Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como enfoque o livro Viagem ao Brasil, escrito pelo Príncipe Maximiliano de Wied-Neuwied, bem como as imagens, gravuras e aquarelas produzidas pelo príncipe por conta da viagem. Entre 1815 e 1817, o príncipe percorreu os atuais estados do Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e Bahia. Esta viagem resultou no diário publicado na Alemanha em 1820 e em diversos outros países e línguas nos anos subseqüentes. O diário de Maximiliano poderia ter sido relegado, como tantos outros diários produzidos no século XIX sobre o exótico Novo Mundo, mas sua descrição minuciosa da história natural do país e o tratamento pitoresco conferido à população que hora serve para confirmar os estereótipos de Maximiliano, hora para justificar a originalidade de seus escritos chamam a atenção do leitor através da presença de Guack, índio Botocudo que dispensa as funções de acompanhante, tradutor e, sobretudo, interlocutor indispensável no contato de Maximiliano com o território desconhecido e inexplorado. Contudo, por meio do papel de Guack na narrativa pode-se perceber que o território percorrido por Maximiliano é tudo menos desconhecido ou inexplorado, e sua população certamente não é virgem ou intocada. A análise concentra-se na criação da denominação Botocudo, nas estratégias usadas pelos nativos em seu constante contato com os portugueses, os escravos oriundos da África e mesmo entre os diversos grupos indígenas, e quão pouco consciente Maximiliano parece ser no que diz respeito à realidade que o cerca, na produção do diário, pinturas e aquarelas a serem apreciados pelos europeus. / This thesis focuses on the diary written by Prince Maximilian von Wied Neuwied, based on his journey in Brazil. Throughout the years of 1815 to 1817, the prince traveled across the current Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia. His two-year journey resulted in a diary, published in Germany in 1820 and in several other countries and languages during the following years. Even though it could have been yet another journal amidst the hundreds produced in the nineteenth century concerning the exotic New World, its thorough description of the countrys natural history and its picturesque approach to its population which at times are either brought about to confirm Maximilians stereotypes and previous readings on Brazil, and at other times, to justify the originality of his writings catches the readers eyes for the subtle presence of Guack, an Indian from the so-called Botocudo tribe who plays a crucial role in the journey both as Maximilians accompanier, translator, and above all, indispensable interlocutor in the acquaintance with what Maximilian refers to as this unknown, unexplored territory. Yet it is by means of Guacks role in the narrative that one is inevitably driven to see that the territory Maximilian visits is anything but unknown or unexplored, and its population is anything but virgin and untouched. The analysis focuses on the creation of the Botocudo label, which can be traced as early as the sixteenth century, the strategies used by the natives in their constant contact with the Portuguese, the African slaves and even amongst themselves, and how aloof Maximilian seems to be regarding the reality surrounding him while producing his diary, paintings and images for his European counterparts.

This thesis will examine the surprising and delightful similarities between Mark Twain's The Innocents Abroad (1869) and Eliza R. Snow's letters to the Woman's Exponent published in a book titled Correspondence of Palestine Tourists (1875). Snow traveled abroad from 1872-1873, five years after Twain went abroad in 1867 and three years after The Innocents Abroad was published. She clearly states in her early letters that she was reading Twain and his influence is apparent in her letters. A careful look at her letters will also show that they are not merely an imitation of Twain. Snow takes on a Twainian style to write for her audience, the Latter-day Saint women readers of the Woman's Exponent in Salt Lake City.Reading Snow's letters alongside Twain's The Innocents Abroad is beneficial in understanding the power and influence a popular text can have not only on other texts, but also on how writers describe their personal experiences. Marielle Maco states: 'Works take their place in ordinary life, leaving their marks and exerting a lasting power' 'Ways of Reading, Modes of Being,' 213). The lasting power of Twain's work is clearly shown here in Snow's letters.

