Over the last couple of years, more than a million unaccompanied minor refugees (UMRs) have made it to the European Union. Their journeys have been long, tough, and hard and each unaccompanied minor refugee has a unique story, but they all share one thing. The traumatic events they have witnessed and experienced along the way have affected their mental health. Mental health issues, often symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are very common among UMRs. Untreated issues can lead to chronic PTSD, which could impact them for the rest of their lives. UMRs need support to process the traumas they have experienced, and one possible intervention is NET, Narrative Exposure Therapy. NET is an evidence-based, short-term, individual form of therapy. Supported by a therapist, the individual talk through his/her whole life while putting emphasis on the traumatic events aiming to work through and past them. The adapted form of NET that is used to treat children is called KidNET. Based on the hypothesis that KidNET has positive effects, reduces symptoms of PTSD, and strengthens mental health, the aim of the study is to show the effects of KidNET when treating traumatized children diagnosed with PTSD. Further objectives are set to see how effective KidNET is when compared to control groups, and if KidNET can be recommended as a suitable intervention to use among UMRs suffering from PTSD in Greece. A narrative literature review is chosen as the research method to reach the aim. The review revealed overall positive effects when using KidNET as an intervention targeting traumatized children with PTSD in various settings in different parts of the world. Positive effects found were better daily functioning, an ability to engage in meaningful activities, a reduction in feelings of guilt, stigmatization, and suicidal ideation, a decrease in the severity of PTSD and depression symptoms, and a full recovery from major clinical depression and PTSD. No negative effects were found in any of the studies included in the review. Several studies were limited by small sample sizes, no passive control group and not enough follow-up assessments. However, the overall outcome shows successful results and KidNET is found to be a suitable intervention when treating PTSD among UMRs in Greece, but further studies are recommended. / <p>On Zoom</p>

Contexte théorique : Au Canada, la prévalence du trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) serait de 9,2%. Plusieurs questionnaires ont été développés pour mesurer les symptômes du TSPT dont le PTSD Checklist For DSM-5 (PCL-5). Ce questionnaire autorapporté a été validé à plusieurs reprises avec des échantillons non-cliniques ou militaires. Toutefois, le PCL-5 n’a jamais été validé avec un échantillon clinique et civil. Aussi, le nombre idéal de facteur du PCL-5 reste toujours à être démontré. Objectif : Cette étude vise à établir la validité de construit du PCL-5 d’un échantillon clinique et civil de 132 participants aux prises avec un TSPT. Les 3 principales structures factorielles seront analysées de façon à retenir celle qui présente les meilleurs résultats. Méthodologie : Les structures factorielles ont été mesurées avec des analyses factorielles confirmatoires et des analyses bifactorielles. La consistance interne a été mesurée à partir du coefficient Oméga de McDonald. La validité convergente et divergente a été mesurée par des corrélations de Pearson avec d’autres construits. Résultats : Au niveau des indices d’ajustement, le modèle à 7 facteurs a obtenu les meilleurs résultats. Sur le plan de la fidélité et sur celui de la validité convergente et divergente, le modèle à 4 facteurs possède les résultats les plus optimaux. Discussion : Globalement, le modèle à 4 facteurs est le plus approprié pour le PCL-5. De plus, les modèles à 6 et 7 facteurs présentent quelques lacunes sur le plan méthodologique et statistique. Finalement, le PCL-5 est un questionnaire valide et fidèle pour une population clinique et civile. / Background: In Canada, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is estimated to be 9.2%. Several questionnaires have been developed to measure the symptoms of PTSD including the PTSD Checklist For DSM-5 (PCL-5). This questionnaire has been validated several times with non-clinical or military samples. However, PCL-5 has never been validated with a clinical and civilian sample. Also, the ideal factor number of PCL-5 has yet to be demonstrated. Objective: This study aims to establish the construct validity of PCL-5 in a clinical and civilian sample of 132 participants with PTSD. The 3 main factor structures will be analyzed in order to retain the one that presents the best results. Methodology: Factor structures were measured with confirmatory factor analyzes and bifactor analyzes. Internal consistency was measured from McDonald's Omega coefficient. Convergent and discriminant validity was measured by Pearson correlations with other constructs. Results: In terms of fit statistics, the 7-factor model obtained the best results. In terms of reliability and convergent and divergent validity, the 4-factor model has the most optimal results. Discussion: Overall, the 4-factor model is the most appropriate for the PCL-5. In addition, the 6 and 7 factor models have some methodological and statistical limitations. Finally, the PCL-5 is a valid and reliable questionnaire for a clinical and civilian population.

