The prairie ecosystem of the American Midwest has long been depicted as a "lost landscape." Two-hundred years of Euro-American settlement has degraded the ecological prairie through systematic removal of native grasses and forbs, replacement with nonnative and invasive plant species, disruption of longstanding disturbance regimes (such as prairie fires), and the fragmentation of ecosystem connectivity. The prairie's depiction in art, literature, history, politics, and our national environmental discourse, collectively referred to in this study as the "cultural prairie," has not fared much better. Beginning in the early nineteenth-century, explorers and soldiers, writers and artists, settlers and promoters perpetuated an image of the "vanishing prairie" in travel narratives prolifically published for consumption by a burgeoning American readership. As the "vanishing prairie" emerged as the accepted image of the prairie, narratives depicting its disappearance from the landscape became self-fulfilling prophecies. Language, and narrative in particular, thus contributed to the degradation of the ecological prairie. Narratives of the "vanishing prairie" are characterized by what Anishinaabe writer Gerald Vizenor terms "absence, nihility, and victimry." One remedy to these fatalistic narratives is Vizenor's notion of "survivance," which he defines as "an active sense of presence over absence, deracination, and oblivion; survivance is the continuance of stories" ("Aesthetics of Survivance," in Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence, ed. Gerald Vizenor [Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2008], 1). Though Vizenor uses the term survivance principally to recover the stories, traditions, and identities of Native American cultures from Euro-American "simulations of dominance," his critical inquiries are more broadly applicable to the exploitation of the environment by many of the same policies, agents, strategies, and technologies that were put to use to propagate and promote state-sponsored ideologies of uniformity, homogeneity, and monoculturalism throughout the American Midwest. "Prairie survivance" is thus an attempt to make the prairie a presence, not an absence, in mainstream environmental discourse and debate, including the study of American literature and the fields of environmental criticism (or ecocriticism), place studies, and cultural geography. My argument begins with a critique of Euro-American travel narratives popularized throughout the nineteenth-century by the likes of Washington Irving, George Catlin, "Buffalo Bill" Cody, and others. These travel narratives perpetuated the trope of the "vanishing prairie" by employing stock images and narrative techniques, none more pervasive than the bison hunt. Specifically, the dramatic hunt sequences of these travel narratives reinforced the eradication of the bison from the ecological prairie. However, the consequences of these narratives are not limited to the time of their writing; instead, the "lost landscape" image of the prairie remains persistent to this day as a direct result of its misrepresentation in the travel literature of the nineteenth century. The second half of my argument entails a reading of counternarratives that envision a much different past, present, and future for the prairie. The bison's recovery in narratives by Luther Standing Bear, James Welch, N. Scott Momaday, and Mary Oliver is one example in which the fate of the prairie is not limited to its inevitable demise. Moreover, I have coined the term "aesthetics of restoration" to describe the prairie's presence in the work of Aldo Leopold, Paul Gruchow, Annie Proulx, and Linda Hogan (among others), each of whom overturns nihilistic images of the prairie as a "lost landscape" by writing about its restoration and permanent return to the landscapes of the American Midwest. Narrative's potential for healing is realized in these examples, a cornerstone of narrative ethics.

Travel literature has been understood to comment on the expectations and impressions of the traveler as they encountered foreign spaces, customs, and people. There has been an unspoken understanding, at best, that travelers who wrote their tales used these foreign spaces to engage in debates that were meaningful to their domestic audience. However, the author has been central to much of the analysis, disconnecting travel literature from other linguistic exercises that more directly offered observations that were directly rooted in domestic culture. Author-centered analysis isolates the traveler from the wider world in which they engaged. It also ignores the other voices that are inherent in the works. As the disparate kingdoms of England and Scotland began their process of unification under King James VI and I, society did not emerge as distinctly novel in a short period of time. Religious beliefs inherited from a unified Christian Europe helped travelers engage with other confessions. They also provided models to help travelers both understand their experiences and relate them to their readers. Powerful Christian ideas, such as martyrdom, pilgrimage, and shared devotion, infused the thoughts of travelers, readers, and those who brought the two together in the marketplace. The travel works relating William Lithgow's adventures at the dawn of the seventeenth century provide an exceptional opportunity to glimpse the development of a traveler's identity. They also provide the opportunity to place the various editions within the context of his domestic culture, as he was re-inculcated before once again debarking on new adventures. As England and Scotland fluctuated between a state of stronger alliance and greater distance, Lithgow became a subtle example of political and religious unity. Understanding that early modern Europeans, in general, travelers more specifically required the ability to easily adopt variant persona are critical to recognizing the protagonist of an adventure tale as a political partisan and tolerant zealot.

