Chen, Yanyan. / "Septembet 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Problem and Objective --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Significance --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.5 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- State Rescaling and Regional Planning: Concepts and Issues in the Western Countries and China --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Reworking of State Power --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Rescaling Concept --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- "The State Rescaling Concept, Regional Development and Rescaling Process in Regions" --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- The Regional Scale of Politics: Expressions of State Rescaling --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- The State Restructuring and the Rise of Regions in China: A Review --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7 --- Summary --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Conceptualizing Spatial Planning as a Process of State rescaling: towards an Analytical Framework --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1 --- Conceptualizing the Spatial Planning as a Process of State Rescaling --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Regional Planning in China --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3 --- Towards a Theoretical Framework --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The State in Transition: A Need for Planning Coordination in Cross-boundary Railways --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1 --- Changing Political Economy --- p.61 / Chapter 4.2 --- Institutional Structure in Planning Regional Railways --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Pearl River Delta: the Railway Planning Context --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4 --- General Propositions on Planning Coordination of Regional Railways in China --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Planning the Pearl River Delta Intercity Railway: Institutional Form and the Planning Mechanisms --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Planning the PRD Intercity Railway: an Introduction of Three Planning Phases --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Planning Process of the PRD Intercity Railway: Interaction among Multiple Jurisdictions --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Scalar Changes of Central-provincial-local State: State Rescaling Process --- p.122 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.128 / Chapter 6.1 --- Major Findings --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2 --- Suggestions for Further Studies --- p.133

This thesis examines the marginal cost of congested travel to a variety of businesses by observing time spent in congestion and estimating excess labor costs based upon the relevant value of time. The fleets in the scoping study represented commercial deliveries of goods and services, government agencies, and transit systems. Observations on limited-access expressways within the 13-county Atlanta metropolitan region were used in the analysis. Vehicles were monitored by using a passive GPS assembly that transmitted speed and location data in real-time to an off-site location. Installation and operation during the observation period required no interaction from the driver. Over 217 hours of good freeway movement during 354 vehicle-days was recorded. Rates of delay, expressed as a unit of lost minutes per mile traveled, were calculated by taking the difference in speeds observed during congestion from an optimal free-flow speed of 45 mph and dividing that by the distance traveled per segment. The difference between the 50th and 95th percentile delay rates was used as the measure for travel unreliability. Daily average values of extra time needed per fleet vehicle to ensure on-time arrivals were derived, and the median buffer across all fleets was 1.65 hours of added time per vehicle. Weekly marginal costs per fleet vehicle were estimated by factoring in the corresponding driver wages or hourly operation costs (for transit fleets). Equivalent toll rates were calculated by multiplying the 95th percentile delay rate by the hourly costs. The equivalent toll per mile traveled was representative of an equal relationship between the marginal costs of congestion experienced and a hypothetical state of free-flow travel (under first-best rules of marginal cost pricing). The median equivalent toll rates across all fleets was $0.43 per mile for weekday mornings, $0.13 per mile for midday weekdays, $0.53 per mile for afternoon weekdays and $0.01 per mile for weekday nights and weekends.

