or all the goods of a deceased one which are to be inherited. In terms of law, heritage is understood as the definitive transfer of the goods of a deceased to his parents or his kids under the specific conditions of his society. The transfer of goods of someone who has just died is ancient and stretches back to the first human civilizations. From the time of the primitive form of the family to its current shape, and among the different kinds of societies, there has been a legal aspect to the transfer of a deceased one to his kids. The notion of heritage is inherent to man’s nature. But one must not forget that habits and customs vary from society to society. Thus the creeds related to heritage define the rules related to private goods.Inheriting is a natural right. Some may believe that it would be better that the goods of a deceased be integrated into the common property and be kept at the disposal of the Treasury.Nevertheless, after more thorough thinking, this point of view appears to be far from being just, since heritage is completely natural and logical, like the transmitting of some of one’s parents’ physical and moral traits is, according to the natural heritage.

Samhällets ständiga utveckling och utbyggnad kräver en mer ändamålsenlig användning av mark, anläggningar och byggnader. Ett steg i den riktningen togs den 1 januari 2002 då möjligheten att överföra och frigöra fastighetstillbehör infördes i svensk lagstiftning. Överföring av fastighetstillbehör från en fastighet till en annan görs enligt fastighets-bildningslagen eller anläggningslagen. Ett frigörande innebär att fastighetstillbehöret istället blir lös egendom och det genomförs med stöd av ledningsrättslagen. 13 år har nu gått sedan införandet och syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga hur reglerna har använts mellan den 1 januari 2007 och den 31 december 2014. Studiens avgränsning i tid beror på att en liknande studie gjordes 2006. För att svara på studiens frågeställningar används två metoder. Den första är intervjuer med nio sakkunniga inom området som ska klargöra bl.a. varför de har använt reglerna och om de kan förbättras. Den andra metoden är en statistisk analys av ett utdrag från fastighetsregistret där alla åtgärder med anmärkningen "fastighetstillbehör" är med. Den statistiska analysen ska visa på hur ofta reglerna används, om detta förändras över tid och vad som överförts och frigjorts. Totalt har minst 4 014 fastighetstillbehör överförts eller frigjorts i 897 lantmäteriförrättningar. Antalet sådana åtgärder per år har halverats från 2007 till 2014. De fastighetstillbehör som är vanligast att överföra eller frigöra är sådana med ändamål vatten och avlopp vilka utgör ca 38 % av alla åtgärder. Starkström är en annan vanligt förekommande anläggning som dock har minskat med 80 % under studiens tidsintervall. Andra fastighetstillbehör som är vanliga att överföra och frigöra är jordvärmeanläggningar, byggnader och fjärrvärmeledningar. Motiven till att överföra och frigöra fastighetstillbehör är framförallt att klargöra de äganderättsliga förhållandena så att de inblandade parter vet vem som är ansvarig för drift och försäkring av byggnaden eller anläggningen. Vad gäller förbättringspotentialen för reglerna så skulle en enhetlig registrering av sådana åtgärder i FR underlätta för lantmätarna när äganderätten till ett fastighetstillbehör ska klargöras. Ett förtydligande av ansökan där man skiljer på överförande och frigörande av fastighetstillbehör skulle underlätta för fastighetsägarna att få upp ögonen för denna möjlighet. Studien visar tydligt att användandet av reglerna minskar men att den trenden sakta planar ut. Det är troligt att det kommer minska i ytterligare några år till det stannar på det grundbehov som studien tyder på finns. / Society's constant development and expansion requires a more efficient use of land, facilities and buildings. A step in this direction was taken on January 1, 2002 when the possibility of transmit and release property fixture was introduced into Swedish legislation. The transmission of a property fixture from one property to another is done according to the Real Property Formation Act or the Joint Facilities Act. With a release we mean that the property fixture becomes personal property which is carried out in accordance with the Utility Easements Act. Thirteen years have now passed since the introduction. The aim of this study is to identify how the rules have been implemented between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2014. The study's time interval was decided upon due to the fact that a similar study had been carried out in 2006. In order to reply to the purpose of the study, two methods were used. The first method was to carry out interviews with nine experts within the field in order to clarify the motives and the rules where used and if they can be improved. The second method was a statistical analysis of an extract from the real property register where all the cadastral dossiers marked "property fixture" were included. The statistical analysis showed to which extent the rules were used, if the usage changed over time and what was transmitted and released. In total some 4 014 property fixtures were transmitted or released which have been implemented within 897 cadastral procedures. The number of such actions on an annual basis has decreased by 50 % from 2007 to 2014. The property fixture that were most commonly transmitted or released were those with water and sewerage purposes which form approx. 38 % of all actions made. High voltage electricity facilities were also common to be transmitted or releases, but this category's usage of the rules has decreased by 80 % during the study's interval. The motives for transmit or release a property fixture is mainly to clarify the ownership conditions so the parties involved know who is responsible for insuring and maintaining the building or the facility. An improvement of the rules would to get a unified registration of such actions in the real property register. It would simplify the cadastral surveyors work when the freehold of a property fixture needs to be clarified. A clarification of the application where transmit and release of property fixture where separated would make it easier for property owners and open their eyes for this opportunity. The study clearly shows that the uses of the rules were decreasing during the period but the trend slowly flattens. It is likely that it will decrease a few more years until it stops on a basic need which this study thinks exist.