A travers l'étude des récits de voyage de marchands nord-américains se rendant en Grande-Bretagne entre 1776 et 1815, il s'agit d'analyser les transferts culturels de part et d'autre de l'Atlantique, et d’observer l’émancipation progressive de la jeune république nord-américaine vis-à-vis de son ancienne métropole. Il apparaît que ces marchands apportent une contribution essentielle à la construction d'une identité nationale nord-américaine alors en pleine définition. Le séjour outre-Atlantique encourage ce processus puisqu'il permet aux visiteurs de se mesurer à un "Autre" britannique, de prendre conscience de l’existence d’un caractère propre, de vanter la supériorité de leur modèle national, ainsi que de défendre, en tant que marchands, des valeurs spécifiques et une certaine vision de la société nord-américaine. / By studying the travel writings of North American merchants going to Great Britain between 1776 and 1815, we analyse the cultural transfers across the Atlantic and observe the growing emancipation of the young Republic from its former mother country. It appears that these merchants fully contributed to the creation of an American national identity. Their stay in Great-Britain undeniably encouraged this process, as it enabled visitors to measure themselves against a British « Other », to realise what made them truly American, to boast about their superiority, but also, as merchants, to defend specific values and a certain vision of the American society.

Throughout the nineteenth century, walking for leisure and for spiritual endeavor in America correlated with the rise of literary romanticism. This burgeoning fashion of pedestrian travel, coupled with an impulse to experience the ever expanding nation, spawned a new and enduring subgenre in American letters – the walking text. Many scholars consider Henry David Thoreau and John Muir to be the century’s greatest literary amblers and naturalists; while their catalogs of walking literature are foundational, they are not exclusive. “Beautiful Day. Pleasant Walk: Walking and Landscape in Works of Estwick Evans, John D. Godman, Elizabeth Fries Ellet, and Bradford Torrey” aims to establish the importance of several underappreciated nineteenth century American pedestrians and landscapes. In addition to analyzing the development and importance of walking texts throughout the century, this dissertation also considers the geographies over which the authors traveled. The northern grounds of Ohio’s forgotten Great Black Swamp (Evans) and Philadelphia’s bucolic Wissahickon Creek (Godman), team with the southern worlds of rural Antebellum landscapes (Ellet) and Civil War battlefields (Torrey) to create a compelling map of nineteenth century America. Finally, through first-hand, authorial accounts this study discusses each terrain’s historical contexts as well as their current conditions.

Travel writing is by definition an open and hybrid form that encompasses a variety of genres, styles, and modes of presentation. This study focuses on four little-known travel texts about Italy written between 1840 and 1880 by two English and two German women writers and shows how, by exploiting the openness of the form of travel writing, they broadened its scope beyond mere description to provide insight into national ideologies and identities while expanding the boundaries of the female sphere of influence. This study considers the following texts: Mary Shelley’s Rambles in Germany and Italy, in 1840, 1842, and 1843 (1844), Adele Schopenhauer’s Florenz: Ein Reiseführer mit Anekdoten und Erzählungen (1847/48) (2007), Frances Power Cobbe’s Italics: Brief Notes on Politics, People, and Places in Italy, in 1864 (1864), and Fanny Lewald’s Reisebriefe aus Deutschland, Italien und Frankreich 1877, 1878 (1880). In the first chapter, the four texts under consideration are presented against the backdrop of nineteenth-century sexual ideology of the ‘separate spheres’ and the conventions of women’s travel writing. A survey of the long tradition of English and German travellers to Italy and their writings is provided to establish the context in which the texts were produced. Also considered is the role they play in the narrative of Italian nation-building. In the second chapter, the discussion of Rambles in Germany and Italy examines how, by presenting herself as a mother and an educator, Shelley foregrounds the pedagogical purpose of the book, which aims at garnering the sympathy of her British audience for the oppressive political situation of the Italian people and their growing nationalism. The third chapter explores Schopenhauer’s attempt in Florenz to create her own gendered version of the guidebook for travellers in the style of Murray and Baedeker and to revive the memory of the democratic institutions of thirteenth-century Florence at a time when Italians were fighting for democratic reforms and independence. The fourth chapter shows how, in Italics, the representation of Italy in the wake of its partial unification in 1861 is closely intertwined with Cobbe’s own thinking on politics, religion, and women’s emancipation. The fifth chapter examines how, in Reisebriefe, the discussion of the social and political changes that had affected both Italy and Germany in the previous forty years allows Lewald to engage in a reflection on her own femininity and on the role of women in the newly formed German nation. Shelley, Schopenhauer, Cobbe and Lewald each used travel writing to explore their own identities as women and as writers. Pushing the form beyond exposition into the realm of social commentary, they used it to shape public opinion and to explore new roles for women in society.