Freeways have had a strong influence not only on the urban transportation but also on downtown areas both physically and socially. Certainly, they have extended the commuting limits of the city and made lower land costs more accessible. However, many of the mid-century freeways, once championed by planners as tools for urban renewal, have created swaths of blight through city neighborhoods. Their negative impacts on the larger urban framework requires new ideas for healthier alternatives to aid in preserving and building sustainable cities. Removal of any downtown highway requires careful thought— even more consideration than when it was built. Quick solutions are what resulted in the problems that downtown highways of the Interstate-Era have today. If it is the simple interactions between people and place are that make up the positive aspects an urban environment, then what are the possibilities and strategies for removing urban highway, which are one of the primary impediments separating people in place in contemporary cities? This question is the focus of this thesis. At its core, the removal of freeways represents a trade-off between mobility objectives and economic development objectives. Evidence from other cities’ decisions to redesign or remove their downtown highways suggests multiple benefits. Making design changes, such as to replace a downtown highway with a well-designed surface boulevard, can stimulate economic activities without necessarily causing traffic chaos. Solutions come in different shapes and sizes. The selected case studies in this thesis reflect a diversity of approaches – suggesting no single strategy exists for addressing downtown highway issues. This reflects the fact that multiple alternatives must be considered in every situation because each approach varies in costs and opportunities. A typology of highway alternations derived from the case studies includes seven different techniques: burying, demolishing, taming, capping or bridging, elevating, retaining, and relocating. The final chapter applies the conclusions from the case studies to the Downtown Connector– Interstate 75/85– in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia. Urban design and transportation planning has an emerging new set of values. Transportation planning is seeking to promote alternate modes of transportation to the private vehicle, like transit, by foot, or by bicycle. We now understand that connectivity is not served only by highways but also by urban street networks that invite modes other than just automobiles. An important role for urban design will be to shape the way these interactions are made to benefit the citizens, its urban spaces, and the economy.

This professional report examines the degree to which the perception of safety shapes travel behavior in Austin, Texas, using Huston Tillotson University (HT) students as our case study. Focus groups are used to explore and identify what elements of the public transit experience are considered safe and unsafe. The report explores what “frightens” HT participants away from using the bus. A quantitative study is then used to measure environmental variables and their relation to bus stops and perceptions of safety. Austin crime data are used to locate bus stop crimes and develop a real context for bus riders’ perceptions of crime. After describing the conditions of bus stops based on physical, environmental, and criminal attributes, the study develops scenarios for the study areas. This report closes by summarizing the empirical findings and gives design and policy recommendations for transportation planners, agencies, and policy makers. / text

published_or_final_version / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

O objetivo desta Tese é a proposição de uma metodologia alternativa para planejamento de transportes que contempla as ferramentas disponíveis na ciência do sensoriamento remoto. A perspectiva adotada analisa aspectos do planejamento de transportes urbanos, tendo como embasamento os dados e informações advindos das imagens de satélite com alto poder de resolução espacial. A metodologia usa a abordagem baseada em objetos para classificar imagens de satélite de sensoriamento remoto. Através do processo de classificação, identificam-se feições urbanas úteis para o planejamento de transporte, em especial áreas de concentração de polos geradores de viagens do município de João Pessoa no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. A proposta é que com base nesses dados, e outros provenientes de uma pesquisa de campo (pesquisa domiciliar origem/destino), é possível caracterizar o uso do solo e a correspondente demanda por transportes. O estudo se justifica por propor uma alternativa mais ágil e menos onerosa, em comparação aos métodos tradicionais de construção e atualização da base de dados para análises de transportes. Ao identificar as regiões da cidade com as maiores quantidades de viagens geradas, os resultados obtidos auxiliam nas ações de planejamento do sistema de transportes, visando alcançar o equilíbrio entre oferta e demanda de transporte com o uso do solo urbano. / The objective of this Thesis is to propose an alternative method of transportation planning that considers the tools available in the science of remote sensing. The perspective adopted examines aspects of urban transportation planning, having as basis the data and information coming from satellite images with high spatial resolution. The methodology uses the object-based approach to classify remote sensing satellite imagery. Through the classification process, urban features useful for transportation planning are identified, mainly areas of concentration of trip generation in the city of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil. The proposal is that, based on these data, and others from a field research (origin/destination home-interview survey), it is possible to characterize the land use and the corresponding demand for transport. The study is justified because it proposes a more agile and less costly alternative, compared to traditional methods of building and updating the database for transport analysis. By identifying areas of the city with the largest amounts of trips generated, the results support planning actions on the transportation system, in order to achieve a balance between transport supply and demand with urban land use.