This thesis studies the representation of the Ottoman Orient in Eighteenth Century English Literature. The thesis argues that a comprehensive understanding of the representation of the Ottoman Orient in 18th century English literature requires a new perspective / thus investigates different aspects of the interaction between the Ottoman Orient and 18th century Europe. Said&#039 / s Orientalism discusses how European writers created a separate discourse to represent the Orient. The present thesis does not completely reject Said&#039 / s arguement / rather it argues that there was also a negotiating tendency which did not make radical distinction between the East and the West. Relying on 18th century pseudo-oriental letters, oriental tales and oriental travelogues the study tries to indicate that representation of the Ottoman Orient in 18th century English literature was different from the earlier centuries because developig critical and liberal spirit established a negotiation between the two worlds. The negotiation of the two worlds has been studied as a significant theme of the pseudo-oriental letters, oriental tales and oriental travelogues. The present study tried to indicate how the critical and inquisitive spirit of the age of Enlightenment interanimated Oreiental and European cultures.

Spanish travel writings on China at the end of the 19th century have been largely ignored in the history of literature. Nevertheless, this topic deserves a thorough examination since these texts constitute a particular and important vision of an "Orientalized" country about an Oriental nation during a critical and complicated historical moment. On one hand, Spain was characterized by an irreversible decadence. Thus, in contrast to British and French imperial discourse, which reflects colonial experiences, Spanish travel writings provide a unique perspective from a Western empire that shared a similar fate with the Other: both being traditional and decadent nations. Furthermore, although China was a goal of imperial ambition, it was far less colonized than other regions. As a result, the commanding imperial gaze and fearless exploration were less likely to be cast on China. In addition, despite its general decline, China remained the home of an ancient and highly advanced civilization that still deserved Western respect and offered the West much to learn. Considering these facts, this dissertation consists of a general analysis of Spanish travel literature on China from 1870 to 1910. The primary purposes of the dissertation are to portray the bibliographic genealogy of references on Spanish travelers and their writings on China during this period; to depict their particular vision in which the construct of colonial discourse is transformed into a pretension to recover the lost imperial prestige and an interiorized reflection on Spain's own problems and possible solutions; and to present a fundamental ambivalence or even difficult conciliation between the colonial discourse and its resistance, ideology and utopia, as well as imperialist ambition and national crisis. Spanish travel writings on China consequently become an allegory of imperial nostalgia: a yearning for the imperial power that had vanished, without hope of restoration. / text

This dissertation is centered around two related questions: How does literature contribute to the creation of identity? How does narrative locate individuals in the world? It studies how both individual and ethnic identity is shaped by the imagined landscapes encountered by the protagonists of the Greek novel over the course of their journeys. In this dissertation, I develop a model for reading the protagonists' travels across the Mediterranean as an integral part of the genre's narrative strategy. I begin by tracing the novels’ conceptual geographies of the Mediterranean world and the relationship between geographical movement and narrative. The core of my project examines three aspects of the imaginary worlds encountered by the novels’ protagonists: exotic animals, the relationship between humans and their natural landscapes, and exotic societies, customs, and religions. My study ends in Meroë, in the tenth and final book of Heliodoros’ Aithiopika. Meroë is a terminus in two senses: located on the edge of the known world, it