MA (Psychology) / Department of Psychology

Som yrkesverksam inom sociala arbeten möter professionella tragiska människoöden och traumatiska berättelser. Utifrån återkommande exponering för dessa berättelser kan den yrkesverksamma i längden själv riskera drabbas av traumasymptom. Detta kallas för sekundär traumatisering, vilket i sin tur kan leda till utbrändhet och sjukskrivning. Studien undersöker hur chefer inom sociala verksamheter i Sverige anser att deras organisation kan förebygga sekundär traumatisering bland deras medarbetare. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ, induktiv ansats där sju chefer från olika kommuner intervjuats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjupersonerna valdes utifrån ett målinriktat, bekvämlighets- och snöbollsurval. I genomförd innehållsanalys framkom tre kategorier gällande hur sekundär traumatisering kan förebyggas: genom kunskap, en planerad organisationsstruktur samt via en öppen organisationskultur. Resultatet har sedan diskuterats utifrån tidigare forskning samt ur ett chefsperspektiv på krav-kontroll-stödmodellen. Studien konkluderar att chefer kan förebygga sekundär traumatisering. För det första genom att skapa en planerad organisationsstruktur, vilken möjliggör kontroll och stöd för medarbetarna. För det andra genom att uppmuntra en god organisationskultur som bidrar till högt socialt stöd. För det tredje genom att öka kunskapen om sekundär traumatisering, vilket fungerar som ett skydd gentemot sekundär traumatisering. Dessutom dras slutsatsen att cheferna kan använda krav-kontroll-stödmodellen som ett verktyg i sitt förebyggande arbete mot sekundär traumatisering. / Professionals within social work encounter tragic human fates and traumatic stories. Due to recurring exposure of traumatic stories it is possible for professionals to risk suffering from trauma symptoms. This is called secondary traumatisation, which can result in burnout and sick leave. The thesis investigates how managers within the social sector in Sweden find that they can prevent secondary traumatisation among their employees. The study is based on a qualitative, inductive approach where interviews with seven managers from different municipalities where conducted. The interviewees were selected based on target sampling, convenience sampling, as well as snowball sampling. In the content analysis three categories regarding how secondary traumatisation can be prevented was discovered: through knowledge, a planned organisational structure and through an open organisational culture. The result has been discussed based on existing research as well as from a manager’s perspective on the demand-control-support model. The findings conclude that managers can prevent secondary traumatisation. Fist, by creating a planned organisational structure, which enable control and support for employees. Second, by encouraging a good organisational culture, which contribute to high social support. Third, employees receive a form of protection from secondary traumatisation by increasing knowledge about the subject. Furthermore, the findings also conclude that managers can use the demand-control-support model as a tool in preventing secondary traumatisation.

No description available.

Markéta Vrbová Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using psychotherapy while working with the victims of domestic violence. The aim is to introduce the perspective of this issue from the view of workers from several crisis and intervention centers in Prague. The thesis is structured into two sections; theoretical and practical. The theoretical part contains the definition of domestic violence, its consequences including post-traumatic stress disorder, working with a violent person, and last but not least the possibilities of using psychotherapy and its definition. The empirical part is based on qualitative research, which describes the steps throughout the whole survey. The analysis and interpretation of the data contain the most important extracts of the interviews. This thesis discovers not only if social workers use psychotherapeutic elements with victims, but also other significant topics that are marginally mentioned. The focus must be on these marginally mentioned issues as well to improve the quality of work with victims of domestic violence.