Submitted by José Dias (jmdiassor@gmail.com) on 2017-12-06T15:37:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação JMDias UFSCar_So v.final.pdf: 1930492 bytes, checksum: cf7a9d0a9b17e5ea00075d652b21d2ce (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 330278 bytes, checksum: 7ec98b5d36367e44412de8af04a35377 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-12-07T12:03:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação JMDias UFSCar_So v.final.pdf: 1930492 bytes, checksum: cf7a9d0a9b17e5ea00075d652b21d2ce (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 330278 bytes, checksum: 7ec98b5d36367e44412de8af04a35377 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-12-07T12:03:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação JMDias UFSCar_So v.final.pdf: 1930492 bytes, checksum: cf7a9d0a9b17e5ea00075d652b21d2ce (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 330278 bytes, checksum: 7ec98b5d36367e44412de8af04a35377 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-07T12:03:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação JMDias UFSCar_So v.final.pdf: 1930492 bytes, checksum: cf7a9d0a9b17e5ea00075d652b21d2ce (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 330278 bytes, checksum: 7ec98b5d36367e44412de8af04a35377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / With the growth of urban population and the increase of the vehicle fleet, Brazilian cities face urban dysfunction problems like congestion, environmental pollution, car accidents among others and its consequences are felt by citizens. With the institution of the PNMU - Política Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana (National Urban Mobility Policy), Brazil has sought to direct the planning of solutions for the urban transportation of people and cargo in an integrated and sustainable way The literature shows a lack of national research focused on planning and local policies of urban freight and better understanding of the authorities on the freight transportation and supply chains, for decision-making on policy and planning Urban Freight Transport (UFT). The practices and concepts of City Logistics intend optimal solutions for goods handling issues in urban areas. In this context, the use of City Logistics (CL) practices in Brazilian cities was investigated. Therefore, the contents related to UFT and CL were analyzed in the PlanMobs – Planos de Mobilidade Urbana (Urban Mobility Plans) elaborated by these cities. Additionally was produced a data collection (survey research), with those responsible for the preparation/review of PlanMobs. This research identifies the resources used in the UFT planning, the CL practices adopted and the perceptions of the municipal authorities about the UFT and CL. The results showed that the LU is still neglected and appears not to be the focus of the authorities who have developed the PlanMob. The lack of local authorities’ specific skills, with the low use of planning resources makes it impossible to achieve the LU goals. / Com o crescimento da população urbana e o aumento da frota de veículos, as cidades brasileiras enfrentam problemas de disfunções urbanas como congestionamento, poluição ambiental, acidentes, cujas consequências são vivenciadas pelos cidadãos. Com a instituição da Politica Nacional de Mobilidade Urbana (PNMU), o Brasil procurou direcionar o planejamento de soluções para o transporte urbano de pessoas e cargas de forma integrada e sustentável. A literatura mostra a falta de pesquisas nacionais com foco no planejamento e políticas locais de frete urbano e de melhor entendimento das autoridades sobre o transporte de cargas e das cadeias de suprimentos, para a tomada de decisão sobre políticas e planejamento do Transporte Urbano de Cargas (TUC). As práticas e conceitos da Logística Urbana buscam soluções para a problemática da movimentação urbana de mercadorias. Neste contexto, investigou-se a utilização das práticas da Logística Urbana (LU) nas cidades brasileiras. Para tanto, foram analisados os conteúdos relativos ao TUC e LU nos Planos de Mobilidade Urbana (PlanMob) elaborados por estas cidades. Adicionalmente elaborou-se um levantamento de dados (pesquisa tipo survey), junto aos responsáveis pela elaboração/revisão dos PlanMobs. Esta pesquisa identifica os recursos utilizados no planejamento do TUC, as práticas de LU adotadas e as percepções das autoridades municipais sobre o TUC e a LU. Os resultados demostraram que a LU ainda é negligenciada e parece não ser o foco das autoridades que têm elaborado o PlanMob. A falta de competências específicas das autoridades locais, com a baixa utilização dos recursos para o planejamento impossibilita o alcance das metas da LU.