The focus of this thesis lies on the development, and implementation, of parallel transmission (pTx) techniques in magnetic resonance imaging for flip-angle homogenization throughout the human brain at ultra-high field. In order to allow in-vivo demonstrations, a conservative yet viable safety concept is introduced to control the absorbed radiofrequency (RF) power . Subsequently, novel methods for local SAR control and non-selective RF pulse-design are investigated. The impact of these short and energy-efficient waveforms, referred to as kT-points, is first demonstrated in the context of the small-tip-angle domain. Targeting a larger scope of applications, the kT-points design is then generalized to encompass large flip angle excitations and inversions. This concept is applied to one of the most commonly used T1-weighted sequences in neuroimaging. Results thus obtained at 7 Tesla are compared to images acquired with a clinical setup at 3 Tesla, validating the principles of the kT-points method and demonstrating that pTx-enabled ultra-high field systems can also be competitive in the context of T1-weighted imaging. Finally, simplifications in the global design of the pTx-implementation are studied in order to obtain a more cost-effective solution.

Most mobile nodes are operated using batteries, protocols which conserve energy are of interest. The Dynamic Directional Power Control Protocol (DDPC) is a protocol that dynamically varies the energy used in directional transmission to increase the battery life of the transmitter without sacrificing connectivity with the receiver. The advantage of DDPC is that it takes into account the remaining battery power of a node before changing its transmission power. DDPC can achieve a higher network lifetime when compared to a network where nodes use a fixed transmit power level. Meanwhile DDPC dynamically reduces the energy consumed by a node in transmission. It can also reach nodes far from the transmitter by using directional antennas.

Simulcasting is a spectrally efficient wide area coverage technique that can be advantageous in private mobile radio applications such as emergency services. In a simulcast network, multiple base stations broadcast the same information on a single nominal carrier frequency, causing severe multipath interference at a receiver in the overlap region of several neighboring base stations. In this thesis, we introduce a transmit delay scheme for simulcast networks and investigate the performance of the scheme in LOS and Rayleigh fading environments. In this scheme a relative transmit delay is introduced between neighboring base stations to extend the differential delay between different paths in the overlap regions, from the order of the carrier period to the order of the symbol period, thus transform RF carrier interference into ISI. The receiver employs MLSE to obtain diversity gain from ISI. The performance of the system is evaluated using analytical bounds and simulations carried out for an MLSE based &amp / #960 / /4 DQPSK receiver and the results show that the proposed scheme operates succesfully, turning destructive interference disadvantage into a multipath diversity advantage, provided that a sufficient delay is used between the base stations. The &ldquo / sufficient&rdquo / delay value is determined by considering the coverage properties of the scheme and is in fact &ldquo / optimum&rdquo / , since more than sufficient transmit delays result in useless increased receiver complexity. We provide our results using parameters for the TETRA system, however, the results of the work can readily be used for other systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFTJ_TESE.pdf: 4834280 bytes, checksum: 1a618560296186081bd6c34117d226be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Thin commercial aluminum electrolytic and passed through reactions was obtained with anodic alumina membranes nanopores. These materials have applications in areas recognized electronic, biomedical, chemical and biological weapons, especially in obtaining nanostructures using these membranes as a substrate or template for processing nanowires, nanodots and nanofibers for applications noble. Previous studies showed that the membranes that have undergone heat treatment temperature to 1300? C underwent changes in morphology, crystal structure and optical properties. This aim, this thesis, a study of the heat treatment of porous anodic alumina membranes, in order to obtain and to characterize the behavior changes structures during the crystallization process of the membranes, at temperatures ranging between 300 and 1700? C. It was therefore necessary to mount a system formed by a tubular furnace resistive alumina tube and controlled environment, applying flux with special blend of Ag-87% and 13% N2, in which argon had the role of