Contexte : La littérature montre que les symptômes de détresse psychologique tels que l’anxiété, la dépression, la détresse non spécifique et le stress post-traumatique peuvent se développer après l’annonce du diagnostic de cancer du sein. Le niveau de bien-être, un marqueur de détresse psychologique, est aussi influencé par cette annonce. Toutefois, peu d’études distinguent les patientes qui sont en traitements de celles qui ne les ont pas encore commencés, ce qui nuit à notre compréhension de ces deux phases distinctes. Objectif : Cette méta-analyse vise à déterminer la prévalence de quatre classes de symptômes de détresse psychologique (anxiété, dépression, détresse non spécifique, stress post-traumatique) et le niveau de bien-être, provoqués par l’annonce d’un diagnostic de cancer du sein, en excluant de la phase de traitement. Méthodologie : Dix bases de données ont été consultées pour extraire des données d’études empiriques mesurant les symptômes étudiés. Résultats : Au total, 39 articles ont été inclus. La prévalence était de 39% pour la détresse non spécifique (n = 13), 34% pour les symptômes anxieux (n = 19), 31% pour les symptômes post-traumatiques (n = 7) et 20% pour les symptômes dépressifs (n = 25). Aucune étude mesurant le niveau de bien-être n’a été trouvée. Conclusion : La santé mentale peut être affectée dans au moins quatre domaines à la suite d’un diagnostic de cancer du sein et de tels effets sont fréquemment constatés dans la littérature. Cette étude met en évidence la nécessité d’isoler la phase du diagnostic, afin d’atténuer les effets psychologiques du cancer du sein le plus tôt possible. / Background: The literature mentions that psychological symptoms such as anxiety, depression, non-specific distress, and post-traumatic stress develop after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Well-being, another psychological distress marker, can also be impacted as soon as the diagnosis is given. The literature rarely distinguishes between the psychological symptoms patients who have begun treatment and those who have not yet begun, undermining our understanding of these two distinct phases. Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of four classes of psychological symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, non-specific distress, post-traumatic stress), and wellbeing levels specifically elicited by the announcement of a breast cancer diagnosis, excluding the treatment phase. Methodology: Ten databases were searched to extract data from empirical studies measuring the studied symptoms. Results: A total of 39 articles were included in our sample. The prevalence of clinically significant psychological distress symptoms was 39% for non-specific distress (n = 13), 34% for anxiety symptoms (n = 19), 31% for post-traumatic symptoms (n = 7), and 20% for depressive symptoms (n = 25). No studies measuring patient well-being were found. Conclusion: Mental health may be impacted in at least four domains following a diagnosis of breast cancer and such effects are frequently found in the literature. This study highlights the need to isolate the different phases of breast cancer, including the diagnosis phase in order to mitigate the psychological effects of breast cancer as early as possible.