is the most exotic of any place visited in the extant novels; it also represents the undoing of exoticism. Heliodoros’ novel describes a gradual process in the course of which Meroë becomes a Greek cultural enclave in an alien land, one that is parallel to, and associated with, Delphi, the religious center of the Hellenic world. Using literary and epigraphic sources alongside ancient visual media and archaeological evidence from Greco-Roman and Egyptian contexts throughout this study, I rethink the relationship between identity, narrative, and the exoticism in the novels. I argue that through their descriptions of wide-ranging travel and exotic locales, the novels reflect a multiplicity of individual ways to be Greek and the many models against which an individual’s Hellenic identity can define itself. The ancient novel is therefore an important expression of Greek identity in the Roman Imperial period. / The Classics

A proposta deste trabalho é analisar o romance On the Road, do escritor Beat Jack Kerouac em diálogo com a tradição da Literatura de Viagem. O estudo baseia-se em duas perspectivas em especial: a escrita de si e a escrita do outro. No que diz respeito a esta última, observamos os tons etnográficos e historiográficos que aparecem no romance e remetem à tradição. No que tange a escrita de si, observamos como a obra se comporta em relação ao caráter de Romance de Formação muito comum em relatos de viagem. Por conclusão, sugerimos que a obra por vezes dá continuidade, por vezes rompe com essas vertentes. On the Road e seu autor estariam, portanto, sempre em movimento / This studys aim is to analyze the novel On the Road, by the Beat writer Jack Kerouac, in relation to Travel Literature tradition. The study is based in two specific perspectives: self-writing and writing about the Other. Concerning the latter, we focused on the nuances of ethnography and historiography that show up in the novel and might be linked to the tradition. About self-writing, we analyze the novels relation to the concept of Novel of Development, very common in travel writing. As a conclusion, we suggest that the book either follows the trends, or rebels, depending on the point of view. On the Road and its author could be considered, therefore, always on the move

A la fin de la Renaissance l'Empire ottoman est bien connu du public européen. Tout au long du XVIe siècle, récits de voyages, de captifs, ouvrages de mœurs, ouvrages cosmographiques dessinent une certaine image du « Turc » et de la partie du monde sur laquelle il a établi son pouvoir. Objet de fascination et de profonde inquiétude, l'Empire des sultans intéresse l’Europe chrétienne en proie à des guerres intestines. Les voyageurs qui entreprennent le voyage ou qui commencent à rédiger un récit de leur expérience à partir des années 1570 le font donc avec, à l'esprit, le parcours des auteurs qui les ont précédés. Ils doivent faire avec l’image de l’Autre qui s’est progressivement imposée. La pression évidente que la bibliothèque exerce sur le texte viatique pousse les rédacteurs à chercher de nouvelles modalités d’expression. Ils posent à neuf la dialectique constamment maintenue par la prose viatique tout au long du XVIe siècle entre le récit de l’expérience et l’utilisation des ressources livresques. Parmi ces voyageurs-auteurs une nouvelle classe paraît se distinguer. Elle cherche à se démarquer des voyageurs antérieurs et des contemporains en accordant plus de place à l'expression personnelle au sein des récits. Cette classe nous l'avons circonscrite à celle des gentilshommes qui trouvent, dans le cadre d'échanges de plus en plus fréquents avec le Levant, qu'il s'agisse d’échanges diplomatiques ou commerciaux, de nouveaux terrains pour s’affirmer. Tout en tenant à ne pas se présenter comme des savants, les gentilshommes s’attachent à mettre en évidence leur appartenance de classe et cela passe, en partie, par l’affirmation de leur présence dans le texte, qui semble plus manifeste que dans les ouvrages antérieurs. L’ego du voyageur du début de l’époque moderne n’est en rien égotiste. Mais l’évocation plus précise de l’expérience personnelle marque une évolution non négligeable de la prose viatique. D’autant que celle-ci nous invite à penser qu’elle est le corollaire d’un changement progressif des rapports