The purpose of this research is to describe the sporting experience of Canadian trans athletes. First,an online questionnaire was sent out to the various sports managers at Canadian universities and colleges as well as through social networks, in order to reach a maximum of athletes between 18 and25 years old. 1728 athletes responded to the questionnaire, including 25 athletes who identify as trans.The responses from the questionnaires, varying between 11 and 25 respondents per question, shed light on some of the findings regarding the sporting experience of trans athletes in Canada towardsLGBT-phobia. First of all, almost half of the 20 respondents (45%, n = 9) claimed to reveal their genderidentity to all members of their sporting context, 40% (n = 8) of them revealed it to at least one member of their sporting context while only 15% (n=3) prefer to keep this information for themselves. This openness in the sporting context is mainly due to a culture more open to diversities as well as a feeling of self-confidence from the athletes towards their gender identity. Also, athletes considered the openness of their sporting context to be mostly positive, especially from their team members and their coach. Despite these encouraging statistics, trans athletes is the most at risk group of experiencingLGBT-phobia as part of their sporting experience. In fact, from 11 trans athletes questioned, 9 of them(81%) experienced a minimum of one LGBT-phobia episode during their sporting experience,compared to athletes who identify as cisgender (46,1%, n=558). The group closest to trans athletes inLGBT-phobic experiments is the one with athletes who identify as queer or two-spirit (73,1%, n=40).Thus, gender identity appears to be the element related to a higher frequency of LGBT-phobic events experienced by an athlete. While there is clear progress when it comes to accessibility and openness to sexual diversity and gender identity in sport, LGBT-phobic situations for trans athletes remain present in the sporting context. To deepen this finding, interviews were conducted with three high-leveltrans women athletes in Canada. These interviews made it possible to grasp the importance of the sporting context in the lives of trans athletes and thus to put forward concrete courses of action for the future. For these athletes the priorities were to develop inclusion policies in all spheres of sport, to educate the actors in the sporting context about trans’ reality and to promote sports where sexual diversity and gender identities were put forward. In general, the athletes met were unanimous about the benefits of playing a sport and the support network it creates, especially for trans people. However,the sporting context must be open, welcoming and safe for trans athletes to evolve positively.

Au Québec, au cours de la dernière décennie, de nombreux changements sont survenus sur les plans politique, légal et social pour favoriser une meilleure intégration des personnes trans. Dans ce contexte, il s’avérait opportun d’examiner, à l'aide d'un cadre systémique et intersectionnel, la perception de 13 intervenants psychosociaux spécialisés auprès de la diversité de genre concernant : 1. Quels sont les problèmes, besoins et enjeux vécus par les personnes trans ; 2. Quelles pistes de solutions de nature systémique peuvent être identifiées pour répondre à ces dits problèmes, besoins et enjeux ; 3. Quelles sont les stratégies d’intervention psychosociale individuelle les plus appropriées auprès des personnes trans de tous les âges, de façon à favoriser leur mieux-être. Au regard des résultats obtenus dans ce projet, bien que les intervenants rencontrés reconnaissent que le Québec offre une position légale relativement avantageuse aux communautés trans, ils estiment malgré tout que le contexte cisgenriste systémique contraint les personnes trans à un quotidien entravé de culpabilisation, d’agressions verbales et physiques, et d’attitudes paternalistes, condescendantes et méprisantes dans leurs différents milieux de vie, notamment lors de contacts avec des professionnels de la santé et psychosociaux. Ce faisant, ils soutiennent que les besoins des personnes trans et leur vécu devraient être davantage reconnus, dépathologisés, protégés, estimés et valorisés par la société. Pour y arriver, il sera entre autres nécessaire de sensibiliser davantage la société à cette réalité, de normaliser la diversité de genre via des modèles diversifiés dans tous les systèmes et médias, peu importe l’origine, la nationalité, l’âge et le statut socio-économique des personnes trans. Qui plus est, cela implique indéniablement de réduire les coûts et les délais d'accès ainsi que les obligations (évaluations médicales et psychosociales multiples) exigés aux personnes qui souhaitent transitionner légalement et physiquement. / In the province of Quebec, in the last decade, numerous changes have taken place at the political, legal and social levels to promote the integration of trans people. In this context, it seemed relevant to examine, using a systemic and intersectional framework, the perception of 13 psychosocial professionals specialized regarding gender diversity regarding : 1. What are the main problems, needs and issues experienced by trans people ; 2. Which possible solutions of a systemic nature can be identified to respond to these problems, needs and issues ; 3. Which individual psychosocial intervention strategies are the most appropriate for trans people of all ages in order to promote their well-being. One of the main findings of this research is that, although the psychosocial professionals recognize that Quebec offers a relatively advantageous legal position for trans communities, the systemic cisgender context still forces trans people to a daily life hampered by guilt and verbal aggression, physical, paternalistic, condescending and contemptuous attitudes in their various living environments, including during contacts with health and psychosocial professionals. In doing so, we see the need for trans people and their experiences to be more recognized, de-pathologized, protected, esteemed and embraced by society. To achieve this, it will therefore be necessary to make society more aware of this reality, to normalize it through diversified models in all systems and media, regardless of the origin, nationality, age and socio-economic status of the trans people. What is more, this will undoubtedly mean reducing the costs, delays and obligations (e.g. multiple medical and psychosocial assessments) required of people who wish to transition legally and physically.

Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux rôles des groupes communautaires LGBT et à leur influence sur le processus de formulation de la Politique québécoise de lutte contre l'homophobie. Il analyse les dynamiques entre les groupes représentant les intérêts des minorités sexuelles et de genres et le Gouvernement du Québec, pendant la période 2000-2011. Notre recherche mobilise un cadre théorique basé sur la théorie de la mobilisation des ressources, ainsi qu'une approche qui combine les outils de l'approche corporatiste et de l'approche pluraliste. Sur la base d'une analyse documentaire et de 6 entrevues menées avec des leaders communautaires LGBT et un.e fonctionnaire du Ministère de la justice, l'analyse révèle comment la question de l'homophobie au Québec a contribué à la création d'une relation corporatiste entre l'État et certains des groupes les mieux dotés en ressources. Elle offre également un regard nouveau sur les relations entre les groupes communautaires et les stratégies d'influences employées en fonction de leurs ressources / This masters thesis is about the roles of LGBT community groups and their influence on the creation of the Politique québécoise de lutte contre l'homophobie (Quebec's national policy against homophobia.) It analyses the dynamics between the groups representing the interests of sexual and gender minorities and the Quebec government, from 2000 to 2011. Our research uses a theoretical framework based on resource mobilization theory as well as an approach that combines the tools of the corporatist and pluralist approaches. On the basis of a documentary analysis and 6 interviews held with LGBT community leaders as well as official from the Ministry of Justice, the analysis reveals how the issue of homophobia in Quebec contributed to the creation of a corporatist relationship between the State and some of the groups controlling the most resources. It also offers a new perspective on the relations between community groups and the strategies they employ, as a function of their resources, to influence the State.