In the current South African context there is a strong likelihood of the occurrence of trauma incidents that involve people of different races. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this has contributed to the increased expression of negative racial sentiments by victims of trauma, especially in crime related trauma, when the perpetrator/s are of a different race group to the victim. This research study locates itself within the small number of studies that have sought to engage with the problem of negative racial sentiments as a response to trauma. This study focused particularly on the observations, explanations and interventions of volunteer counsellors in having to engage with this content in traumatized clients. The study sought to understand the impact that the expression of negative racial sentiments had on the process of trauma counselling and debriefing and on counsellors personally. The research was operationalized within a hermeneutically oriented qualitative research framework. The participant group was comprised of 11 volunteer counsellors from different parts of Johannesburg and from different organizations. Participants were chosen through purposive sampling and face to face semi-structured interviews were used as the method of data collection. Thematic content analysis was employed to analyze the interview texts. The findings suggest that negative racial sentiments are a commonly occurring response following a trauma. Counsellors predominantly understand negative racial sentiments to be part of the trauma symptom pattern, in that they explain such responses as ‘trigger’ reactions. Counsellors also understood the sentiments to represent pre-existing prejudice, exaggerated and re-evoked by the trauma. The findings indicate that counsellors were developing and utilizing skills and interventions mainly of their own design in engaging with negative racial sentiments, as they are generally not trained on how to engage with this content in trauma counselling. Counsellors use interventions such as normalizing, psychoeducation and CBT based interventions when they do intervene, but in some cases make a choice not to intervene. Counsellors reported considerable discomfort and suggested that although case by case intervention was important, some guidance as to how to work in this area would be useful. The contextual nature of the problem and related interventions was also highlighted.

This study explored how psychodynamically oriented therapists understand and work with negative racial sentiments arising in traumatized clients. One of the aims of the study was to highlight and examine the technical, countertransferencial and ethical dilemmas faced when a patient brings ‘politically difficult’ material infused with negative racial sentiment to therapy. It was hoped that information gleaned would contribute to theoretical and technical understanding of this phenomenon and assist in working with such negative racial sentiments. In order to investigate the research questions eight therapists who identified themselves as ‘psychodynamically-oriented’ participated in semi-structured interviews on the topic of negative racial sentiment (NRS) in therapy. The study was located in the qualitative research tradition, and interview transcripts were subject to a critical thematic content analysis. The main themes were identified and presented under three sections, namely: how therapists understand, work with and respond to the phenomenon of NRS in traumatized clients. Understandings included the formation of NRS as inter alia reflecting the use of defenses such as splitting, projection, projective identification, the triumph of the bad object and a breakdown in the capacity to symbolize. Tensions in understanding the phenomenon of NRS post-trauma and related latent themes were also identified. Therapists’ approaches to working with NRS included the use of a range of implicit assessment criteria such as, whether, for example, the patient’s response was experienced as ego-dystonic or ego-syntonic. Technical strategies for intervention included adherence to a working model, interpretive interventions and cognitive strategies. The participating therapists’ countertransferential responses to negative racial sentiment were categorized, taking the form of: negative feeling towards or disidentification from the patient; negative feeling towards the perpetrator or identification with the patient and therapeutic impasse. Some guidelines proposed by the participating therapists for managing NRS, as it occurs in psychotherapy with traumatized clients, are presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-12-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_alp_me_araca.pdf: 556236 bytes, checksum: 813123fc195762e6557fa1b6003a934b (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar um método para estudo do traumatismo dentoalveolar, utilizando um dispositivo capaz de promover a mesma intensidade e sentido de aplicação da força sobre molares de ratos, e dessa forma, ser utilizado como um modelo de estudo experimental na movimentação dentária induzida de dentes previamente traumatizados. Para a realização desse traumatismo foi utilizado um tensiômetro, com uma das suas extremidades adaptada para exercer um impacto sobre o primeiro molar superior. O tensiômetro foi fixado em um suporte de metal com a finalidade de padronizar a direção da aplicação da força e posicionar corretamente sua extremidade sobre o primeiro molar