que l’Occident entretient avec l’Orient. / At the end of the Renaissance, the Ottoman Empire is by the European public well known. All the XVIth century long, travel writings, captives’ stories, customs books, cosmographies draw a certain image of the « Turc » and of the world’s part he rules over. Object of fascination and of deep concern, sultans’ Empire interests christian Europe while this area is in the grip of internecine conflicts. The travelers who choose to travel or who begin to write their story do so with, in their mind, the works of those who went to the Orient before them. They have to do with the image of the Other that was mainly accepted in these period. The library exerces a pressure who encourages the writers to search other ways of telling their proper experience. They search new modes of expression. Doing so they renew the dialectic of experience and books resources. Among these travelers-writers we noted that a group differs from others in his practice of writing. This class of travelers, which we identify as the aristocracy, find new grounds to affirm herself on the road of the Orient, in a period during which diplomatic and trade exchanges between Europe and the Levant grew significantly. While trying not to present themselves as scholars, they want to highlight their class membership. To do so, they put forward their own experience of travel, their personnality. They assert themselves in the text, and their presence seems to be more significant than in former texts concerning the Levant. The traveler’s ego, in the early modern period, is not egotist. The growth of evocation of the personal experience in the text seems however to mark a significant evolution in travel writing. Moreover, it invites us to think that it goes with progressiv changes in the relations between the Occident and the Orient.

O Relatio de Odorico de Pordenone (1330) foi uma das narrativas de viagem mais copiadas durante a Idade Média, mas não obteve um impacto semelhante na literatura medieval que outros viajantes menos reproduzidos conquistaram. Baseado nesta aparente contradição, esta dissertação pretende investigar a difusão de ideias nos séculos XIV e XV a partir deste livro. A pesquisa é dividida em duas partes de dois capítulos cada. Na primeira parte, analisamos os aspectos internos do texto em suas contingências de sua elaboração, características formais, opções retóricas e diálogos que estabelece com a escolástica, hagiografias e outros textos de viagem. Nos capítulos da segunda parte, buscamos o impacto que o friuliano exerceu sobre seu público, examinando a distribuição e anotações de suas reproduções, e, finalmente, a forma com que é aceito, refutado ou usado sem o devido crédito em quatro obras posteriores. Em nossa conclusão, tecemos as diferentes estratégias de apropriação dos conteúdos observados e a forma com que modificaram as ideias iniciais de nosso objeto de estudo. / O Relatio de Odorico de Pordenone (1330) foi uma das narrativas de viagem mais copiadas durante a Idade Média, mas não obteve um impacto semelhante na literatura medieval que outros viajantes menos reproduzidos conquistaram. Baseado nesta aparente contradição, esta dissertação pretende investigar a difusão de ideias nos séculos XIV e XV a partir deste livro. A pesquisa é dividida em duas partes de dois capítulos cada. Na primeira parte, analisamos os aspectos internos do texto em suas contingências de sua elaboração, características formais, opções retóricas e diálogos que estabelece com a escolástica, hagiografias e outros textos de viagem. Nos capítulos da segunda parte, buscamos o impacto que o friuliano exerceu sobre seu público, examinando a distribuição e anotações de suas reproduções, e, finalmente, a forma com que é aceito, refutado ou usado sem o devido crédito em quatro obras posteriores. Em nossa conclusão, tecemos as diferentes estratégias de apropriação dos conteúdos observados e a forma com que modificaram as ideias iniciais de nosso objeto de estudo.