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The genre of travel writing is widely recognised as providing useful insights into the ways that discourse is used to frame the interplay between self, place and Other. Recently, it has been suggested that these writings inform the development of global citizenry literacy because, as cultural texts, they recount an engagement in, and with, cosmopolitanism while informing readerships about the foreign. However, it is important to remember that these writings appear in context and the authors of such texts craft discourse to construct sociocultural imaginings of the self and Other – of a journey told from a particular viewpoint, in a particular time, to a particular audience. Through an analysis of the travel writings of four Western women who travelled to Iran in a particular historical moment – after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and until Iran was positioned as part of the ‘Axis of Evil’ in 2002 – this thesis examines the ways in which these authors script their gaze through discourse. The author/narrator is an aesthetic cosmopolitan figure, who casts her gaze from a particular ‘viewing platform’ informed by Western discourse and accumulated cultural capital. Attention is paid in this thesis to the ways in which these writers discursively frame their narratives according to the ‘I’ of the gendered experiencing self who focuses the ‘eye’ (or gaze) through a lens oriented by their cosmopolitical imagination or worldview. Notions of authenticity, fear, danger and threat appeared as recurring themes in each of the selected texts and operate to construct place as political, self as heroic and the journey as quest. The authors engaged aesthetic dimensions of time and space to position the liminal in their narratives and, in so doing mobilised discourses of gender and power. Notions of the liminal were employed to describe Iran����s physical and social scapes to position discursive spaces in the texts that were used to affirm traveller identity, build cultural capital and, in the process, make political comments. The texts revealed that while the authors commonly used metaphor and trope drawn from inherited Western discourses such as Orientalism, postcolonialism and imperialism to provide authority, they also drew from the currently circulating discourses of gender equity, human rights and liberal democracy; all of which foreground notions of freedom. However, these currently circulating discourses, when combined with dimensions of heroism, were found to work in the tradition of inherited Western discourse – to authorise the narrator voice and legitimise the ways that self and Other are constructed. The central argument this thesis makes is that Western travel writing is restricted in its contribution to global literacy because these texts reveal more about Western ways of seeing the world and about the author as cosmopolitan than they do about the foreign.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The genre of travel writing is widely recognised as providing useful insights into the ways that discourse is used to frame the interplay between self, place and Other. Recently, it has been suggested that these writings inform the development of global citizenry literacy because, as cultural texts, they recount an engagement in, and with, cosmopolitanism while informing readerships about the foreign. However, it is important to remember that these writings appear in context and the authors of such texts craft discourse to construct sociocultural imaginings of the self and Other – of a journey told from a particular viewpoint, in a particular time, to a particular audience. Through an analysis of the travel writings of four Western women who travelled to Iran in a particular historical moment – after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and until Iran was positioned as part of the ‘Axis of Evil’ in 2002 – this thesis examines the ways in which these authors script their gaze through discourse. The author/narrator is an aesthetic cosmopolitan figure, who casts her gaze from a particular ‘viewing platform’ informed by Western discourse and accumulated cultural capital. Attention is paid in this thesis to the ways in which these writers discursively frame their narratives according to the ‘I’ of the gendered experiencing self who focuses the ‘eye’ (or gaze) through a lens oriented by their cosmopolitical imagination or worldview. Notions of authenticity, fear, danger and threat appeared as recurring themes in each of the selected texts and operate to construct place as political, self as heroic and the journey as quest. The authors engaged aesthetic dimensions of time and space to position the liminal in their narratives and, in so doing mobilised discourses of gender and power. Notions of the liminal were employed to describe Iran����s physical and social scapes to position discursive spaces in the texts that were used to affirm traveller identity, build cultural capital and, in the process, make political comments. The texts revealed that while the authors commonly used metaphor and trope drawn from inherited Western discourses such as Orientalism, postcolonialism and imperialism to provide authority, they also drew from the currently circulating discourses of gender equity, human rights and liberal democracy; all of which foreground notions of freedom. However, these currently circulating discourses, when combined with dimensions of heroism, were found to work in the tradition of inherited Western discourse – to authorise the narrator voice and legitimise the ways that self and Other are constructed. The central argument this thesis makes is that Western travel writing is restricted in its contribution to global literacy because these texts reveal more about Western ways of seeing the world and about the author as cosmopolitan than they do about the foreign.