superior. Aplicou-se um trauma no sentido ocluso-gengival de 600 gramas sobre a região oclusal do primeiro molar superior direito de 10 ratos, correspondente à aproximadamente 600cN. Em seguida os animais foram mortos e a maxila direita coletada para análise microscópica do tecido pulpar e o ligamento periodontal da raiz mesial do primeiro molar superior. A análise microscópica demonstrou que a força de 600cN não se mostrou efetiva para promover alterações no ligamento periodontal, polpa e raiz. Por outro lado, demonstrou que um trauma de intensidade menor como a concussão, não promove alterações no ligamento periodontal, e por sua vez não representa um problema para o ortodontista. / This study has as purpose to present a method for study of the dentoalveolar traumatism, using a device capable to promote a traumatism maintaining the same intensity and sense of application of the force on molars of rats, and in that way, to be used as a method of experimental study in the induced movement of teeth previously traumatized. For the accomplishment of that traumatism a gauge was used, with one of their extremities adapted to exercise an impact on the first superior molar. The gauge was fastened in a metal support with the purpose of to standardize the direction of the application of the force and to position his extremity correctly adapted on the first superior molar. A injury was applied in the ocluso-gingival sense on the vestibular crest of the first right superior molar of 10 rats with force of 600 grams, corresponding to the approximately 600cN. Soon afterwards the animals were died and the right maxillary bone collected for histological analysis of the pulpal and the periodontal ligament of the root mesial of the first superior molar. The histological analysis demonstrated that the force of 600cN was not shown executes to promote alterations in the periodontal ligament, pulp and root, on the other hand it demonstrated that a trauma of smaller intensity as the concussion, doesn't promote alterations in the periodontal ligament, and for his time it doesn't represent a problem for the orthodontist.

Previous studies have shown that activity loss in unaccompanied refugee children is common. During the asylum process, inactivity, uncertainty and anxiety disorders, which may occur after trauma, can result in passivity. Unaccompanied refugee children are, according to the UN, children and young people under 18 years of age who have fled from their home country without an accompanying parent or guardian. The purpose of this study was to describe different activities and their significance for unaccompanied refugee children. The method used was a literature review. Data collection was done through literature searches in different databases PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar and a manual search through reference lists. The search resulted in 18 relevant scientific articles, and was limited to articles that were no more than 11 years old and written in English or Swedish. The result from the analysis gave three main categories which are: 'Structure in everyday life gives a good feeling', 'Activities for pleasure can increase participation', 'School as support for finding new roles'. The result showed the importance of activities for unaccompanied refugee children, as they were perceived to have a positive impact on health and to give more energy and recovery. It also emerged that activities contributed to participation, balance and better health. The results showed the importance of activity for unaccompanied refugee children. Conclusions to be drawn from this study is to make the needed support visible for the refugee children in terms of activity training and that the creation of meaningful activities and that these may prevent or reduce loss of activity. Further research on activity needs  for unaccompanied refugee children is needed, to highlight and develop what occupational therapists  can contribute with in form of using the activity as a goal and means to facilitate the unaccompanied refugee children in their situation.

Resumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade apresentar um método para estudo do traumatismo dentoalveolar, utilizando um dispositivo capaz de promover a mesma intensidade e sentido de aplicação da força sobre molares de ratos, e dessa forma, ser utilizado como um modelo de estudo experimental na movimentação dentária induzida de dentes previamente traumatizados. Para a realização desse traumatismo foi utilizado um tensiômetro, com uma das suas extremidades adaptada para exercer um impacto sobre o primeiro molar superior. O tensiômetro foi fixado em um suporte de metal com a finalidade de padronizar a direção da aplicação da força e posicionar corretamente sua extremidade sobre o primeiro molar superior. Aplicou-se um trauma no sentido ocluso-gengival de 600 gramas sobre a região oclusal do primeiro molar superior direito de 10 ratos, correspondente à aproximadamente 600cN. Em seguida os animais foram mortos e a maxila direita coletada para análise microscópica do tecido pulpar e o ligamento periodontal da raiz mesial do primeiro molar superior. A análise microscópica demonstrou que a força de 600cN não se mostrou efetiva para promover alterações no ligamento periodontal, polpa e raiz. Por outro lado, demonstrou que um trauma de intensidade menor como a concussão, não promove alterações no ligamento periodontal, e por sua vez não representa um problema para o ortodontista. / Abstract: This study has as purpose to present a method for study of the dentoalveolar traumatism, using a device capable to promote a traumatism maintaining the same intensity and sense of application of the force on molars of rats, and in that way, to be used as a method of experimental study in the induced movement of teeth previously traumatized. For the accomplishment of that traumatism a gauge was used, with one of their extremities adapted to exercise an impact on the first superior molar. The gauge was fastened in a metal support with the purpose of to standardize the direction of the application of the force and to position his extremity correctly adapted on the first superior molar. A injury was applied in the ocluso-gingival sense on the vestibular crest of the first right superior molar of 10 rats with force of 600 grams, corresponding to the approximately 600cN. Soon afterwards the animals were died and the right maxillary bone collected for histological analysis of the pulpal and the periodontal ligament of the root mesial of the first superior molar. The histological analysis demonstrated that the force of 600cN was not shown executes to promote alterations in the periodontal ligament, pulp and root, on the other hand it demonstrated that a trauma of smaller intensity as the concussion, doesn't promote alterations in the periodontal ligament, and for his time it doesn't represent a problem for the orthodontist. / Orientador: Marcos Rogério de Mendonça / Coorientador: Celso Koogi Sonoda / Banca: Osmar Aparecido Cuoghi / Banca: Renato Rodrigues de Almeida / Mestre

This study investigates the “the cost of caring” (Figley, 1995) for educators who teach and work with traumatized children; that is children who live in challenging social environments with ongoing stressors, such as family physical abuse, sexual assault, neglect, community violence, bereavement and loss issues, parental mental health and substance abuse, and homelessness. This study examines the theoretical framework of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS). The phenomenon of STS has been investigated in depth for professionals, such as social workers, counselors/therapists, hotline/crisis workers, law enforcement officers, nurses, emergency medical technicians/paramedics, firefighters, and disaster relief workers (Bride et al, 2007). This study explores how teachers address the emotional stressors of teaching traumatized children, the impact of their work on them both personally and professionally, if teachers are able to incorporate self-care strategies, and explores the applicability of STS to elementary educators

Little empirical research has been done to examine the effects that working with traumatized individuals has had on their therapists. It is known that mental health professionals often do suffer ill effects, especially symptoms of secondary traumatic stress disorder. The present investigation tested predictors of secondary traumatic stress disorder in the therapists who provided services for the Oklahoma City bombing. Predictors were therapist social network involvement, years of counseling experience, and amount of self-reported empathy experienced from others. Indicators of secondary traumatic stress were the Frederick Reaction Index-A, the Compassion Fatigue Self-test for Helpers, and the SCL-90R. Hypotheses were tested using a series of hierarchical multiple regressions. Results demonstrated no significance for years of experience or social network, but perceived empathy accounted for 11% of the variance on the SCL-90 and the Compassion Fatigue Self-test for Psychotherapists with social network and years of experience controlled.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Every year, a significant number of children are being traumatized by the divorce of their parents. The aim of this study was to provide a guideline for Gestalt play therapists to enhance the resilience of children in middle childhood who have been traumatized by the divorce of their parents. To achieve this goal, the researcher made use of both the qualitative and the quantitative method of data collection. Data were collected by means of a literature study, four case studies, a semistructured interview and two questionares. The integration of the data collected through the empirical investigation enabled the researcher to compile a guideline to assist Gestalt play therapists in enhancing the resilience of children in middle childhood, traumatized by the divorce of their parents. By utilizing this guideline, Gestalt play therapists can assist children to overcome the damaging effects of the divorce. Simultaneously, the children are being empowered with skills enabling them to successfully deal with future setbacks. / 'n Beduidende aantal kinders word jaarliks getraumatiseer weens die egskeiding van hul ouers. Die doel vir die studie was om 'n riglyn vir Gestaltspelterapeute saam te stel waarvolgens die emosionele veerkragtigheid van die egskeidingsgetraumatiseerde kind in die middelkinderjare bevorder kan word. Ten einde bogenoemde doel te bereik het die navorser inligting ingesamel aan die hand van sowel die kwalitatiewe as die kwantitatiewe benadering. Inligting is ingesamel deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie, vier gevallestudies, 'n semigestruktureerde onderhoud en twee vraelyste. Vanuit die prosessering en integrering van bevindinge tydens die empiriese ondersoek verkry, is 'n riglyn vir Gestaltspelterapeute saamgestel. Deur die riglyn te benut kan Gestaltspelterapeute egskeidingsgetraumatiseerde kinders help om die skadelike uitwerking van egskeiding te oorkom. Tegelyk word die kinders ook met vaardighede bemagtig wat hulle toerus om toekomstige teleurstelling, teenspoed en trauma effektief te hanteer. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Suite à une agression inflammatoire, telle que le choc septique, des brulures graves ou un traumatisme sévère, le système immunitaire répond par une modulation massive du transcriptome dans le sang. On propose d’explorer un autre répertoire que l’expression des gènes et de s’intéresser aux éléments répétés du génome, peu étudiés dans ces contextes, et plus particulièrement aux rétrovirus endogènes humains (HERV). Ils représentent plus de 8% du génome chez l’Homme. Certains sont exprimés dans des situations similaires à l’agression inflammatoire (cancer, maladies auto-immunes) et ont un impact sur la réponse immunitaire.Dans ce travail, nous cherchons à décrire et comprendre la contribution des HERV, au sein de la réponse immunitaire de l’hôte à l’agression inflammatoire. Pour cela, nous avons développé des méthodes et outils spécifiquement dédiés à la description du HERVome, au niveau génomique et transcriptomique. Nous montrons que les HERV sont exprimés dans le sang, modulés chez les patients, et que certains pourraient jouer un rôle sur l’expression de gènes de la réponse immunitaire situés à proximité. Nous évaluons également le polymorphisme de présence des HERV dans le génome de plus de deux mille individus répartis dans les populations humaines. On met en évidence que le polymorphisme HERV est globalement important, qu’il est lié à la population d’appartenance et que certains loci sont absents dans la majorité des génomes étudiés. Finalement, par différentes approches, nous identifions des associations entre gènes de la réponse immunitaire et HERV, suggérant que ces éléments peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la réponse de l’hôte à l’agression inflammatoire / Following inflammatory injury, like a septic shock, severe burn or important trauma, the immune system responds by a massive modulation of its transcriptome in the blood. We propose to explore another repertoire than gene expression and to focus on repeated elements, especially on HERVs. They represent more than 8% of the human genome. HERVs are expressed in similar settings (cancer or auto-immune diseases) and impact immune response. In this project, we describe and aim to better understand the HERV contribution in host immune response, following inflammatory aggression. To bring elements of response, we developed specifically dedicated tools to describe the HERVome, either at genomic or transcriptomic level. We show HERVs are expressed in blood in these settings, modulated in patients and could play a role on nearby gene expression. We also evaluate the polymorphism of presence of HERV loci on more than two thousands individuals, grouped into human populations. We show an important HERV polymorphism, that it is population-specific, and that some loci are absent in the majority of the analyzed genomes.Finally, with different approaches, we identify associations between immune-response genes and HERVs, suggesting these elements can play a role in host immune response following inflammatory aggressions

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Every year, a significant number of children are being traumatized by the divorce of their parents. The aim of this study was to provide a guideline for Gestalt play therapists to enhance the resilience of children in middle childhood who have been traumatized by the divorce of their parents. To achieve this goal, the researcher made use of both the qualitative and the quantitative method of data collection. Data were collected by means of a literature study, four case studies, a semistructured interview and two questionares. The integration of the data collected through the empirical investigation enabled the researcher to compile a guideline to assist Gestalt play therapists in enhancing the resilience of children in middle childhood, traumatized by the divorce of their parents. By utilizing this guideline, Gestalt play therapists can assist children to overcome the damaging effects of the divorce. Simultaneously, the children are being empowered with skills enabling them to successfully deal with future setbacks. / 'n Beduidende aantal kinders word jaarliks getraumatiseer weens die egskeiding van hul ouers. Die doel vir die studie was om 'n riglyn vir Gestaltspelterapeute saam te stel waarvolgens die emosionele veerkragtigheid van die egskeidingsgetraumatiseerde kind in die middelkinderjare bevorder kan word. Ten einde bogenoemde doel te bereik het die navorser inligting ingesamel aan die hand van sowel die kwalitatiewe as die kwantitatiewe benadering. Inligting is ingesamel deur middel van 'n literatuurstudie, vier gevallestudies, 'n semigestruktureerde onderhoud en twee vraelyste. Vanuit die prosessering en integrering van bevindinge tydens die empiriese ondersoek verkry, is 'n riglyn vir Gestaltspelterapeute saamgestel. Deur die riglyn te benut kan Gestaltspelterapeute egskeidingsgetraumatiseerde kinders help om die skadelike uitwerking van egskeiding te oorkom. Tegelyk word die kinders ook met vaardighede bemagtig wat hulle toerus om toekomstige teleurstelling, teenspoed en trauma effektief te hanteer. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)