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é validar a hipótese de que o minerador de dados pode ser utilizado como uma ferramenta para previsão dos padrões de viagens, inclusive sob mudança comportamental dos indivíduos. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi adotada uma postura científica indutiva, utilizando como dados as informações contidas nas duas pesquisas origem-destino realizadas em 1987 e 1997 pelo METRÔ-SP na região metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). Os dados da primeira pesquisa e as mudanças comportamentais dos indivíduos observadas no período de 1987 a 1997 forneceram as condições para elaboração do cenário futuro a ser usado para projeção da demanda por transporte para 1997. Aplicando a Árvore de Decisão e Classificação, uma das técnicas de mineração de dados disponível no software S-PLUS 6.1, foram obtidas as distribuições das probabilidades das distribuições dos padrões de viagens encadeadas relacionadas a cada grupo homogêneo de viajantes urbanos. Estas probabilidades foram aplicadas aos indivíduos da amostra de 1997, estimando o número de viajantes urbanos por padrão de viagem encadeada em cada uma das 361 zonas de tráfego da RMSP. Os valores estimados pelo modelo foram comparados com os dados observados em 1997 pelo teste estatístico não-paramétrico de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S). Ao final, concluiu-se que a hipótese proposta foi confirmada em 92,2% das zonas de tráfego analisadas / The main aim of this work is to submit to a validation test the hypothesis that data mining technique can be used as a tool for forecasting the trip-chaining patterns including individual behavioral changes. For the project development, an inductive scientific method point of view was adopted, using as a data resource the information contained in two origin-destination surveys carried out by METRÔ-SP in the São Paulo metropolitan area (SPMA) in 1987 and 1997. The first survey data and the individual behavioral changes observed in the period from 1987 to 1997 provided the information to build a future scenario to predict the 1997’s travel demand. Applying the Classification and Regression Tree which is a data mining technique available in S-PLUS 6.1 software package, it were obtained the probabilities distribution of the trip-chaining patterns and set the contextual socioeconomics characteristics of the urban travelers. These probabilities were applied to the 1997 individuals belonging to the sample collected in 1997 to estimate the number of urban travelers by trip-chaining patterns for each of the 361 traffic zones of SMPA. The estimated results from the model were compared with the real values of 1997 data set using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) non-parametric statistic test. The main conclusion is that the hypothesis was confirmed in 92.2% of the SPMA traffic zones

O presente trabalho trata do processo contemporâneo de reprodução do espaço urbano que inclui a construção de linhas de transporte de alta e média capacidade e envolve intervenções urbanas cujas estratégias articulam a atuação do Estado, de diferentes ramos do capital e de instituições internacionais. Tal processo foi apreendido a partir da análise, por um lado, da construção do primeiro trecho da Linha 15-Prata da Cia do Metrô de São Paulo que transformou a dinâmica socioespacial do bairro de Vila Prudente e, por outro, da investigação dos planos de transportes urbanos do Governo do Estado de São Paulo e de sua Secretaria de Transportes Metropolitanos que, ao longo das últimas duas décadas, sujeitaram-se aos projetos de instituições internacionais, como o Banco Mundial. Tais instituições impõe formas específicas de planejamento ou de uma governança metropolitana para promover intervenções e requalificações urbanas que acompanham o ritmo das reestruturações técnico-produtivas do capital e, no caso de São Paulo, tentam manter a hegemonia da maior metrópole brasileira na divisão territorial do trabalho (como centro de gestão e comando). Resulta dessa estratégia e prática a reinserção de antigos terrenos industriais, vazios urbanos e centralidades espaciais constituídas historicamente no tecido metropolitano e tidos, hoje, como obsoletos, na dinâmica dos mercados imobiliário e financeiro através da construção de infraestrutura. Isso revela que a produção contemporânea do espaço, subordinado à um urbanismo metropolitano e de mercado, objetiva-se, também, na construção de infraestrutura de transportes, reafirmando as relações sociais de produção e suas contradições que vão da superexploração do trabalho e da segregação socioespacial à obsolescência precoce do espaço para atender aos processos de valorização do capital. / The present work is related to the contemporary process of