carrying out the oxygen nitrogen system and induce the closing of the pores during the densification of the membrane. The duration of heat treatment ranged from 60 to 15 minutes, at temperatures from 300 to 1700? C respectively. With the heat treatment occurred: a drastic reduction of porosity, grain growth and increased translucency of the membrane. For the characterization of the membranes were analyzed properties: Physical - thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area; morphological - SEM, EDS through compositional and, optical absorbance, and transmittance in the UV-VIS, and FTIR. The results using the SEM showed that crystallization has occurred, densification and significant changes in membrane structure, as well as obtaining microtube, the BET analysis showed a decrease in specific surface area of the membranes has to 44.381 m2.g-1 to less than 1.8 m2.g-1 and in the analysis of transmittance and absorbance was found a value of 16.5% in the range of 800 nm, characteristic of the near infrared and FTIR have confirmed the molecular groups of the material. Thus, one can say that the membranes were mixed characteristics and properties which qualify for use in gas filtration system, as well as applications in the range of optical wavelength of the infra-red, and as a substrate of nanomaterials. This requires the continuation and deepening of additional study / L?minas delgadas de alum?nio comercial passaram por rea??es eletrol?ticas e obtiveram-se membranas de alumina an?dica com nanoporos. Estes materiais t?m reconhecidas aplica??es nas ?reas eletr?nicas, biom?dicas, qu?micas e biol?gicas, principalmente, na obten??o de nanoestruturas utilizando estas membranas como substrato ou molde para processamento de nanofios, nanopontos e nanofibras para aplica??es nobres. Estudos anteriores apontaram que as membranas que passaram por tratamentos t?rmicos at? a temperatura de 1300? C, sofreram altera??es na morfologia, na estrutura cristalina e nas propriedades ?pticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estudo do tratamento t?rmico de membranas de alumina an?dica porosas, com o intuito de obter e caracterizar as altera??es de comportamento das estruturas, durante o processo de cristaliza??o das membranas, em temperaturas que variaram entre 300 e 1700? C. Assim, foi necess?rio montar um sistema formado por um forno resistivo tubular e tubo de alumina com ambiente controlado, aplicando fluxo com mistura especial de Ar-87% e N2-13%, no qual o arg?nio teve o papel de carrear o oxig?nio para fora do sistema e o nitrog?nio de induzir o fechamento dos poros, durante a densifica??o das membranas. A dura??o dos tratamentos t?rmicos variou de 60 a 15 minutos, para as temperaturas de 300 at? 1700? C respectivamente. Com o tratamento t?rmico ocorreu redu??o dr?stica da porosidade, crescimento do gr?o e aumento da translucidez da membrana. Para a caracteriza??o das membranas, foram feitas an?lises das propriedades: f?sica - termogravim?trica; difra??o de raios-X, ?rea superficial BET; morfol?gica - MEV, composicional atrav?s do EDS; e, ?ptica - transmit?ncia e absorb?ncia no UV-VIS e FTIR. Os resultados por meio do MEV mostraram que ocorreu cristaliza??o, densifica??o e mudan?as significativas na estrutura das membranas, bem como, a obten??o de microtubo; a an?lise de BET constatou uma diminui??o na ?rea superficial espec?fica das membranas que passou de 44,381m2.g-1, para menos de 1,8m2.g-1; na an?lise de transmit?ncia e absorb?ncia foi encontrado um valor de 16,5 % na faixa de 800nm, caracter?stico do infravermelho pr?ximo e no FTIR foram confirmadas os grupos moleculares do material. Assim, pode-se afirmar que as membranas apresentaram caracter?sticas mistas e propriedades que as qualificam para o uso em sistema de filtra??o de gases, bem como, de aplica??es ?ticas na faixa do comprimento de onda do Infravermelho, e como substrato de nanomateriais. Isto requer a continuidade e aprofundamento em estudos complementares

Increasing energy consumption is a result of the rapid growth in cellular communication technologies and a massive increase in the number of mobile terminals (MTs) and communication sites. In cellular communication networks, energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE) are two of the most important criteria employed to evaluate the performance of networks. A compromise between these two conflicting criteria is therefore required, in order to achieve the best cellular network performance. Fractional frequency reuse (FFR), classed as either strict FFR or soft frequency reuse (SFR), is an intercell interference coordination (ICIC) technique applied to manage interference when more spectrum is used, and to enhance the EE. A conventional cellular model's downlink is designed as a reference in the presence of inter-cell interference (ICI) and a general