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-238). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on July 28, 2010). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosphy in English, Department of English and Film Studies, University of Alberta." Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Bruno Rafael Véras de Morais e Silva (profbrunov@gmail.com) on 2017-09-29T19:04:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Rafael Véras de Morais e Silva.pdf: 3827187 bytes, checksum: f1dafdd71e040faadc42a8c4599a4632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca Isaías Alves (reposiufbat@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-02T14:20:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Rafael Véras de Morais e Silva.pdf: 3827187 bytes, checksum: f1dafdd71e040faadc42a8c4599a4632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T14:20:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Bruno Rafael Véras de Morais e Silva.pdf: 3827187 bytes, checksum: f1dafdd71e040faadc42a8c4599a4632 (MD5) / CNPQ - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A viagem sempre foi um tema caro ao mundo muçulmano. Este fato não é vão, visto que um dos pilares da própria religião é a peregrinação religiosa à cidade sagrada de Meca (Hajj). A primeira metade do século XIV foi um período ímpar dentro do Dar al-Islam (Terra do Islã) e, consequentemente, para as viagens comerciais, religiosas ou diplomáticas que se realizavam neste espaço que ia desde o sul da península Ibérica até o extremo oeste da China. Tal qual o próprio ato de viajar, a escrita de viagens possuía grande importância dentro de diferentes reinos islâmicos que muito valor davam à escrita e a cultura erudita (adab). Neste contexto, destacamos um relato em específico, intitulado Tuhfat al-Nuzzar fi Ghara ‘ib al-Amsar wa-‘Aja ‘ib al-Asfar, podendo ser tra¬duzido como Um presente para aqueles que contemplam as Belezas das Cidades e as Maravilhas da Viagem. Esta obra, mais conhecida como Rihla, é resultado da escrita das viagens estendida por quase 30 anos pelo qadi maghrebino Ibn Battuta (1304-1377). Tal livro foi escrito com auxílio do poeta e erudito Ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi (1321-1357), natural de Al-Andalus. Ele era então secretário do sultão Merínida Abu ‘Inan (1348-1358). O citado viajante percorreu boa parte do mundo islâmico de então e boa parte de suas bordas (da China à África Ocidental). O recorte geográfico da Rihla em que privilegiamos nossa análise foi o das viagens realizadas em Al-Andalus (1351) e ao Bilad al-Sudan (1352-1353). Para tanto, através de bibliografia especializada, procuramos contextualizar estes espaços, para então analisar os relatos reservados a estes lugares dentro da Rihla. Pensar o viajante e seus escritos, dentro de uma reflexão teórico-conceitual, foi algo percebido como essencial. Logo, uma reflexão metodológica foi ensaiada antes de partir para uma análise da representação do outro e da alteridade construída pelo viajante Ibn Battuta em seu relato. Escolhemos, para uma análise mais detida, as descrições de três tipologias do outro dentro da Rihla: o caso dos cristãos de Al-Andalus, dos berberes massufi bidan e dos negros do Bilad al-Sudan. / Travel has always been a central theme in the Muslim world. This is not a minor fact, considering that one of the pillars of the religion is the annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to the holy city of Mecca. The first half of the fourteenth century was a unique period in the Dar al-Islam (land of Islam) and, consequently, for business, religious snd diplomatic travel that happened in the regions between the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the west of China. Just like the act of traveling, travel writing had great importance within different Islamic kingdoms that valued writing and high culture (adab). In this context, we highlighted a particular account, entitled Tuhfat al-Nuzzar fi Ghara ‘ib al-Amsar wa-‘Aja ‘ib al-Asfar, which can be translated as A Gift to Those who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. This work, known as Rihla, is the result of travel writing documented by the Maghrebian qadi Ibn Battuta (1304-1377) which extended for nearly 30 years. Accordingly, this book was written with the help of the poet and scholar Ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi (1321-1357), born in Al-Andalus. He was, at that time, secretary of the Marinid Sultan Abu 'Inan (1348-1358). The mentioned traveler visited much of the Islamic world and its borders, from China to West Africa. The geographic area of the Rihla, which we are focusing our analysis on, was connected with the journeys made in Al-Andalus (1351) and Bilad al-Sudan (1352-1353). For that purpose, through specialized literature, we attempted to contextualize these spaces, and thereafter analyze the reports related to these places within the Rihla. Ultimately, thinking about Ibn Battutta and his travel writings, in both a theoretical and conceptual reflection, are essential for our purposes. In this regard, a methodological reflection was undertaken before making an analysis of the representation of the other and of the alterity built on the account of Ibn Battuta and his writings. We chose, for a more detailed analysis, the descriptions of three typologies of the representation of the other within the Rihla: the cases of the Al-Andalusian Christians, the massufi bidan Berbers and the blacks from Bilad al-Sudan.