reproduction of the urban space, which includes the construction of high and medium capacity transport lines and involves urban interventions, whose strategies articulate the actions of the State, from different branches of the financing and international institutions. Such process was apprehended from the analyses, in one hand. by the construction of the first patch of the Line 15-Silver by the São Paulo Metropolitan Company, which has transformed the social-spacial dynamics of Vila Prudente District. In the other hand, from the investigation of urban transportation plans by the São Paulo state government and its Metropolitan Transport Secretary, that along the last two decades, subjected themselves to the project of International institutions, such as The World Bank, specific ways of planning or a Metropolitan Governancy to promote urban interventions and requalifications, follow the speed of technical-productives restructuring of capital investments in a peripheral country and keep the hegemony of the greatest Brazilian metropolis in the territorial sharing of work as a center of command and management. As result of this strategy and practice we see the reintegration of ancient industrial lots, urban empties and central spaces formed historically in the metropolitan tissues and considered nowadays as obsoletes in the analyses of Finanacial and Real Estate markets, through the construction of infrastructure. This shows up that the space contemporary production, dependent of a metropolitan and Market urbanism, has also as an objective, the building of a transportation infrastructure, assuring the social relationships of production and its contradictions that starts in the superexploitation of work force and socialspacial segregation to the precocious obsolescence of the urban space to favor the capital improvement process.

Cette thèse aborde le problème de tournées de véhicules (VRP) intégrant des contraintes temporelles : fenêtres de temps (TW), synchronisation (S) et précédence (P), appliqué au secteur de soins à domicile, donnant le VRPTW-SP. Il s’agit d’établir un plan de visite journalier des soignants, aux domiciles des patients ayant besoin d’un ou plusieurs services. Tout d’abord, nous avons abordé ce problème sous angle mono-objectif. Ensuite, le cas bi-objectif est considéré. Pour la version mono-objectif, un Programme Linéaire à Variables Mixtes Entières (PLME), deux heuristiques constructives, deux procédures de recherches locales et trois métaheuristiques à base de voisinages sont proposés : une procédure de recherche constructive adaptative randomisée (GRASP), une recherche locale itérée (ILS) et une approche hybride (GRASP × ILS). Concernant le cas bi-objectif, différentes versions de métaheuristiques évolutionnaires multi-objectifs sont proposées, intégrant différentes recherches locales : l’algorithme génétique avec tri par non-dominance version 2 (NSGAII), une version généralisée de ce dernier avec démarrages multiples (MS-NSGAII) et une recherche locale itérée avec tri par non-dominance (NSILS). Ces algorithmes ont été testés et validés sur des instances adaptées de la littérature. Enfin, nous avons étendu le VRPTW-SP sur un horizon de planification, donnant le VRPTW-SP multi-période. Pour résoudre cette extension, un PLME ainsi qu’une matheuristique sont proposés / This work addresses the vehicle routing problem (VRP) including timing constraints: time windows (TW), synchronization (S) and precedence (P), applied in Home Health Care sector; giving the VRPTW-SP. This problem consists in establishing a daily caregivers planning to patients' homes asking for one or several services. We have started by considering the problem as a single objective case. Then, a bi-objective version of the problem is introduced. For solving the single-objective problem, a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP), two constructive heuristics, local search procedures and three local search based metaheuristics are proposed : a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search procedure (GRASP), an Iterated Local Search (ILS) and a hybrid approach (GRASP × ILS). Regarding the bi-objective VRPTW-SP, different versions of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, including various local research strategies are proposed: the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm version 2 (NSGAII), a generalized version of this latter with multiple restarts (MS-NSGAII) and an Iterated Local Search combined with the Non-dominated Sorting concept (NSILS). All these algorithms have been tested and validated on appropriate instances adapted from the literature. Finally, we extended the VRPTW-SP on a multi-period planning horizon and then proposed a MILP and a matheuristic approach