fading environment. Energy-efficient cellular models,such as cell zooming, cooperative BSs and relaying models are designed, analysed and compared with the reference model, in order to reduce network energy consumption without degrading the SE. New mathematical models are derived herein to design a distributed antenna system (DAS), in order to enhance the system's EE and SE. DAS is designed in the presence of ICI and composite fading and shadowing with FFR. A coordinate multi-point (CoMP) technique is applied, using maximum ratio transmission (MRT) to serve the mobile terminal (MT), with all distributed antenna elements (DAEs), transmit antenna selection (TAS) being applied to select the best DAE and general selection combining (GSC) being applied to select more than one DAE. Furthermore, a Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is designed and analysed with two different schemes, using the high-power node (HPN) and a remote radio head (RRH), in order to improve the EE and SE of the system. Finally, a trade-off between the two conflicting criteria, EE and SE, is handled carefully in this thesis, in order to ensure a green cellular communication network.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude d'antennes intégrées sur silicium aux fréquences millimétriques, dans le but d'aboutir à des modules d'émission-réception totalement intégrés et reportés par des technologies standards dans un objet communicant. Ce travail comprend deux axes majeurs: Le première axe traite de l'étude, la conception et la réalisation d'antennes intégrées dans un boitier standard QFN couplées à un circuit émetteur-récepteur Ultra Large Bande (ULB) à 60 GHz comprenant des antennes intégrées de type dipôle replié fabriquées en technologie CMOS SOI 65-nm sur silicium haute résistivité. Dans un premier temps, nous avons défini le modèle de simulation à partir duquel nous avons étudié les performances des antennes prenant en compte l'influence de l'environnement (boitier, capot, fil d'interconnexions et technologie de fabrication). Dans un second temps, nous avons réalisé une optimisation des performances en adaptation et en rayonnement en ajoutant au sein du boitier un substrat et des éléments rayonnants couplés aux antennes intégrées sur la puce. Ce dispositif permet de réaliser des communications très haut débit (jusqu'à 2.2 Gbps) avec une très faible consommation d'énergie. Nous montrons qu'il est possible d'atteindre une distance de communication de plusieurs mètres grâce à un réseau transmetteur réalisé en technologie imprimée.Le deuxième axe porte sur la conception et la réalisation d'antennes multifaisceaux en bande V pour applications à long portée; il propose d'associer un réseau transmetteur réalisé sur technologie imprimée à un réseau focal constitué d'un petit nombre d'antennes intégrées sur silicium afin d'obtenir un compromis intéressant entre le niveau de gain, le coût et les capacités de dépointage de faisceau. Plusieurs réseaux sont démontrés avec un faisceau en polarisation circulaire, un gain de 18.6 dBi et une capacité de dépointage de ±24°. / This PhD thesis investigates the integration of antennas on silicon substrates at millimetre-wave frequencies in order to obtain fully-integrated and packaged transceiver modules using standard technologies in wireless devices. This work is organized in two main parts:In the first part, we investigated the design and realization of integrated antennas in a standard QFN package coupled to a 60 GHz Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) transceiver chip with two integrated folded-dipole antennas implemented in a 65-nm CMOS-SOI technology on high-resistivity silicon. We defined a simulation model from which we studied the performance of integrated antennas, taking into account the influence of the environment (package, lid, wirebonding and manufacturing technology). Then, we optimized the antenna performances in impedance matching and radiation gain using radiating elements printed on a substrate and coupled to the on-chip folded dipoles. This antenna led to the demonstration of high-data rate communications (up to 2.2 Gbps) with a very low power consumption. We showed that the communication distance can be extended up to several meters using a transmit array printed on a low-loss substrate.In the second part, we investigated the design and realization of multibeam antennas in V-band for long-range applications; it is based on a transmit-array realized in standard printed technologies associated with a focal source array, which consists of a small number of integrated antennas on silicon in order to achieve a good compromise between the radiation gain, the cost and the beam steering capabilities. Several arrays were demonstrated with a circularly-polarized beam, a gain of 18.6 dBi et a beam-steering capability of ±24°.