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-05-13T15:43:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Joachim Krones.pdf: 1618951 bytes, checksum: 6b38a50eca5f4f7740c3d777766b509f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-04T20:54:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Joachim Krones.pdf: 1618951 bytes, checksum: 6b38a50eca5f4f7740c3d777766b509f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-04T20:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Joachim Krones.pdf: 1618951 bytes, checksum: 6b38a50eca5f4f7740c3d777766b509f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Esta dissertação apresenta o escritor alemão Hubert Fichte (1935-1986), cuja obra ocupa um lugar excepcional dentro da literatura alemã pós-guerra por seu caráter intercultural, transnacional e transcontinental. A abordagem engloba o indivíduo Fichte e sua produção literária sob três enfoques. O primeiro é o enquadramento de seus textos no gênero literatura de viagem. Fichte se automodelou através das destinações, que representou literariamente. Para situá-lo nesse gênero literário difuso, as convenções de representação textual da alteridade, operadas por viajantes ocidentais metropolitanos em direção às periferias, serão discutidas. O segundo enfoque tem por objetivo contextualizar política e culturalmente as características específicas da obra de Fichte na conjuntura histórica chamada de ?os anos 60?, no mundo e na Alemanha. O terceiro enfoque analisa a sua poetologia formulada programaticamente e aborda a parte da obra de Fichte considerada, nesta investigação, como texto etnográfico, colocando-a em diálogo com a crítica à etnografia tradicional e com os postulados de uma nova etnografia, articulados no âmbito do debate writing culture. Alguns itens e deduções essenciais deste debate foram antecipados por Fichte, em sua busca por uma escrita etnográfica experimental que satisfizesse os parâmetros de sua poetologia. Por último, a primeira parte de seu livro Xango. Die afroamerikanischen Religionen. Bahia Haiti Trinidad será analisada. Nesta obra não ficcional, Fichte tematiza a sua estada e as suas pesquisas sobre o candomblé em Salvador entre 1970 e 1971. Examinar-se-á esta obra sob o ângulo de como se concretizam textualmente esses procedimentos experimentais em relação ao modo tropológico de representação, à linguagem poética, ao modo de autoridade dialógica e à crítica política e cultural. / Salvador

O Relatio de Odorico de Pordenone (1330) foi uma das narrativas de viagem mais copiadas durante a Idade Média, mas não obteve um impacto semelhante na literatura medieval que outros viajantes menos reproduzidos conquistaram. Baseado nesta aparente contradição, esta dissertação pretende investigar a difusão de ideias nos séculos XIV e XV a partir deste livro. A pesquisa é dividida em duas partes de dois capítulos cada. Na primeira parte, analisamos os aspectos internos do texto em suas contingências de sua elaboração, características formais, opções retóricas e diálogos que estabelece com a escolástica, hagiografias e outros textos de viagem. Nos capítulos da segunda parte, buscamos o impacto que o friuliano exerceu sobre seu público, examinando a distribuição e anotações de suas reproduções, e, finalmente, a forma com que é aceito, refutado ou usado sem o devido crédito em quatro obras posteriores. Em nossa conclusão, tecemos as diferentes estratégias de apropriação dos conteúdos observados e a forma com que modificaram as ideias iniciais de nosso objeto de estudo. / O Relatio de Odorico de Pordenone (1330) foi uma das narrativas de viagem mais copiadas durante a Idade Média, mas não obteve um impacto semelhante na literatura medieval que outros viajantes menos reproduzidos conquistaram. Baseado nesta aparente contradição, esta dissertação pretende investigar a difusão de ideias nos séculos XIV e XV a partir deste livro. A pesquisa é dividida em duas partes de dois capítulos cada. Na primeira parte, analisamos os aspectos internos do texto em suas contingências de sua elaboração, características formais, opções retóricas e diálogos que estabelece com a escolástica, hagiografias e outros textos de viagem. Nos capítulos da segunda parte, buscamos o impacto que o friuliano exerceu sobre seu público, examinando a distribuição e anotações de suas reproduções, e, finalmente, a forma com que é aceito, refutado ou usado sem o devido crédito em quatro obras posteriores. Em nossa conclusão, tecemos as diferentes estratégias de apropriação dos conteúdos observados e a forma com que modificaram as ideias iniciais de nosso objeto de estudo.