El cine peruano es reconocido a nivel nacional por recrear los momentos más difíciles de los últimos 30 años, en este caso, el conflicto armado interno. Este acontecimiento tuvo mucha acogida en el cine, en donde, se realizaron películas como “La teta asustada” de Claudia Llosa. Esta última, siendo el enfoque de la investigación. El personaje principal de este largometraje vive con un trauma debido al contexto del pasado, el cual se hace referencia como “la teta asustada”. En base a esta afección con la que vive el personaje principal, se realizará un análisis de caracterización, interpretando sus distintas dimensiones (física, psicológica y sociológica). Por otro lado, analizaremos las acciones del personaje en estudio para describir la representación del personaje que ha sido afectado por el trastorno en observación. Por ende, la siguiente investigación busca analizar la caracterización del personaje afectado por el conflicto armado interno en la película “La teta asustada” de Claudia Llosa. / Peruvian cinema is nationally recognized for recreating the most difficult moments of the last 30 years, in this case, the internal conflict in Peru. This event was very well received in the cinema, where films such as “The milk of sorrow” by Claudia Llosa were made. The latter being the focus of the investigation. The main character of this film lives with a trauma due to the context of the past, which is referred to as "the milk of sorrow". Based on this condition with which the main character lives, a characterization analysis will be carried out, interpreting its different dimensions (physical, psychological and sociological). On the other hand, we will analyze the actions of the character under study to describe the representation of the character that has been affected by the disorder under observation. Therefore, the following research seeks to analyze the characterization of the character affected by the internal conflict in the film "The milk of sorrow" by Claudia Llosa. / Trabajo de investigación

Les violences sexuelles ont de fortes répercussions sur la santé mentale des victimes. Aussi bien en temps de paix qu’en temps de guerre, les femmes payent un lourd tribut à la suite de ces violences. L’accès au traitement troubles anxiodépressifs liés à ces actes de violence est souvent limité dans les pays à faible revenu à cause de plusieurs facteurs. Le présent mémoire se propose de réfléchir sur les possibilités de traitement des troubles mentaux liés aux violences sexuelles chez les femmes en contexte de soins de santé primaires. Objectifs Cette étude a pour objectifs d’identifier les outils pour le dépistage et la prise en charge des troubles anxiodépressifs chez les femmes victimes de violences sexuelles au Congo Kinshasa et de proposer un modèle de psychothérapie à distance pour la prise en charge de ces victimes de violences sexuelles. Résultats Il existe des plateformes digitales de traitement des troubles anxiodépressifs utilisant la thérapie cognitivocomportementale ayant fait leurs preuves. Nous avons proposé un modèle de psychothérapie à distance s’intégrant dans le système de santé congolais en contexte de soins de santé primaires. Conclusions Malgré les obstacles à l’implantation des technologies digitales en Afrique, l’usage des plateformes à distance de thérapie web est une option envisageable dans la prise en charge des troubles anxiodépressifs chez les femmes victimes de violence sexuelle en RDC. L’intégration des plateformes de thérapie à distance dans les soins de santé primaires pourrait contribuer à diminuer efficacement la prévalence des troubles anxiodépressifs consécutifs aux violences sexuelles. Mots-clés : violences sexuelles, troubles anxiodépressifs, thérapies à distance, soins de santé primaires. / Sexual violence has a strong impact on the mental health of victims. In both peacetime and wartime, women pay a heavy price as a result of such violence. Access to treatment for mental disorders related to the consequences of such acts is often limited in low-income countries due to several factors. This paper aims to reflect on the possibilities of treating mental disorders linked to sexual violence in women in the context of primary health care. Objective Identify tools for the screening and management of anxiety-depressive disorders among women victims of sexual violence in Congo Kinshasa and propose a remote psychotherapy model for the care of these victims of sexual violence. The presentation of two articles, one of which is a narrative review providing an inventory of digital technologies for the treatment of anxiety-depressive disorders in Africa and the other a protocol on the acceptability of treatments for anxio-depressive disorders by digital technologies in the context of care primary health care was carried out. Results We have demonstrated the existence of digital platforms for the treatment of anxiety-depressive disorders using cognitive-behavioral therapy in the West. We have proposed a remote psychotherapy model that fits into the Congolese health system in the context of primary health care. Conclusions Despite the obstacles to a good establishment as well as the problems related to mental health in Africa, the use of remote web therapy platforms appears beneficial in the management of anxiety-depressive disorders. The integration of these platforms into primary health care could effectively help reduce the prevalence of anxiety-depressive disorders resulting from sexual violence. Keywords: Internet Based Intervention, Online, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress, depression, third countries, gender-based violence.

No description available.