The ordering and control of experience through fictive selves, constructed in consideration of an audience of the self and others, is part of the diary’s identity-building and meaning-making function. This thesis analyzes the process by which the diaries of Virginia Woolf, Sylvia Plath, and Janet Schaw construct multiple textual identities and conceptualize their public and private selves. The projection of these multiple selves in the diary text serve to justify the private individual experience as extraordinary and worth telling, as well as to connect with a public community experience, relating the self to a greater socio-cultural context.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o romance grego , Das Narrativas Verdadeiras, de Luciano de Samósata (125-180 d.C.), considerando os objetivos expostos pelo autor no proêmio do texto e sua composição por meio da alusão a outros gêneros literários. Apresenta-se também uma tradução do texto em português. / The aim of this study is to analyze the greek novel , True Histories, by Lucian of Samosata (circa 125-180 AD), regarding the aims exposed by the author in the prologue of the text, as well as its composition made by alluding to other literary genres. A Portuguese translation of the novel is also provided.

Propôs-se investigar nesta pesquisa de que modo os autores europeus no período moderno conceituaram e representaram o harém islâmico. Para tanto, foi examinado um conjunto de narrativas de viagem produzidas entre os fins do século XVI e o século XVIII, além de dicionários e enciclopédias da mesma época. Aquelas eram resultado das viagens de europeus com perfis e projetos distintos para o Império Otomano, para a Pérsia e para o Norte da África, cujos relatos foram publicados originalmente em língua inglesa e francesa. Dentre os dezesseis relatos de viagem principais analisados aqui, o último deles, publicado em 1791, descrevia a experiência de um médico inglês em dois haréns do Reino de Marrocos. Diante disso, o debate sobre os pressupostos médicos europeus em contato com as práticas médicas mouras recebeu especial atenção. Após o exame deste cenário textual, e das indicações sobre a luxúria característica das sociedades islâmicas, buscou-se responder a seguinte questão: em que medida as representações construídas por estes autores teriam incitado um imaginário sobretudo sexual acerca do harém? / The purpose of this research is to investigate how the European authors in the modern period conceptualized and represented the Islamic harem. In this sense, we examined a set of travel narratives, produced between the late sixteenth century and the eighteenth century, as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias from the same era. The former were the result of travels undertaken by Europeans with different profiles and projects towards the Ottoman Empire, Persia and North Africa, whose accounts were originally published in English and French. Among the sixteen main travel reports analyzed here, the last one published in 1791 described the experience of an English doctor in two harems of Morocco. Thus, the debate about the European medical assumptions in contact with the Moorish medical practices received special attention. After examining this textual scenario, and of indications on the characteristic lust of Islamic societies, we sought to answer the following question: the representations constructed by these authors would have incited an imaginary especially sexual about the harem?

旅者踏上旅程之動機為何？在旅程中追尋之物為何？當他敘述旅行見聞時是否說了真話？而旅者的焦慮從何而來？這些貌似簡單的問題在這篇論文裡，卻呈現了豐富的文學議題。康拉德的中篇<<黑暗之心>>，不論從其旅行之主題，殖民主題，或層層細膩的敘述框架技巧觀之，旅行論述之多面性在此浮現出來，並與當代的後結構理論銜接。這篇論文試圖為一個具長久歷史之文類：旅行文學，做一個往前延伸與往後銜接的工作，在傳統旅行文學偏重主題式的探討架構下，試圖為其添加現代文學理論，特別是有關於心理學、符號學、觀光學、及敘述理論，以挖掘"旅行論說"作為一個文類的複雜多面。此論文架構不僅合適探討<<黑暗之心>>這本小說，也適於一般旅者思索自我的靈魂之旅，讓讀者為此文類擴充架構。 / What sets the traveler on road? What makes him search for the higher truth during his journey? Does he tell the truth while recounts his story? Where does traveler's anxiety come from? How does a traveler's mind change after making a journey? In this issue, those issues can play an important role in the study of literary text. With <u>Heart of Darkness</u> in mind, I will probe into colonial discourse, the neatly embedded narrative frame, and the multi-facet levels of travel narrative. This thesis attempts to adopt some strands of contemporary literary theory, such as psychology, semiotics, tourism, and narratology. By adding new dimension to the time-honored travelogue, this thesis tends to explore the travel narrative as a complex and multifarious form of expression.

This dissertation aims to investigate the shaping of a national literature within travel narratives written by William Bartram, Washington Irving, George Catlin, Thomas L. McKenney, Thomas Jefferson Farnham, and Francis Parkman. I focus attention on two issues: (1) National and racial identity, and (2) Territorial, cultural, and capitalist expansionism. National and racial identity construction is examined by clarifying how the narratives’ underlying voices—the National Symbolic and the Racial Symbolic—encourage the reading public to embrace the values vital in forging American collective identity. Identity invention is also seen in romantic representations of the American landscape and Native Americans. Between 1790 and 1850, the widespread trope of the Noble Savage and “distantiation” working in the Burkean aesthetics of the sublime were used as ideological frames for viewing “Others,” crucial in defining the American “self” by making the white Americans’ shift of association/dissociation with their primitivized Others possible. In order to analyze the narratives’ representation of expansionism as a national desire, this study investigates how romantic rhetoric and the appeal to morality (or the Law) were employed as decisive ideological foundations for rationalizing expansionism. Chapter I establishes the legitimacy of evaluating travel narratives as a significant part of America’s national literature. Chapter II reveals that democracy, masculine robustness, and the myth that Americans are a chosen people of progress are featured aspects in the portrayals of American pathfinders. Chapter III shows that the racial identity of “civilized whites” is forged in accordance with a miscegenation taboo informing negative portrayals of half-breeds and racial boundary crossing. Chapter IV illustrates that American freedom, simplicity, wholesome civilization, and youthfulness are presented as national characteristics through adapting the romantic tropes of the Noble Savage and the aesthetics of the sublime. Chapter V investigates the perverse mode of desiring in the iterative triangular relationship between romanticism, morality, and expansionism—the nation’s civilizing project par excellence. Chapter VI appraises the travel narratives’ roles in defining American selfhood and reflecting (and promoting) an imperialistic desire for expansion.

Propôs-se investigar nesta pesquisa de que modo os autores europeus no período moderno conceituaram e representaram o harém islâmico. Para tanto, foi examinado um conjunto de narrativas de viagem produzidas entre os fins do século XVI e o século XVIII, além de dicionários e enciclopédias da mesma época. Aquelas eram resultado das viagens de europeus com perfis e projetos distintos para o Império Otomano, para a Pérsia e para o Norte da África, cujos relatos foram publicados originalmente em língua inglesa e francesa. Dentre os dezesseis relatos de viagem principais analisados aqui, o último deles, publicado em 1791, descrevia a experiência de um médico inglês em dois haréns do Reino de Marrocos. Diante disso, o debate sobre os pressupostos médicos europeus em contato com as práticas médicas mouras recebeu especial atenção. Após o exame deste cenário textual, e das indicações sobre a luxúria característica das sociedades islâmicas, buscou-se responder a seguinte questão: em que medida as representações construídas por estes autores teriam incitado um imaginário sobretudo sexual acerca do harém? / The purpose of this research is to investigate how the European authors in the modern period conceptualized and represented the Islamic harem. In this sense, we examined a set of travel narratives, produced between the late sixteenth century and the eighteenth century, as well as dictionaries and encyclopedias from the same era. The former were the result of travels undertaken by Europeans with different profiles and projects towards the Ottoman Empire, Persia and North Africa, whose accounts were originally published in English and French. Among the sixteen main travel reports analyzed here, the last one published in 1791 described the experience of an English doctor in two harems of Morocco. Thus, the debate about the European medical assumptions in contact with the Moorish medical practices received special attention. After examining this textual scenario, and of indications on the characteristic lust of Islamic societies, we sought to answer the following question: the representations constructed by these authors would have incited an imaginary especially sexual about the harem?

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Além do conhecimento histórico, as narrativas de viagem sobre a Amazônia também se configuram como formas de construção imagética da região na medida em que essas narrativas constituem representações da realidade observada a partir do olhar subjetivo do estrangeiro, relacionando-se, com frequência, ao imaginário e ao simbólico. O volume I da obra Vom Roraima Zum Orinoco, do etnógrafo alemão Theodor Koch-Grünberg, é o relato de sua viagem nos anos de 1911 a 1913 à Amazônia. Nesse relato, ele narra e descreve seu encontro com os índios e a exuberante natureza amazônica da região circum-Roraima. É claro que este encontro com o outro não poderia deixar de ser descrito a partir do olhar europeu e, apesar do discurso científico-naturalista, e talvez pela própria força do novo lugar, Koch-Grünberg acaba fazendo diversas concessões ao poético, construindo imagens para a Amazônia (ou para o que ele supõe como Amazônia) que revelam a influência dos discursos identitários (e imaginários) sobre/da Amazônia que circulavam na Europa e que resultam numa prática discursiva reveladora do embate entre sua dimensão plural e singular. A partir do paradigma indiciário proposto por Carlo Ginzburg, este texto busca apontar alguns resquícios dessas imagens captadas pelo viajante alemão, enfatizando as diversas formas pelas quais ele narra uma Amazônia sob a perspectiva do real, do ficcional e do poético. / Above the historical knowledge, the travel narratives about Amazon also stand as imagetic forms of construction of the region in so far as these narratives are representations of reality seen from the subjective standpoint of foreign, relating frequently the imaginary and the symbolic. The first volume of work Vom Roraima Zum Orinoco, the German ethnographer Theodor Koch-Grünberg, is the description of his journey in the years 1911 to 1913 in the Amazon. In this report, he narrates and describes his meeting with the Indians and exuberant Amazonian nature of the circum-Roraima region. Of course this meeting with the other it could not be described from European look and, despite the scientific discourse-naturalist, and perhaps by the very force of the new place, Koch-Grünberg ends up doing several concessions to the poetic, constructing images to Amazon (or what he supposes as Amazon) that reveal the influence of discourses of identity (and imaginary) over/of the Amazon that circulated in Europe and revealing discursive practice that result in the conflict between plural and singular dimension. Starting from the indicting paradigm proposed by Carlo Ginzburg, this paper searches to identify some vestiges of these images captured by the German traveler, emphasizing the various ways in which he recounts an Amazon from the viewpoint on the real, fictional and poetic.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o romance grego , Das Narrativas Verdadeiras, de Luciano de Samósata (125-180 d.C.), considerando os objetivos expostos pelo autor no proêmio do texto e sua composição por meio da alusão a outros gêneros literários. Apresenta-se também uma tradução do texto em português. / The aim of this study is to analyze the greek novel , True Histories, by Lucian of Samosata (circa 125-180 AD), regarding the aims exposed by the author in the prologue of the text, as well as its composition made by alluding to other literary genres. A Portuguese translation of the novel is also provided.

This essay compares two influential novels from the Beat era, William Burroughs’ Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road, and how they use the spatial dimension of writing as a tool for resistance. The spatiality of Kerouac’s travel narrative is compared to the spatiality of Burroughs cut-up narrative, and the spaces of cities and the road are analyzed. I argue that On the Road is an attempt at a spiritual escape from Western dogmatism—dramatized through the means of a spatial journey—whilst Naked Lunch is attempting an escape from “control”, mediated through the means of a spatial destabilization in the narrative. In trying to define the term “control” used by Burroughs, I look at Foucault’s Discipline and Punish, as well as other sources, in order to determine which mechanisms of society that are being reacted against in these novels. The historical context of these two Beat writers as situated in the American postwar era is also considered – a context which is examined in relation to the concept of normality.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo a análise do Tratado das Coisas da China (1570) de Frei Gaspar da Cruz, visando compreender a inserção desta literatura de viagem no processo de mundialização do século XVI, levado a cabo pelas naus da expansão ibérica, sobretudo portuguesa. A partir desta obra, pretende-se espelhar o processo de relações estabelecido entre portugueses e chineses, tomando a narrativa como registro histórico que constrói a imagem da China no século XVI. / This study encompasses the analysis of the book Tratado das Coisas da China by Friar Gaspar da Cruz, as an attempt to understand the addition of travel literature in the 16th century\'s mundialization process, which was undertaken by the Iberian maritime exploration led by Portugal during the Age of Discovery. Taking Gaspar da Cruz\'s work as basis, the study aims to mirror the Portuguese-Chinese relations established at the time, understanding travel narrative as a historical record that substantiates such relations, providing for an intercultural process with interlaced views.